Cost Of Construction Materials Research Articles

Effect of Immobilizing Bacillus megaterium on the Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Mortar

The world’s growing population and industrialization have led to increased construction activities. This has increased the amount of waste aggregates which can be recycled in construction and cut the cost of infrastructure development. This study, therefore, reports the experimental findings for the effect of immobilizing Bacillus megaterium on the compressive strength and water absorption of laboratory prepared test mortar. Bacterial solution used in this work had a concentration of 1.0 × 107 cells/mL. The impact of recycled mortar impregnated with bacteria was studied after curing the specimens in water, saturated lime water, and 1.5% sulfuric acid. Compressive strength for test specimens cured in the three media was determined at the 2nd, 7th, 28th, and 56th day of curing. SEM analysis was done for mortars cured in acidic media and saturated lime water after curing for 28 days. The test results indicated that curing in water and saturated water improved the compressive strength, while the acidic medium lowered it. Recycled mortar is, therefore, an ideal material for immobilizing Bacillus megaterium before introduction into fresh concrete/mortar. The use of recycled mortar is a good strategy to reduce wastes from construction activities, save on the cost of construction materials, and enhance environmental conservation.

Blast Furnace Slag, Post-Industrial Waste or Valuable Building Materials with Remediation Potential?

In recent years, the construction industry has struggled with a variety of issues such as material availability, supply channel management, and the increasing cost of construction materials. These issues have encouraged the search for replacements and substitutes for existing construction materials. Blast Furnace Slag is used in the construction industry as a mineral amendment or aggregate. Their use in Earth Construction, due to their post-industrial origin, may be associated with increased levels of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the immobilization potential of Blast Furnace Slag and to compare it with the addition of Blast Furnace Slag with Activated Carbon using different concentrations of these amendments. We were able to determine the concentrations of selected PTE (zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium and lead) in the soil, roots and aerial parts of Lolium perenne L., using different concentrations of Blast Furnace Slag (3%, 5% and 10%), and Blast Furnace Slag with Activated Carbon (3% and 5%) as soil amendments. Measurements were carried out with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Both the addition of Blast Furnace Slag and Activated Carbon with Slag increased plant biomass. The addition of slag effectively reduced the zinc, copper, cadmium and lead content of the soil, while the addition of Activated Carbon slag significantly increased the content of selected PETs in the roots and aerial parts of plants. It was considered reasonable to use Blast Furnace Slag with the addition of Activated Carbon in supporting the processes of the assisted phytostabilization of PTE polluted soils.

New housing construction and market signals in urban China: a tale of 35 metropolitan areas.

This paper investigates the equilibrium adjustment mechanism of new housing construction in urban China after the 1998 housing market reform. This analysis is based on a panel of 35 metropolitan areas over the period 2001–2015. The new housing supply function is specified in terms of changes rather than levels to capture the disequilibrium state of the Chinese housing market. In addition, current, one-year and two-year lags of the controls are used to capture the impact of the state control of construction land permits (Land Regulation Act). The main outcome is that new housing construction in the metropolitan areas under study responded to market signals but with relatively long time lags. In particular, during the period 2007–2015, new housing construction positively responded to the one-year and two-year lagged changes in housing prices and construction land supply, negatively responded to the current, one-year and two-year lagged changes in the interest rate, and negatively responded to the one-year lagged changes in construction material costs. The main conclusion is that China’s housing marketization has started to work, although it is still subject to its historical footprints and typical Chinese characteristics, notably state control of the construction land supply.

Heuristics‐enhanced geospatial machine learning (SaaS) of an ancient Mediterranean environment

AbstractRaw soil core physical data used in machine learning algorithms with corresponding spatial remotely sensed data is an emerging science. Using data derived from soil core samples previously collected in Universal Transverse Mercator zone 50 (Western Australia) and remotely sensed data, a model that predicted ground movement (GM) was developed specific to Australian Standards manual AS 1726–2017. This is the first approach for Australian soils and first in the world for soils older than 200 million yr. The model developed reliably predicted GM with 91.1% accuracy. The error obtained from the prediction is within acceptable limits currently used by engineers in calculations concerning soil classification for engineering purposes. Concerning the remotely sensed data analyzed, accuracy of the Atterberg limits method might be improved if additional information about soil structure (layering and horizon) or other variables (seasonal data) are built into this model. This model can be used to save on construction material costs, reduce the potential for human error associated with data collection and sample manipulation, but also fast‐track (by up to 6 wk based on current wait times) building approvals while ensuring compliance to the relevant legislation. This platform also reduces the environmental effects of invasive drilling techniques. A requirement within principles of sustainable building practices, and associated with current standards commonly used by structural engineers who may seek better understanding of soil properties in Australia as a software service (with application potential in North America).

