Corrosion Prevention Research Articles

In-depth assessment of new coumarin derivative based on azo dye and Schiff base as an effective corrosion inhibitor for steel in 1 M HCl solution and anti sulphate reducing bacteria: Insights from computational and experimental techniques

This paper examines the innovative application of PAEOD as a corrosion suppressant for steel in an acidic environment with a concentration of 1.0 M HCl. The inhibitory potential of PAEOD has been comprehensively evaluated through the utilization of diverse analytical approaches, including electrochemical tests, gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assessments. The results suggest that there is a correlation between concentration and the enhancement of corrosion resistance, hence categorizing PAEOD as a mixed-type inhibitor. The maximum inhibitory efficiency was observed at a concentration of 7.50 × 10-4 M, resulting in a remarkable efficiency of 98.84 % at a temperature of 298 K. The electrochemical investigation demonstrated a significant rise in the values of charge transfer resistance (Rct) and polarization resistance (Rp), accompanied by a reduction in the Constant Phase Element (CPE.Yo) value to 74.01 μF. These findings suggest an improved capacity for inhibiting corrosion. Theoretical studies have revealed a significant interaction between PAEOD and the steel surface, as evidenced by the utilization of density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo/ Molecular dynamic (MC/MD) techniques. This interaction indicates the presence of exceptional anti-corrosion properties at the micro-level. The impact of PAEOD on the growth of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) was found to be substantial, as indicated by the findings derived from BART™ Vials. In summary, this work establishes PAEOD as a potentially effective corrosion inhibitor, offering significant contributions to the field of corrosion prevention strategies through its important insights.

Sol-gel coating containing carbon quantum dots for effective corrosion prevention

This study investigates the impact of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) on the corrosion protection properties of sol-gel coating on AM60B alloy. CQDs were synthesised via microwave technique and characterised using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Adding 50 ppm CQDs eliminated micrometric cracks in the coating due to chemical bonding with the silica network. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images revealed that CQDs are well dispersed at 50 ppm in the coating. Also, the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) confirmed that this concentration reduces the coating's roughness. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in sodium chloride solution revealed a significant reduction in both electrical double- layer and sol-gel layer capacitances after adding 50 ppm CQDs. This indicates reduced penetration of the corrosive electrolyte, attributed to pore blocking and the elimination of micrometric cracks. After 48 h of immersion, the polarisation resistance (Rp) increased from 0.006 to 0.353 MΩ cm2, significantly enhancing the anti-corrosion performance. However, higher concentrations (100 and 200 ppm) of CQDs negatively impacted the corrosion resistance due to the accumulation and micrometric crack formation.

Evaluation of corrosion potential in near-shore piles and analysis through RSM modelling

Corrosion is a significant problem in marine environments that ultimately leads to structural failure and economic losses. The assessment of the conditions of concrete piles is an essential part of corrosion prevention measures in marine environments. This research investigated the corrosion potential of concrete marine piles using a half-cell potentiometer. Following this, the observed potential values are subjected to RSM modeling. Approximately ten piles were chosen in Chennai Fishing Harbor, and the corrosion potential values along the depth of the piles in three different zones, namely, the atmospheric, splash and submerged zones, were measured at three-month intervals. Based on the visual inspection, the piles were damaged, and minor cracks developed on the surfaces of the concrete due to the dynamic impact of wave action, specifically in the splash zone. From the results obtained in the field for the chosen piles in the fishing harbor, the corrosion potential values are in the range of −361.45 mV to −527.57 mV in the atmospheric zone, − 520.67 mV to −784.85 mV in the splash zone and– 401.23 mV to—631.28 mV in the submerged zone. RSM was noted to be the most accurate predictor with the highest R2 and least errors. The RSM model captured the variability of the data according to the R2 threshold (R2 > 0.9855). The splash zones have higher corrosion potentials and are more prone to corrosion than the other zones.

