Waste Disposal Costs Research Articles

ORGANIZATION OF CLEAN PRODUCTION PROJECTS: EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC ENTERPRISES

More and more companies in the world are striving to implement clean production strategies and maximize resource productivity in their operations. In the process of applying an integrated, preventive environmental strategy in production to reduce risks for both humans and the environment, stakeholders face causal effects and socio-environmental and economic interdependence in the implementation of clean production projects. All this contributes to the development and growth of scientific, methodological and methodological approaches to the implementation of clean production projects. Studying world and domestic experience in introducing of clean production can determine the ways to comprehensively solve environmental and economic problems in Ukraine and provide the prerequisites for creating an effective system of using natural resources in solving environmental and economic problems of the world, including climate change. The implementation of scientific approaches is possible through the distribution of information on the principles of clean production, the development and implementation of a set of economic and environmental factors for the development of production, the improvement of the mechanism for integrating of environmental factors of the economic development strategy, viewing environmental pollution standards and the special use of natural resources, as well as standards for their economic regulation with the goal of a gradual approximation to EU standards, the creation of a system of sustainable management of production development, stimulates environmental protection and ensures the careful use of natural resources. Therefore, the article discovers the basic principles, methods and mechanisms for creating of clean production projects. The prerequisites for creating an environmental direction in the production of goods and services, as well as the need for risk assessment in the introduction of clean production, are considered. Generalization of existing methods of introduction of clean production, taking into account the world experience, showed that despite the local prerequisites and financial and technological problems, it is profitable for enterprises to implement the concept of СР. The result is a synthesis of existing methods for introducing of clean production, taking into account international experience, which can reduce operating costs, can contribute to improving the safety of workers, as well as reducing the impact of business on the environment. It is obvious that clean production technologies are a good business for industry, as they help to reduce waste disposal costs, reduce the cost of raw materials, reduce the cost of damage to health, improve public relations, improve company productivity, and increase the competitiveness of local and international markets. Clean production is an integral part of the social process, which is in line with economic, political, ethical and cultural values. Keywords: clean production, sustainable development, environmental strategies, indicators of resource and energy intensity.

Considerations for better construction and demolition waste management: Identifying the decision behaviors of contractors and government departments through a game theory decision-making model

There is a lack of a clear description of the decision-making behaviors of major participants in construction and demolition (C&D) waste management. In order to achieve better and more efficient C&D waste management, this paper utilizes the evolutionary game to identify the decision-making behavior of construction contractors and government departments from theoretical perspectives. The decision-making behaviors of both participants in different circumstances are discussed in detail to clarify their roles. The results show that the supervisory intensity, supervision costs, penalties, waste disposal costs and revenues from illegal dumping are some main factors influencing the decision behaviors of contractors and government departments. Moreover, raising the penalty without maintaining the probability of supervision at a proper level is ineffective for controlling illegal-dumping while public participation in supervision could be an important supplement. Finally, a simple model based on decision behaviors is given to determine the appropriate value of penalties. A government set penalty at 66.67 yuan/ton with the probability of supervision of 22.5% could achieve the efficient control of illegal-dumping when the probability of illegal-dumping is 60%. Therefore, this study could be used as the basis for an efficient C&D waste management framework.

Enhanced surface decontamination of radioactive Cs by self-generated, strippable hydrogels based on reversible cross-linking.

A self-generated, strippable hydrogel containing adsorbents was developed to remove the radioactive cesium from surfaces by adsorption for wide-area surface decontamination. Two aqueous polymeric solutions of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and phenylboronic-acid-grafted alginate (PBA-Alg) were easily applied to surfaces and subsequently self-generated a hydrogel based on the PBA-diol ester bond. Compared to the strippable coating and chemical gels, the PBA-diol ester bond-based hydrogel was easily peeled off the surfaces without a drying step due to its high elasticity, which is more practical and time saving. The resulting hydrogel displayed high 137Cs removal efficiencies of 91.61% for painted cement, 97.505% for aluminum, 94.05% for stainless steel, and 53.5% for cement, which was 2.3 times higher than that of Decongel due to the presence of the adsorbent in the hydrogel having an excellent Cs distribution coefficient (3.34 × 104 mL/g). Moreover, the volume of radioactive waste generated after the surface decontamination could be reduced by a simple magnetic separation of the adsorbent from the used hydrogel, which can reduce the waste disposal cost. Therefore, our hydrogel system has great potential as a new, cost-effective surface decontaminant in various nuclear industry fields including wide-area environmental remediation after a nuclear accident or terrorist attack.