Modification of concessionary agreements and agreements on PPP in the conditions of growth of construction materials cost

In spite of the fact that laws in the field of public-and-private partnership and municipal-and-private partnership as well as in the field of concessions are adopted long ago and are constantly supplemented and changed, legal regulation of this sphere still should be considered imperfect. It is necessary to consider one more problem in modern conditions: that is the significant increase in prices for construction materials, having negative effect on the cost and efficiency of construction projects. At the end of 2021 it demanded a series of new amendments. The order of modification of concessionary agreements and agreements of public-and-private partnership, caused by the growth of cost of construction materials, is considered in the article, the main novelties are systematized.

Experimental study of paver blocks using palm shell and coconut shell

Now a days construction industry is one of the leading and developing industries. Due to increase in population, the industrialization and need for the construction is also increased. In present scenario people are in search of alternative material for the construction of building as a result of increase in cost of construction materials. Paver blocks are mostly used in places of driveway, pavement, footpath, walkway in cities etc. This study aims to make the paver blocks by using Palm and coconut shell. Palm and coconut shell are easily available materials in all the regions, especially in tropical areas. Hence, the paver blocks replacing the coarse aggregates at a rate of 20% and 40% by Palm and coconut shells are casted. It is one of the cost efficient products used by low level people also. The process of using the Palm and coconut shell is considered as one of the waste management system. The agricultural wastes are reused in various ways. It is considered as an effective method of reusing palm and coconut shell by making a slight decrease in the cost of construction material. This result shows the utilization of natural material and these paver blocks are used on various areas like gardens, low traffic areas, and where the minimum load applied, based on their compressive strength their usage may differ. However, this study also found that, this type of manufacturing paver blocks give benefit to both the producer and the customer economically.

РИЗИКИ В ІНЖИНІРИНГУ БУДІВЕЛЬ: СУТНІСТЬ, ПРИЧИНИ, НАПРЯМКИ ВИРІШЕННЯ

Most construction projects carry a certain level of risk, and in order to determine and manage them, it is necessary to know their essence, causes, carefully plan the construction process and ensure the ability to quickly make the right decisions at each stage of the construction process [1]. Therefore, determining the essence of risks, their causes and effective methods of their management is extremely important to ensure the successful implementation of construction projects [3;4;5].During the construction process, several types of risk factors may arise simultaneously, in particular, an unexpected increase in the cost of construction materials, completed works, delays in meeting the deadlines of construction projects caused by the investor, contractor, environment, etc. As shown by the feedback of investors and contractors,the impact of COVID-19 on construction projects is significant, in particular, quarantine restrictions led to delays in the completion of projects and an increase in the cost of their completion.Analyzing the research data, it can be noted that construction projects regularly suffer from significant incidents, which are related to both the financial component and a large number of emergency situations. Effective construction risk management requires persistent attention to detail and training of the workforce to avoid undesirable situations during construction, including quality construction, accident prevention. International risk management standards vary widely, and there is almost always room for improvement. Infrastructure projects are becoming more and more complex and require more complex methods of control over them. When design work does not meet construction standards, the cost of repairs and associated risks can be extremely high. Therefore, insurers, contractors and clients should be interested in minimizing losses and perceive risk engineering as a way of positive contribution to the process of achieving a better result and as a result of a worthy investment in the future project.According to the PMBoK international standard, the risks of construction projects, their causes and solutions must be recorded, that is, timely response to negative risks contributes to the smooth execution of construction works without financial losses.