Differences in Atmospheric Corrosion Severity Over Long and Short Distances

Environmental severity indices (ESIs) are commonly used to designate corrosion severity of different locations and have a huge potential to be used to guide corrosion prevention and maintenance practices. Prior research has focused on large-scale differences in atmospheric and climate conditions to explain differences in corrosiveness. Differences in corrosion severity across very small distances in the form of pitting have also been extensively studied and modeled. In pitting, severe corrosion can occur within a pit, while leaving nearby nonpitted areas largely unaffected. However, relatively little work has been done exploring the effects that can cause differences in corrosion at length scales between these two extremes. This work has combined several corrosion datasets to analyze and discuss corrosion differences across these various, mid-level length scales and the possible causes of these differences. Analysis indicated that proximity to saltwater is one factor that can drive large differences in corrosion severity across distances of less than 1 mi. Factors that may affect corrosion at even more granular levels are also considered and discussed, such as sheltering from atmospheric deposition, shading from sunlight, exposure height above the ground, and water retention due to sample geometry. Recommendations for future study and ESI development based on the findings in this combined dataset were given.

Синтез производных класса 2-алкил-5-фенил-4,5,6,7- тетрагидро-[1,2,4]триазоло[1,5-a]пиримидин-7-ола

The problem of acid corrosion of steel is of significant importance, particularly in the context of the oil extraction industry, where acid treatment of wells and surrounding spaces is widely employed. This research article focuses on the synthesis and investigation of previously unstudied derivatives of the class of 2-alkyl-5-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ols – organic compounds potentially highly effective as inhibitors of acid corrosion of steel. The method for synthesizing the proposed compounds involves the condensation of 3-alkyl-5-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazoles with cinnamaldehyde. The structure of the synthesized compounds has been confirmed using 1H NMR and LCMS methods. The study has revealed that the developed synthesis conditions yield the target tetrahydrotriazolopyrimidinols with alkyl substituents containing up to three carbon atoms. However, an increase in the length of alkyl substituents intensifies side reactions, making the isolation of the target compounds challenging. The obtained research results are significant for the development of effective organic inhibitors of acid corrosion of steel of a new class. These findings can serve as a basis for further research in this area, contributing to the development of new methods for corrosion prevention and improving the resistance of materials used in the oil industry. Thus, this study not only describes a new synthetic approach to obtaining inhibitors of corrosion in the tetrahydrotriazolopyrimidinol class but also holds prospective practical value in the field of industrial technologies and materials science.

Analysis of Corrosion Prevention Measures for Reinforced Concrete in Cross-sea Bridges

Analysis of Corrosion Prevention Measures for Reinforced Concrete in Cross-sea Bridges

Effects of Niobium Addition on the Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Microalloyed Steels: A Review

Steel structures are prone to corrosion, a chemical reaction between steel and the atmosphere that gradually weakens the material. Over time, this reaction can significantly reduce the structural integrity and lifespan of steel elements. Without intervention, corrosion can cause structures to fail, leading to financial, environmental, and potential human losses. Enhancing steel’s corrosion resistance is crucial, and one method involves adding niobium (Nb). Niobium microalloyed steels are known for their increased strength, and some research indicates that Nb may also improve corrosion resistance by making the grain structure of the steel finer. However, the complete potential of Nb in corrosion prevention remains underexplored, with significant research gaps across various scales, from microstructural impacts on durability to macroscopic effects on mechanical properties. The research community has utilized numerous experimental approaches to test corrosion resistance under different conditions, but there is a lack of comprehensive studies that aggregate and analyze these findings. This paper seeks to fill that void by reviewing the impact of Nb on the strength and corrosion resistance of structural steels, examining how steel beams’ ultimate capacity degrades over time and identifying key areas where further research is needed to understand Nb’s role in mitigating corrosion.

Theoretical study on the hydrogen distribution and diffusion at the PuO2/α-Pu2O3 interface.