EFEKTIFITAS PROGRAM PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH PLASTIC DI HOTEL (STUDI KASUS: PROGRAM “BYE-BYE PLASTIC 2018” DI DOUBLE TREE BY HILTON JAKARTA)

<p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT:</em></strong></p><h5 align="center"><em> </em></h5><p><em>Based on Fauzi and Oktavianus (2014), in Indonesia itself the social and economic level in Indonesia is in contrast to environmental development in Indonesia itself. The hospitality industry that operates 24 hours a day starts thinking about ways to reduce waste and they emphasize new practices that can cut their waste disposal costs, protect and conserve nature. Double Tree by Hilton as a five-star hotel tries a new step called "Bye-bye Plastic" as a movement to reduce plastic waste in hotels.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>The data in this study are qualitative and use a case study approach. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observations, literature studies, and documents from the Hotel. To measure the level of effectiveness of plastic waste management, especially in the 2018 Bye-bye Plastic Program, the author uses the theory of the Cyprus Sustainable Tourism Initiative Theory (2017) regarding four good waste management steps.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>The conclusion of this study is that waste management in Double Tree by Hilton with the Bye-bye Plastic 2018 program is not effective where, from all four stages of waste management, everything has not been done and it works perfectly. Only in the first stage has there been action but the results have not been maximized. The advice that can be given is that the hotel must reevaluate this program, starting from the detailed program planning in advance so that it can save costs and improve the quality of the environment in Double Tree by Hilton Jakarta.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: Waste Management, Plastic Waste, Hotel</em></strong></p>

A Pareto investigation on critical barriers in green supply chain management

ABSTRACTMore and more organizations are involved in green supply chain practices to sustain business market competition, achieve customer loyalty, improve brand image, and minimize negative environmental impacts. Examples of these practices are green design, green purchasing, green manufacturing, green packaging, green logistics, and green marketing. In this paper, we investigate barriers in green supply chain management and identify the ‘critical’ or ‘vital’ using Pareto analysis. The data for green supply chain barriers is extracted using literature review and expert surveys. Pareto analysis is conducted on the two data sources to identify the priority barriers and the common barriers are determined as ‘vital few’. The results of our study yield ‘difficulty in transforming positive environmental attitudes into action’ and ‘lack of awareness about reverse logistics adoption’ as the top priority barriers followed by ‘high cost of hazardous waste disposal’, ‘perception of “out of responsibility” zone’, ‘lack of R&D capability on ESER (Environmental and Sustainability Education Research)’, and ‘lack of corporate social responsibility’. These barriers are related to awareness, cost, commitment and resources. Interested organizations should therefore put focus on these barriers to make green supply chain practices successful.

The Philosophy of Green Chemistry as Applied to the Microscale Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory

<span>The advantages of using microscale chemistry in the laboratory are well known, especially in the area of Organic Chemistry (Mayo et al., 1994). These include lower experiment costs, reduced exposure to potentially toxic materials, shorter reaction times, smaller waste disposal costs, and lower construction costs. These benefits are strongly applicable to the inorganic chemistry laboratory, where high chemical costs, toxicity issues and long reaction times often combine to ensure that many interesting experiments cannot be performed at all.</span>

A cost compensation model for construction and demolition waste disposal in South China.

Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) is a worldwide issue that concerns the sustainable development of the construction industry. In this paper, detailed formulas are listed for calculating the costs of four typical kinds of disposal routes of C&D waste. They are illegal dumping, controlled dumping (landfill), centralized recycling, and on-site recycling. Through the specific formulas, the costs of the new construction project in Guangzhou are also estimated. Then, a cost compensation model of construction waste disposal is constructed, which serves to calculate the amount of compensation that the government shall make to the contractor's disposal cost. The results of this study include the following: (1) steps taken to ensure the appropriate measures for C&D waste disposal sites and recycling centers; (2) the on-site recycling will become the future trend of C&D waste disposal due to its lowest cost; (3) the brick cement mortar and scattered concrete take a relatively larger proportion in the total C&D waste generated during the new construction project, and their disposal costs are higher; (4) we find that the cost of illegal dumping is the lowest among four varieties of waste treatment options if only the direct cost of waste treatment is taken account. However, the cost of on-site recycling becomes the lowest if the total cost is considered; (5) according to the case study, the full estimated cost of construction waste disposal is 9074.56 CNY and the total cost compensation is 15,084.21 CNY. The amount of compensation is greater than the disposal cost and contractors make a profit, thus stimulating them to recycle and reuse construction waste. Based on the empirical findings, we make several policy proposals. The research puts forward some operational advice as a reference for decision-makers of C&D waste management.

Optimization of culture conditions for mass production and bio-formulation of Trichoderma using response surface methodology.

Use of agro-waste for production of value added products is a good alternative for developing low-cost carriers for formulation of Trichoderma-based bio-products. It provides avenues for safe utilization of wastes, while reducing cost and environment pollution load of waste disposal. The present study was undertaken to find suitable agro-waste for economical and higher mass production of Trichoderma lixii TvR1 under solid-state fermentation, optimizing culture conditions using mathematical model and assessing effect of formulated bio-product on growth of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Among various agro-wastes screened, sugarcane bagasse was observed to support maximum growth (20.08 × 107spores/g) of T. lixii TvR1 which was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the others. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize culture conditions using optimal point prediction analysis which predicted that maximum spore production of T. lixii TvR1 (19.1245 × 107spores/g) will be obtained at 30°C and 68.87% of moisture content after 31 days of incubation. Amendment of formulated bio-product of T. lixii TvR1 in soil at concentration 15% w/w promoted biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and protein content of spinach (significant at p ≤ 0.05). After 6 weeks of sowing the shoot length, root length, and photosynthetic pigments of plants irrigated daily and on alternate days were reported to be increased by 66.97, 185.03, and 82.80%; and 56.56, 71.36, and 74.64%, respectively; over the no amendment.

The Application of Modified Marlstones in Biofuel Technology

Nowadays, researchers have made attempts to seek for cost-effective and eco-friendly catalyst for transesterification reaction. One possible way to reduce the costs of the catalysts is to use biomass or industrial waste as catalytic materials. The use of waste materials as catalysts also reduces the cost of waste handling and disposal. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of the low cost, environmentally friendly calcined marlstones to be a viable catalyst in the transesterification of Jatropha seed oil. The calcination of marlstones was conducted at 900 °C for 4 h, and then the modification of calcined marlstones via hydration-dehydration treatment. The effects of different preparation conditions on biodiesel yield were investigated. The solid catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The highest biodiesel yield of 97.56% for modified calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst was obtained under the optimum condition (reaction time 5 min, microwave power 600 W, methanol/oil molar ratio 9:1, and catalyst dosage 7 wt%). It was showing potential applications of novel catalyst in biodiesel industry.

Removal of Phosphorus from Synthetic Wastewater Using Recycled Concrete Aggregates as a Filter Medium