Strength Properties of Clay Based Geopolymer Concrete Using Spent Filter Sand as Fine Aggregates

The high cost of construction materials around the globe has encouraged researchers to make findings on the use of materials within their locality for infrastructure development. This will reduce both construction cost, and environmental pollution caused by manufacturing materials such as Portland Limestone Cement (PLC) which comes with CO2 emission. Hence, this study examined the strength properties of clay based geopolymer concrete made with spent filter sand as fine aggregates. The strength properties of the concrete were tested after curing for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that, the clay soil is under class C ash (sum of acidic oxide equals 55.83%). The highest compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength in 28 days are respectively; 30.33 N/mm2, 6.41 N/mm2, and 6.30 N/mm2. There was good strength development as the curing days increased generally. Hence, the use of SFS in clay based geopolymer concrete did not compromise the strength of the concrete but instead improved the tensile strength and flexural strength by more than 100%.

Design and Cost Multi-Objective Optimization of Small-Scale LNG Carriers using the Value Engineering Approach

Nowadays, liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers are the main merchant fleets for the transport of natural gas for energy. The large LNG carrier has a more efficient freight cost (approximately 7.8 USD/MMBTU) than a small-scale LNG carrier (SSLNGC; approx. 12,8 USD/MMBTU). Another method must be introduced to make SSLNGCs more cost-efficient. As such, this work conducted an experiment to improve the design of SSLNGCs via design and cost optimization by combining a value engineering approach and multi-objective optimization to decrease hull resistance and lower construction material costs by adjusting the ship dimension ratio. By improving the conceptual design and using semi-integrated numerical simulations, the final result showed improvements in SSLNGCs by decreasing the hull shell area by 1.57% to reduce the construction material needed and total ship resistance by 8.3%.

The Future and Prospects of Periwinkle Composites in Reinforced Concretes: A Review

The choice of building materials and the rising cost of construction materials have continued to plaque the building and construction industry without an immediate solution. Industrialists and scholars are investigating several naturally occurring materials for concrete composite reinforcements. The article chronologically reviewed the growth and development of periwinkle shell powder (PSP) and periwinkle ash powder (PSA) as composite materials in concretes. Findings showed that 28 days of curing age are required for lightweight concretes reinforced with PSP or PAP at 10-30% optimum. Produced lightweight concretes were susceptible to acidic medium and induce lower compressive strength which eventually leads to concrete/structure disintegrate and collapse. Research challenges and funding hamper the application of PSP/PAP in the concrete formulation and are unable to drive innovations and economic benefits as a composite. Advances in concrete technology showed that PSP/PSA mollusk shells achieve pillar strength grade and weight/load bearing status for the improvement of PSP/PSA blended concretes. Also, the composite potential showed that the functionalization of PSP/PSA, sustainability, and nano modification of cementitious materials and concretes are promising. Future studies are required to develop periwinkle reinforced concrete silos, sewers, and smart concrete materials with improved mechanical, thermal, and aesthetic properties.

Behavior of Self Compacted Concrete Ferrocement Beams

Many researchers have been conducted on the ferrocement as a low cost construction material and a flexible structural system. This experimental investigation on the behavior of ferrocement beams after exposed to different type of ferrocement and different of ferrocement layer are presented in this paper. The experimental program consisted of seven simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The dimensions of 150mm×250mm×2000mm. Each beam was reinforced using steel 2 f 12 in top and 2 f10 in bottom and the stirrups was 10 f 10/m. In addition to six of them contains ferrocement different steel wire meshes and different of ferrocement layer. The test specimens are divided in three groups and the results of each one compared with the control specimen. The first group (A) which used the welded wire mesh. The second group (B) which used the expanded wire mesh. But the third group (C) which reinforced using woven wire mesh. The mid span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. The performance of the test beams in terms of ultimate flexure load cracking behavior and energy absorption were investigated. The experimental results emphasized that high ultimate loads, better crack resistance control, high ductility, and good energy absorption properties could be achieved by using the proposed ferrocement beams. The cracks propagation decreased and its number and width decreased by using woven, expanded and welded wire mesh especially in specimens with two layers of wire mesh. Theoretical calculation was carried out to compare the oplained results with the theoretical ones, which show good agreement.