The interface is a region in the crystal that significantly changes various characteristics. There must be an interface between oxides of different valence states in the surface oxide layer of plutonium. In this work, a first principles approach based on DFT was used to study the hydrogen distribution and diffusion at the PuO2/α-Pu2O3 interface systematically. Our research reveals that at the interface, hydrogen can be captured by the O atoms of PuO2 and by the oxygen vacancies (OVs) of α-Pu2O3, and the capture of OVs is more energetically advantageous. On the PuO2 side, the cost of H atom diffusion towards the interface gradually increases. On the α-Pu2O3 side, the cost of H atoms diffusing inward from the interface gradually increases. OVs that already contain H atoms are more conducive to capturing H atoms. The formation of the interface has little effect on the hydrogen capture ability of O in PuO2, but it will reduce the capture ability of OVs in α-Pu2O3. Overall, the formation of interfaces has no disruptive impact on the behavior of hydrogen in the two plutonium oxides. This is closely related to the fact that α-Pu2O3 originates from PuO2 under anaerobic conditions. The difference in hydrogen behavior comes from the changes in the atomic environment and ion valence state caused by the OVs. This work supports further understanding of the behavior of hydrogen in plutonium oxides and provides a reference for further research on plutonium corrosion prevention.

Diffusion in multicomponent mixed solvent electrolyte systems

Thermodynamic ideality is often assumed in diffusion calculation, implying concentrations are assumed equal to the activities with activity coefficients of one. A general set of diffusion flux and molar flux equations are developed, incorporating equilibrium thermodynamic models for non-ideal conditions in well-known non-equilibrium diffusion theory. Derivations are based on the Maxwell-Stefan friction theory with the chemical potential as the driving force. Isothermal and isobaric conditions are assumed, and the theory does not include the Soret coefficient or the Onsager formalism.In this work, Fick's law is derived from the general diffusion theory, also as a function of activity gradients. The results illustrate that concentration cannot just be substituted by activity. Using a similar approach demonstrates that the Nernst-Planck (NP) equation may be derived from the general theory incorporating terms for migration and convection. An extended NP equation is derived including the thermodynamic correction factors (TCF) to account for the non-ideality of the liquid. The derived equation shows the improvement of the self-diffusion terms and friction coefficients in the NP equation and that the TCF enhances the observed effective diffusivities.Examples of TCF are presented using the extended UNIQUAC thermodynamic model. This is done for the CO2-NaOH-monoethyleneglycol-water system, which is typically found in wet natural gas pipeline CO2 corrosion systems. pH-stabilization is classically used in the prevention of corrosion, but the results show that glycol has a noticeable effect of the diffusion on key components in the corrosion mechanism. A TCF of 0.4 to 1.3 may be expected. This indicates that the flux calculation deviates up to 60 % from the real-life scenario if ideality is assumed. The thermodynamic model may therefore improve the diffusion calculations considerably.

Fabrication of diisocyanate microcapsules for self-healing anti-corrosion coatings via integrating electrospraying and interfacial polymerization

Epoxy resins serve as useful material in anti-corrosion coatings. However, the development of microcracks during the processing or service life of a coating is an inevitable occurrence that markedly degrades its performance and shortens its lifespan. The incorporation of self-healing materials can prolong the coatings' lifespan and enhance the reliability of corrosion prevention processes. In this study, a microencapsulation method via integrating electrospraying and interfacial polymerization (ES-IP) was adopted to synthesize the microcapsules containing 4,4’-bis-methylene cyclohexane diisocyanate (HMDI) successfully. The self-healing capability of these microcapsules within the anti-corrosion coating was successfully validated. The prepared HMDI microcapsules (HMDI-MCs) demonstrate excellent dispersibility, tunable characteristics, and a high core material content of 93 wt%. Self-healing anti-corrosion coatings containing HMDI-MCs were prepared and underwent accelerated corrosion testing in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The result showed that HMDI is capable of leaking from microcapsules and undergoing solidification, thus forming a barrier to metal steel from corrosion hazards by endowing the coatings with effective self-healing abilities. This paper expands the application of the ES-IP technique in microencapsulation and suggests that HMDI-MCs have significant potential in self-healing anti-corrosion coating.