These days, sustainability has become a primary concern as the large amount of natural resources are being used to produce materials such as concrete. Concrete from the construction industry constitutes the major proportion of construction waste. This could bring negative impact including depletion of natural resources, pollution, increasing landfill space, and high cost of waste disposal. All of these negative impacts are the sustainability issues that should be concentrated on. Hence, alternative methods have been introduced in order to reduce waste by recycling concrete waste. One of the alternative methods that can be used is by reusing recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) from discarded waste cubes. RCA can be used to produce new concrete but it will generally have a lower performance compared to normal concrete. Thus, the present study introduces an alternative method which is by reusing the RCA as a water filter medium to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Phosphorus is one of the inorganic compounds found in wastewater that can lead to environmental problems such as eutrophication. Based on previous studies, many types of materials with various chemical compositions have been used for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Therefore, this study demonstrates the ability of RCA as an alternative method for phosphorus removal from wastewater. In addition, three different factors have been considered in the removal of phosphorus namely, different initial concentration of phosphorus, different sizes of RCA and dosage of RCA used during the treatment process. Based on the experiments conducted, the lowest initial concentration of phosphorus of 10 mg/L, the smallest RCA size ranging between 0mm to 5mm and the highest RCA dosage of 50g resulted in the highest percentage of phosphorus removal in wastewater.

Ohmic Heating Assisted Lye Peeling of Pears.

Our work shows that lye concentrations can be greatly reduced while peeling pears, resulting in significant savings in use of caustic chemicals, reduced costs for effluent treatment and waste disposal.

The utilisation of feed and byproducts of mineral carbonation processes as pozzolanic cement replacements

Abstract Utilising the byproducts of mineral carbonation processes contributes to rendering the technology environmentally benign and enhances the economically viability of the process. In this work we synthesised, characterised and investigated the technical feasibility and environmental benefits of utilising feed and byproducts of mineral carbonation technology as Portland cement substitutes. These materials, with and without pre-treatment, were used to substitute 5, 10 and 20 wt% of Portland cement in mortars. Pozzolanic activity tests indicated that acid treated silica enriched residue (ATSER) displayed pozzolanic activity. At 5% cement replacement all materials showed compressive strengths comparable to the control. When 10 wt% of cement was replaced, only heat activated lizardite showed strength results similar to the control. The compressive strength of mortars containing other samples with 10 wt% or greater cement replacement showed that the extra water demand outweighed any pozzolanic contribution of mineral carbonation materials and resulted in a lowering of the compressive strength of these mortars compared to controls, in particular when in excess of 10 wt% of cement is replaced. An environmental analysis showed that in addition to significant CO2 emissions reduction, the economic and environmental costs of waste disposal were avoided when mineral carbonation byproducts substituted Portland cement.

Does the Combustion of Biomass Increase the Efficiency of Heating Companies? Evidence from Slovakia

Over the last decade, the consumption of renewable energy within the EU increased by 66%, and corporations have recognized that heating with wood waste is a cost-effective response to fluctuating fuel prices and a means of avoiding waste disposal costs. The main objective of this paper was to determine whether the combustion of biomass compared with the use of fossil fuels as the primary heat source would increase the efficiency in Slovak heating companies. This research was evaluated via methods of synthesis, analyses, and financial analyses. The survey found that heating companies with combined productions had better economic results. Based on the peer group comparison, heating companies using renewable resources achieved remarkably higher performance indicators. Among renewable energy sources, total biomass plays an important role and accounted for just over two thirds (64%) of the gross inland energy consumption of renewables in the EU. Wood pellets and agglomerates are currently the most economical way of converting biomass into fuel and are a fast-growing source of energy in Europe. The economic efficiency and key performance indicators strongly depend on the input prices of the energy carriers. In the last decade, the cost of heat produced from natural gas amounted on average to two to three times the cost of deciduous wood. Biomass production can generate employment, and if intensive agriculture is replaced by less intensively managed energy crops, there are likely to be environmental benefits, such as reduced leaching of fertilizers and reduced use of pesticides.

Waste of fresh fruit and vegetables at retailers in Sweden – Measuring and calculation of mass, economic cost and climate impact

Food waste is a significant problem for environmental, economic and food security reasons. The retailer, food service and consumers have been recognised as the parts of the food supply chain where the possibility of reducing food waste is greatest in industrialised countries. In this study, primary data on fresh fruit and vegetables (FFV) waste collected through direct measurements in three large retail stores in Sweden were analysed from the perspectives of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact. A method of measuring and calculating the economic cost of FFV waste was developed and includes the cost of wasted produce, the cost of personnel time for waste management and the cost of waste collection and disposal. The results show that seven FFV categories, which have been termed “hotspot categories”, contributed to the majority of the waste, both in terms of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact. The “hotspot categories” are apple, banana, grape, lettuce, pear, sweet pepper, and tomato. The cost benefit analysis conducted showed that it is economically wise to invest in more working time for employees in waste management to accomplish a reduction of wasted mass and climate impact without an economic loss for the store. These results are relevant for supporting the implementation of policies and initiatives aimed at food waste reduction at retail level.