Minimizing embodied energy of reinforced concrete floor systems in developing countries through shape optimization

Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) are struggling to meet the demand for affordable housing in their growing cities. There are several reasons for this, but a major constraint is the high cost of construction materials. In India, which needs over 20 million urban housing units by 2022, material costs can constitute 60 to 80% of the total cost of residential construction. Nonetheless, their construction mimics the materially inefficient practices of the More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs), which were developed to reduce labor over material costs. As a result, prismatic beams and flat slabs are often used despite their structural inefficiency. The mounting use of steel-reinforced concrete structures in LEDC cities also raises concern for the environmental costs of construction; for example, construction accounts for 22% of India’s carbon emissions. At the building scale, at least 50% of the structural mass and embodied energy is just in the horizontal spanning elements.This research addresses these challenges with a flexible methodology for the design and engineering of materially efficient structural floor systems that can reduce the economic and environmental costs of urban construction. Construction costs and embodied energy are direct products of material choice and quantity. In response, this paper presents a strategy for the numerical shape optimization of ribbed one-way concrete floor slabs. Designed for the constraints of India, the elements are optimized to reduce the embodied energy associated with the slab’s concrete and reinforcing steel while resisting the same loads of an equivalent solid flat slab. The optimization method includes a novel approach to 3D shape parameterization, as well as a decoupled analytical engineering analysis method that accounts for the key failure modes and constraints of reinforced concrete design. The result of this work is a shaped slab design method that can reduce the embodied energy of one-way concrete floors by 48–64%.

An improved plasma generation optimization algorithm for optimal design of reinforced concrete frames under time-history loading

Plasma Generation Optimization (PGO) is a newly developed meta-heuristic algorithm that is inspired by the process of plasma generation. This study attempts to enhance the performance of the PGO in order to improve solution accuracy, reliability, and convergence speed. The new method, called improved plasma generation optimization (IPGO), is tested on a benchmark structural optimization problem. Then, the optimal design of reinforced concrete (RC) frames is performed using the PGO and IPGO algorithms. The variables of the problem are taken as the geometry of the cross-sections and reinforcing bars of the members. These variables are considered discrete and are selected from a predetermined section database (DB). The objective function consists of the construction material costs of the structural elements. The plannar frames with different stories are designed according to the standards and requirements of the American Concrete Institute’s Building Code (ACI 318-8). Time history analysis is used to analyze the structures. The main goal of the optimization is to find the most economical design of the frame structure under strong seismic actions. The results show that the proposed approach is feasible to find the optimum design of the structural members of RC frames and the IPGO algorithm is more competent than the PGO algorithm.

Plastic Tiles from Recycled Pet Bottles Wastes with Improved Strength and Reduced Flammability

The cost of construction materials and the required natural resources to produce the materials with the enabling environment is affecting the world's construction industry which is growing at an alarming rate. Also, plastic wastes have posed a major threat to the environment due to their large usage, non-biodegradability nature, and pollution through incineration and landfill. Recycling these wastes into tiles will be a great advantage. This study aims at examining mechanical properties of tile made from PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) wastes, fly ash, and river sand aggregate. The PET wastes of varying percentages of 100%, 90%, 70%, 50%, and 30% by weight to other aggregates. The evaluation of physical and mechanical properties shows that, in terms of material density, strength, and flammability resistance, the tiles with 30% of the plastic waste yields better results than other proportions of the waste. According to the results obtained, this composite tile has a very low % porosity value (2.8- 0.11%) compared to cement or ceramic tiles. Also, the composite tile (PFST1) with 30% and 35% sand and fly ash displayed lower flammability of 7.76mm/min linear burning rate and enhanced compressive strength of 11.10 MPa. The chemical tolerance of these composite tiles was also investigated by soaking in different acid, base, and alkaline for seven days, which has no significant difference in terms of weight and appearance. In conclusion, PET plastic tiles have good strength, decrease flammability, low water absorption, and eco-friendliness as tiles products. This prospect would not only minimize the cost of building products but will also act as a waste diversion to mitigate the environment caused by plastic waste disposal.