Pre-oxidation of porous ferritic Fe22Cr alloys for lifespan extension at high-temperature

Pre-oxidation of porous ferritic Fe22Cr alloys was extensively studied in this paper. Weight gain measurements and SEM analysis revealed that pre-oxidation performed at 900°C for 40 min increased the lifespan of the alloy. A Cr evaporation study did not disclose any significant influence of the pre-oxidation process on the Cr content in the alloy. For a more detailed assessment, TEM imaging and X-ray tomography measurements of pre-oxidized samples were performed. These analyses showed that alteration in the grain and grain boundary diffusion fluxes might be the key for explaining the corrosion prevention role of pre-oxidation.

Rust Prevention Property of a New Organic Inhibitor under Different Conditions.

The corrosion resistance properties of a new type of environmentally-friendly organic inhibitor containing amino ketone molecules are presented in this paper. To evaluate the prevention effect of the inhibitor on corrosion of reinforcement, the electrochemical characteristics of steels in the simulated concrete pore solution (SPS) were investigated under varied conditions of the relevant parameters, including concentrations of the inhibitor and NaCl, pH value, and temperature. The inhibition efficiency of the material was characterized through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, and the weight loss of steels. The results reveal a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance of steels with the inhibitor. A maximum resistance value of 89.07% was achieved at an inhibitor concentration of 4%. Moreover, the new organic inhibitor exhibited good corrosion protection capability for steels under different NaCl concentrations. Its inhibition efficiency was determined to be 65.62, 80.06, and 66.30% at NaCl concentrations of 2, 3.5 and 5%, respectively. On the other hand, it was found that an alkaline environment was favorable for an enhanced corrosion prevention effect, and an optimal pH value of 11.3 was observed in this work. Besides, the inhibition efficiencies at different temperatures showed a trend of 25 > 35 > 40 > 20 > 30 °C, with a maximum value of 81.32% at 25 °C. The above results suggest that the new organic material has high potential to be used as an eco-friendly and long-term durable inhibitor for steel corrosion prevention under complex conditions.

STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF NEW COMBINED INHIBITORS ON THE PROCESSES OF CORROSION AND SALT DEPOSITION IN OIL-FIELD EQUIPMENT

Aggressive salts contained in formation waters accelerate the processes of corrosion and salt deposition in oilfield equipment, which leads to unforeseen accidents, contamination of soil and groundwater with harmful substances, as a result of which the ecological balance of the environment is disrupted. Corrosion and scaling that occur during oil production create difficulties during the operation of wells, and, consequently, increase the cost of produced oil.This article covers the results of studies concerning two compositions developed from technical phosphatide - an emulsion obtained by hydration of vegetable oils, as well as sodium hexametaphosphate, ammophos and polypropylene glycol bottoms. When vegetable oils are treated with water and steam (hydration process), the phospholipids contained in the oils combine with water and are released in the form of precipitates called phosphatide emulsions. Such emulsions consist of 45–75 % water, and the rest is phospholipids in the vegetable oil sediment.Technical phosphatides are a group of esters that contain a phosphoric acid residue associated with an amino alcohol. They are natural surfactants and are non-toxic.Preliminary studies have shown that each of the chemical compounds included in the developed reagents has certain inhibitory properties, but when formulated, these compounds provide a synergistic effect.Based on the results of laboratory studies, it was found that at an optimal concentration of reagents of 200 mg/l, the developed compositions provide protection of equipment from corrosion destruction by 94–95 %, and from scaling by 87–88 %. The developed mixed-type inhibitors at optimal concentrations equally effectively inhibit both cathodic and anodic processes on the electrode.The use of these inhibitors leads to the prevention of steel corrosion in the two-phase oil-electrolyte system, as well as to a significant reduction in the rate of scaling.The proposed new compositions can be used in oil wells and in-field transport systems, as well as in reservoir pressure maintenance systems to protect against corrosion and scale deposits.Field tests of the corrosion inhibitor were carried out in deep pumping wells at the Bibieybatneft oil and gas production department. Tests have shown that as a result of using the inhibitor, the protective effect at a concentration of 200 mg/l was 89–90 %, and the effect of salt deposition was 70 %.