Utilizing agricultural wastes to remove hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the hexavalent chromium (CrVI) biosorption capacities of several agricultural wastes from aqueous solutions. Samples were tested unaltered and after hydrochloric acid (HCl) treatment. Additional parameters tested include sample dose, contact time, particle size, mixing temperature, and the concentrations and pH of the CrVI solutions. Desorption studies were performed to determine if the removed CrVI could be recovered. In addition, tests were conducted to determine if the agricultural waste samples (AWS) could be reused for additional CrVI biosorption cycles. The results of this study demonstrate a wide range of CrVI biosorption proficiencies ranging from 13 to 98 percent removal. The parameters that resulted in higher CrVI removal include HCl treatment, higher sample dose, lower CrVI solution concentration, and lower mixing temperature. Desorption results showed an 8 to 25 percent CrVI recovery rate. Reused AWS were effective at removing CrVI during subsequent trials. Therefore, all AWS can be reused for additional CrVI biosorption cycles. Hence, these could reduce hazardous waste disposal inefficiencies and costs by avoiding disposing of spent AWS following each CrVI biosorption cycle.

어촌계 조사를 통한 해양쓰레기 선상집하장 설치 사업의 성과 분석

This study aims to analyze the performance of marine garbage platform installation program by fishing community survey based on the program logic model. Results show that 81% of the fishing community reduced marine garbage dumping, and the time, manpower and energy costs for waste disposal were also reduced in many communities. The increased awareness of fishermen for the protection of the marine environment through the operation of garbage platform has also proved to be an important achievement. However, active management efforts by the local governments after installation of the platform were found to be needed.

Electric power generation from municipal solid waste: A techno-economical assessment under different scenarios in Iran

Due to the increasing rate of municipal waste generation, Waste-to-Energy technologies for waste management have been noticed in the last two decades. The objective of the present study was to investigate and review the sensitivity analysis of different scenarios for choosing an effective and efficient technology using a gasification or incineration system from municipal solid waste in Iran. The challenge was to find the best suitable scenario according to economic aspects. For this purpose, factors of the costs of waste disposal (gate fee) and electricity power purchase agreement in the economic recovery plan for the two technologies (waste gasification and incineration) were evaluated. The investigation data analysis showed significant difference between gasification and incineration technologies. Due to the higher efficiency of gasification technology compared to incineration technology, scenarios of energy recovery from waste by gasification technology, taking into account the effect of gate fee or electricity power purchase agreement (scenario 5 and 6) were the best scenario among the evaluated scenarios. The calculation indicates that the most appropriate of payback periods for gasification technology 4.17 and 4.06 years in the gate fee of US$ 0.126 and electricity power purchase agreement of US$ 0.276, respectively.

Development of a Scalable and Sustainable High Performance CounterCurrent Chromatography (HPCCC) Purification for Spinosyn A and Spinosyn D from Spinosad

A high performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC)1 process was developed as a more efficient and sustainable alternative to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for the pilot scale purification of the naturally occurring fermentation-derived insecticides, spinosyn A and spinosyn D, the major components of spinosad insecticide. While on pilot scale HPCCC and RP-HPLC both gave >99% purities and comparable combined recoveries of 77% and 83%, respectively, HPCCC was more efficient and sustainable by producing a 60% higher productivity, 11 times higher solute loading, 96% savings in stationary phase costs, and 42% reduction in solvent usage. The increase in productivity and reduction in solvent usage further reduced waste recycle and disposal costs, thus presenting significantly less environmental impact compared to RP-HPLC separations. Use of mixing on demand for solvent system at a preparative scale allowed a complete automation with minimized solvent consumption.