The Performance of Bamboo Fiber as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete

The rapid growth of construction industry has caused a huge demand on natural aggregate as the production of concrete requires massive use of natural stone materials. Due to the increase of demand of this material, it has affected to the shortage of natural aggregate and increased the cost of construction material. On the other hand, bamboo is one of the materials which have a big population and potential to be used in construction due to its durability, flexibility and strength performance. So, bamboo fiber was used as aggregate replacement material to reduce the cost of construction material and pollution as well as to improve the quality of the concrete. The research objectives in this study are to determine the optimum percentage of bamboo fiber as aggregate replacement in concrete and to compare the compressive strength of the bamboo fiber concrete with standard concrete. There were 4 cube specimens casted for each proportion of 0%, 5%, 12.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15% and 17.5% of bamboo fiber as aggregate replacement in concrete. Then, the compressive strength test was conducted to find the optimum bamboo fiber contents with the maximum workability and strength of the concrete. The findings showed that the replacement of 5% of bamboo fiber achieved the highest strength with 27.77 N/mm2 and the strength decrement difference is only about 2.38% with standard concrete. Based from the result, the 5% bamboo fiber concrete can be suggested as the optimum percentage of bamboo fiber as aggregate replacement in concrete. This study is not only aim in reducing the cost of construction material but it also can be one of the effectives ways to reduce environmental impact by using natural fibers as aggregates replacement.

Navigating housing affordability in Rwanda: Challenges and facilitation strategies

Housing and its affordability have, of recent, been of great concern to various stakeholders, especially in the developing world. Consequently, contributing aspects such as construction/tenancy costs, sustainability, environmental impact, and availability of credit facilities with a host of other factors, have dominated contemporary research. Various studies suggest that addressing affordable housing requires understanding the contextual factors that impact affordability of housing. Such studies have not been known to succinctly treat the context of Rwanda. This paper aimed at exploring the perspectives of housing affordability in Rwanda with a view of eliciting the status, challenges, and prospects. The objectives included description of the current status of housing, identifying the challenges of providing affordable housing, and proposals of strategies to enhance its provision. Data, such as for workers’ salary, costs of house construction, inflationary trends and the number of housing units per income group, were sought for and obtained either from the archives of various stakeholder organizations or by interviewing key officers concerned with housing. Descriptive statistics and thematic analyses were employed in analyzing the data in order to fulfil the objectives of the study. It was found that home ownership and tenure statistics varied, yet housing demand was on the rise. Foremost challenges, among others, were recorded to be scarcity and costly plots of land, compounded with costly building materials. In addition, the purchasing power of the local currency depreciated fast over time, thereby making good quality housing unaffordable for the majority of Rwandans. Localizing policy to enhance public awareness, resolving the issue of high cost of construction materials, and coming up with innovative interventions on land costs, were among the key strategies to facilitate housing affordability.

Rigid pavement optimization by using empirical mechanistic method and Kenpave software

This research was undertaken on TNC Main Road to CBD project with the aim to find an optimum design, by using Manual Perkerasan Jalan 2017 and Kenpave software. The existing pavement was redesigned to achieve a design life of 40 years, instead of 20 years. The design was also compared with other alternative designs that were obtained from past research study. The analysis was done by comparing the maximum stress values, maximum deflection values, and material cost per meter. It can be concluded for this study that the pavement modification using slag aggregates in concrete mixture as the surface layer was the most optimum pavement design as it has the lowest maximum stress and deflection values, and thus lowest cracking index and longer designed life, with a reasonable construction material cost.

Utilization of Waste Plastic for Construction of Flexible Pavement

The major threat to the environment is the disposal of waste plastic and on the other side; the road traffic intensity is increasing. The load bearing capacity of roads are increasing. This study discusses the suitability of plastic waste for construction of roads. A material that contain more organic polymer of large molecular weight, solid in its finished state, can be shaped by its flow is called as “plastic”. Generally plastic is used in various domestic and industrial applications. In the Current Period Use of plastic bags and bottles is very common. Use of plastics in road construction can reduce the cost of road construction and pollution index of environment to an appreciable extent. Use of this mix for road construction it helps to reduce or use plastic waste effectively. Use of waste plastic in construction material is becoming more and more acceptable due to the improved properties. Due to use of waste plastic the Cost of construction materials also decreases. When we use the waste plastic in flexible pavement it improves the abrasion & slip resistance of asphalt pavement. It is economical and eco-friendly.