Strain analysis of acrylic pipe under liquid storage pressure

Pipeline transportation is an important engineering component, which is widely used in transporting gas and liquid resources. The safety of the pipeline became the central point of this study. Pipeline deformation caused by liquid storage pressure is of great significance to the safety of pipeline engineering. Previous studies mainly focused on pipe deformation under ring force and less on deformation caused by internal liquid. In this paper, the theoretical results of strain distribution are derived based on elastic mechanics, and the strain distribution equation is established. The effects of the liquid storage pressure, pipe diameter, and pipe length on pipe strain are investigated experimentally. The experimental results are in agreement with the equation. It is found that the strain increases linearly with the increase in reservoir pressure. Under the same length, the larger the pipe diameter is, the larger the pipe strain is when the pipe diameter is 5–10 mm. In the range of 10–15 mm, the average strain is basically unchanged. Under the same pipe diameter, the pipe length has little effect on the average strain. The strain is greatest in the middle of the pipeline and decreases gradually to both sides. The results have important guiding significance for pipeline protection and stress corrosion prevention.

Fresh, hardened, durability and microstructure properties of seawater concrete: A systematic review

Seawater concrete (SWC) is an environmentally friendly construction material that addresses freshwater scarcity concerns by utilising seawater as a mixing water source. This review study comprehensively examines SWC by focusing on its fresh properties, hardened properties, seawater composition, microstructure and porosity, hydration process, durability, test methods and electrical resistivity. The study analyses the influence of additives and admixtures on SWC’s performance by considering constituents such as cement, aggregates and seawater. It also explores the impact of manufacturing techniques, including mix design. The potential of SWC is revealed and compared with that of conventional concrete by evaluating and comparing their mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, stress-strain behaviours, tensile strength and flexural strength. This study primarily aims to thoroughly examine the characteristics of SWC in its fresh and hardened states. It also assesses the advantages and drawbacks of seawater as a mixing water source. Moreover, this study delves into the impact of seawater composition on crucial aspects, such as the hydration process, microstructure and porosity of concrete. It also used various test methods to explore SWC durability, including resistance to chloride ingress, sulphate attack and carbonation. Furthermore, the importance of electrical resistivity for corrosion prevention is discussed in this study. The carbon-negative cement production and carbonation curing of seawater concrete underscore groundbreaking advancements, emphasizing sustainability and climate mitigation in the construction industry. Overall, this study aims to enhance the comprehension of SWC and provide valuable insights for engineers, researchers and policymakers in concrete technology.

Green nanoparticles for advanced corrosion protection: Current perspectives and future prospects

The article discusses the function of green nanoparticles in preventing corrosion of different alloys such as copper, zinc, steel, and aluminium alloys. Green nanoparticles are characterized by their environmentally friendly and sustainable production methods, which emphasize using natural materials. Environmental issues have long been linked to traditional corrosion inhibitors, which has led to a shift towards more environmentally friendly alternatives. A potential remedy for these issues is the use of green nanoparticles, which are derived from renewable and biodegradable resources. Green nanoparticles support sustainability goals and have strong corrosion inhibition properties. Their combined role makes them essential players in a future where environmental awareness and material safety coexist. The review envisages a significant paradigm shift in critical industrial contexts, which calls for a robust and ecologically friendly approach to corrosion prevention. Green nanoparticles can potentially transform the field of materials protection entirely, and their investigation as corrosion inhibitors opens up new directions for study and development. In conclusion, this review highlights the crucial role of these nanoparticles in creating a sustainable future where creative solutions will enhance industrial productivity and environmental well-being. Finally, the prospects and difficulties of sustainably applying green nanoparticles to corrosion inhibition have also been explored.