Impact of solid waste treatment from spray dryer absorber on the levelized cost of energy of a coal-fired power plant

Coal-fired power plants with semi-dry flue gas desulfurization (semi-dry FGD) system produce daily tones of ashes contaminated with calcium sulphite. To turn this solid waste useful (e.g. to the cement industry) and avoid landfill disposal, the present study suggests a semi-dry FGD solid waste treatment unit, that promotes the dry oxidation of calcium sulfite to calcium sulfate. Sizing of main equipment using pilot-plant and patents data allows economic evaluation of capital expenditure, operational and maintenance costs, and sale of the treated residue, which permits estimation of levelized cost of energy to assess the impact of the technology on the electricity price of a power plant using the proposed solid waste treatment unit. As base case, a Brazilian coal-fired power plant facing decision making process on semi-dry FGD waste destination is selected. Results demonstrate that the semi-dry FGD, without the solid treatment unit, has total levelized cost of energy increased in 0.56% (from 94.44 to 94.97 $/MWh) resulting from solids waste disposal. If the treated semi-dry FGD waste was transferred (at zero revenue) as additive to a cement industry, the levelized cost of energy of the power plant would remain approximately unchanged. This is because the increase of 0.51$/MWh resulting from the investment and operation and maintenance cost of the treatment unit is compensated by the decrease of 0.53$/MWh, in virtue of the avoided waste disposal costs. However, if the commercialization as raw material of the treated semi-dry FGD waste is considered, a reduction of 2.83 $/MWh (∼3%) on the levelized cost of energy (to 92.14 $/MWh) would occur. In both cases, the proposed treatment unit shows small impact on the total power plant levelized cost of energy, besides solving the solid management problems of landfill saturation, land use and costs related to landfill maintenance. Thus, it is adequate to implement the semi-dry FGD waste treatment unit on the power plant in question. The conclusion can be extended to plants with similar design and economic parameters.

Seismic Response of WasteTyre Reinforced Embankment Slopes Based on Shaking Table Test

The seismic behavior of unreinforced and waste tyre-reinforced embankment slopes was investigated through 1-g shaking table tests. This study examined the effects of various factors on the stability of embankment slopes. The factors include the vertical waste tyre reinforcement spacing, seismic waves, peak ground accelerations. The influence of reinforcement methods on acceleration amplification factor, crest settlement and internal failure mechanism are also investigated. The results suggest that the beneficial effects of tyre-reinforcement are more pronounced in embankment slopes with smaller vertical reinforcement spacing and larger peak ground acceleration. Tyre-reinforced slopes can decrease the crest acceleration amplification factor by more than 32% compared to unreinforced slopes when subjected to a 0.4g Wenchuan earthquake input motion. In addition, with Wenchuan earthquake input motion, the average acceleration amplification factor reduction of slopes reinforced by triaxial geogrids is roughly 1.4 to 2 times greater than that of slopes reinforced by a composite of waste tyres and triaxial geogrids, or by a composite of waste tyres and tyre shreds. Along the surface of the slopes, from about one-third of the slope height, the acceleration amplification factor of all embankment slopes increases gradually with elevation, and the maximum accelerations were observed on the top of the slope. The unreinforced slope displaced more significantly compared to the reinforced slope when subjected to the same peak ground acceleration. The relative displacement of an unreinforced slope is almost 1.25 times greater than that of a tyre-reinforced slope, for a 0.1g Wenchuan earthquake input motion. The corresponding multiples are 1.4 and 1.58 for 0.2g and 0.4g accelerations, respectively. The captured failure pattern on embankment slopes further indicates that a tyre-reinforced slope has smaller cracks with shallow depth and more uniform deformation than those in an unreinforced slope, when subjected to a 0.4g Wenchuan earthquake input motion. Therefore, the tyre-reinforced soil, which has the potential to be more widely used and the benefit of reducing waste disposal costs, could improve some engineering properties of slopes much like the triaxial geogrids.