ЕКОНОМІЧНА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ПРОЕКТНИХ РІШЕНЬ ТВАРИННИЦЬКИХ ФЕРМ

The purpose of the work - to conduct a study of economic efficiency developed in L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT design solutions for family dairy and fattening farms of cattle and sheep farms of different sizes, adapted to EU requirements. Research methods. During the analytical research, an economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed design solutions of dairy and fattening farms of cattle, as well as sheep farms of different sizes was made. Investments in the creation of livestock facilities were determined by the following components: construction of farms, acquisition of machinery and technological equipment, the cost of purchasing livestock. The estimate for the construction and technical equipment of the farms included the costs of construction materials, machinery, equipment, construction and installation work. The calculated method was determined by the cost of funds per animal place and the output of gross output, taking into account the planned productivity. The need for land for the operation of farms was calculated according to the needs of animals in feed for the production of planned livestock products. Calculations of profitability of production and payback period for the creation of livestock facilities were carried out according to generally accepted methods of determining economic efficiency. Research results. According to the results of research on the economic efficiency of projects of livestock facilities, developed in L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT and adapted to EU requirements, the following expected indicators were obtained. To create dairy farms for 10, 15 and 25 cows with young livestock, respectively: the need for total investments is 1535.89 thousand UAH, 2038.78 and 2964.20 thousand UAH; expenditures per animal - UAH 76 thousand, UAH 68 thousand and UAH 59 thousand; the need for land for the operation of farms - 16 hectares, 24 and 40 hectares; the level of profitability of farms, provided that the planned productivity is reached, will be 60, 64 and 61%; payback period -5.2; 4.4 and 4.0 years, respectively. In order to create family farms for fattening young cattle, respectively, by 25, 50, 100 heads: the need for total investment is 489.3 thousand UAH, 764.1 and 1253.0 thousand UAH; expenditures per animal - UAH 19.5 thousand, UAH 15.3 and 19.5 thousand; the need for land for the operation of farms - 10, 20 and 40 hectares; level of profitability - 40%; the payback period for the creation of such farms is 5, 4.5 and 4 years, respectively. To create family sheep farms for 25, 50, 100 heads of fattening and 100 heads of dairy sheep farms, respectively: the need for total investments is UAH 252.20 thousand, UAH 357.81 thousand, UAH 568.39 and 76.47 thousand; expenditures per animal - UAH 10.20 thousand, UAH 7.10 thousand, UAH 5.60 and 10.20 thousand; the need for land for the operation of farms - 3.1, 6.2, 12.3 and 13.8 hectares; level of profitability - 25%; payback period for the creation of farms - 5, 4,5, 4 and 4 years. Conclusions. Studies of the economic efficiency of livestock projects developed in L. Pogorily UkrNDIPVT and adapted to EU requirements, namely different sizes of family dairy and fattening farms of cattle and sheep farms testified to the high economic feasibility of their creation and use. Key words: sheep breeding, economic efficiency, capital investments, estimate, level of profitability, cattle breeding, livestock farms, payback period.

Study on the Suitability of Soils in Ilu Aba Bora Zone for Hydraform Block Production for Low Cost Construction

Due to a high construction material cost in Ethiopia, it is difficult to afford a shelter by most our peoples. The Hydra form block (HFB) has been identified as low-cost building material with its potential and possibility to reverse the housing problem. Laboratory tests were conducted on Mettu, Nopa, Gore, and Hurumu areas soil. Using hydra form machine with average mold size of 29*14*10cm, hydra form blocks were casted with the three percentages increment of cement. Compressive strength and water absorption tests were conducted at 28 days. The investigation has revealed that all the soil sample except Gore soil have significant characteristics that make it suitable for stabilization with recommended soil properties. From the experimental study, all the blocks except blocks produced with Gore soil have 28th day compressive strength values well above most of the recommended minimum values. Water absorption was less than the maximum limit of 15%. But, for control block and for stabilized with 3% cement, water absorption result is out of the recommended values (0-15) %. The cost comparison of Hydra form blocks with hollow concrete block and fired clay brick shows that the Hydra form block is cheapest walling material in terms of production cost and a typical hydra form block production center can create a job for more than 50 peoples.