Preparation of Superhydrophobic Coating on X80 Steel and Its Corrosion Resistance in Oilfield Produced Water.

Corrosion is an unavoidable issue that steel encounters during service; however, the generic methods employed for corrosion prevention often need high cost or preparation conditions. In this study, a facile chemical replacement deposition method was proposed to realize an anticorrosion superhydrophobic coating on a X80 steel surface. The growth mechanism of the rough structure and its impact on the wettability of the superhydrophobic coating were analyzed. The superhydrophobic coating, deposited for 50 s and modified for 30 min, achieved optimal electrochemical properties and a maximum water contact angle. The immersion test, in the saturated CO2 oilfield produced water, demonstrated the better corrosion resistance of superhydrophobic coating than X80 steel. Correspondingly, a kinetic corrosion model was established to analyze the anticorrosion mechanism. In summary, this method significantly improves the corrosion resistance of X80 steel and is attractive for other industrial fields.

Performance of fly ash and CNI as corrosion prevention methods for steel reinforcement embedded in cracked HPC concrete exposed to a natural marine environment

In this study, the effectiveness of fly ash and a calcium nitrite-based corrosion inhibitor in cracked high-performance concrete was investigated. Concrete prisms were fabricated and the specimens featured artificially transverse cracks 0.25 and 0.5 mm width. These specimens were exposed to a natural marine environment for seven years and the corrosive activity was monitored annually using electrochemical techniques. At the end of the exposure period, chloride ion content at the steel-concrete interface, mass loss, pitting depth and tensile parameters on the steel reinforcement were estimated. It was found that cracking exacerbated corrosion and the prevention methods assessed or their interactions were ineffective. Ultimate strength and ductility losses of the steel reinforcement ranged between 7% and 11% and 44–60% for 0.25 mm crack, while between 11% and 14% and 48–66% for 0.50 mm crack. The results from this research are original because they contribute to elucidating the effect of the interactions between the investigated corrosion prevention methods.

Nano Biomaterial Coating of Stainless Steel Alloys (316 and 304) as a Corrosion Inhibitor in Saliva Medium

Two AISI (316,304) stainless steel alloys were utilized in this work to enhance the surface properties and corrosion inhibiters with Al2O3 nanoparticles which was generated via pulse laser deposition (PLD). Alumina as biomaterial for dental purposes was prepared using the co-precipitation process and analysis by X-Ray diffraction. Alumina has drawn a lot of interest and is historically well-accepted .SEMs, and EDS, been used to describe researchers have studied the coating morphology. Roughness and Vickers hardness were utilized to quantify the surface modifications as part of an investigation into corrosion prevention employing mechanical properties submerged in saliva with a PH (5.6). When compared to bare AISI (316,304) stainless steel, all samples exhibit greater corrosion resistance.

Preparation and corrosion protection of polypyrrole/SiO2 nanocomposite doped with 3‐nitrosalicylic acid on aluminum

AbstractPolypyrrole/SiO2 nanocomposite doped with 3‐nitrosalicylic acid was synthesized in three concentrations of 3‐nitrosalicylic acid: 0.01 m, 0.005 m, and 0.0025 m. FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman scattering spectroscopy, and FESEM imaging further assisted in determining the shape and structure of the polypyrrole/nanocomposite product. The aluminum protection arrangement of the paint film comprising polypyrrole/SiO2 nanocomposite doped with 3‐nitrosalicylic acid was proven by electrochemical methods. The salt spray test results also demonstrated the protective efficacy of the paint film comprising polypyrrole/SiO2 nanocomposite doped with 3‐nitrosalicylic acid to suppress corrosion. The best corrosion prevention results were obtained with a polypyrrole/SiO2 nanocomposite dispersion paint film doped with 0.01 m 3‐nitrosalicylic acid at a concentration of 2%.