Corrosion Cast Technique Research Articles

Visualization of sheep kidney vasculature by modified corrosion cast technique.

Not applicable for Letter.

Arterial and venous supply of the Harderian gland in hens.

The Harderian gland in domestic birds is a major paraocular excretory gland that has an important role in tear production as well as in the immune protection of the conjunctiva surface. The aim of this research was to investigate the arterial and venous supply of the gland in hens and provide valuable and useful information for future research. The research was conducted on 26 adult hens, provenience of Lohmann Brown. For the identification and determination of blood vessels, we used the vascular corrosion cast technique in conjunction with the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The casts showed that the gland receives the arterial supply via branches of a. ophthalmotemporalis and a. nasalis communis and these arteries are accompanied by the corresponding veins. Ultrastructural analyses showed the presence of fenestrated capillaries, which indicates the possibility for permeability of larger molecules. The present research gives important and detailed information about the arterial and venous supply of the Harderian gland in hens that may serve as guidelines for future vascular and morphological investigations.

Anatomical variability of kidney arterial vasculature based on zonal and segmental topography

IntroductionTo date, there is no unified approach to the lobar, zonal, and segmental structure of the kidney vasculature. There is no recognizable approach to define basic characteristics in regard to the lobes and segments identifying of the kidney. The branching of the renal artery has often been the subject of scientific research. This study aimed to analyze the arterial anatomy on the basis of zonal and segmental topography. Materials and methodsThis study is a prospective cadaver study on autopsy material using corrosion casting and CT imaging techniques. The arterial vasculature was visualized using corrosive casting. In this study, 116 vascular casts were included. We identified the number of arteries in the kidney hilum, their topography, branching variations of the renal artery, and local blood supply zones of renal masses considering second- and third-order renal artery branches. We used a micro-CT BRUKER SkyScan 1178, digital camera, Mimics-8.1, and R. ResultsThis study has shown that RA divides into two or three zonal arteries, forming a two- or three-zonal vascular supply system. In the case of the two-zonal system, 54.3% of cases accounted for RA branching into ventral and dorsal arteries, whereas 15.5% of cases referred to superior polar and inferior polar zonal arteries. The three-zonal system implies 4 types of RA branching: 1) superior polar, ventral, and dorsal zonal branches (12.9%); 2) ventral, dorsal, and inferior polar zonal branches (9.5%); 3) two ventral and one dorsal zonal branches (5.2%), and 4) superior polar, central, and inferior polar zonal branches (2.5%). ConclusionsThe results of this research make us reconsider Grave's classification theory.

Evaluation of the compatibility between corrosion casts and 3D reconstruction of pig head arterial system on cone beam computed tomography

This study aimed to compare the corrosion cast models of the porcine head arterial system with three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of these cast models. Six heads from sows were simultaneously injected through both carotid arteries with Duracryl Plus for corrosion cast technique and an additional head, also from another one sow head, was filled with saturated lead tetroxide (Pb3O4) in a 10% hot water solution (40°C) of gelatin for CBCT study. Two-dimensional (2D) images were stored in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). Subsequently, segmentation and post-processing of these images were performed by using various software programs. The 3D models were found to be compatible with the corrosion cast models. It was observed that osseous structures and arteries were clearly identified on CBCT images. Specimen scan, segmentation, and post segmentation had a duration of 10-15 minutes, 4 hours, and 15 minutes, respectively. The internal carotid artery, external carotid artery, and its main branches were seen well on 3D models. In conclusion, it is considered that 3D models and images can be effectively used in anatomy education, radiological evaluations, pathological and variational investigations.

Anatomy of parotid gland and its secretory ducts in sheep.

The parotid gland in sheep ends freely in front of the masseter muscle, and paracondylary section of occipital bone and extends deep until pterygoid extends of sphenoid bone and hyoid bone. The structure of salivary glands in mammals has been thoroughly studied using histological and sialographic method. This study aimed to reveal the detailed anatomic features and race-specific differences of the canal system of the parotid glands in Akkaraman sheep by using the corrosion cast technique. Thirteen sheep parotid glands from 7 Akkaraman sheep were used in this study. Parotid glands were removed from their places with ducts. Measurements were made with a calliper from back to front, top to bottom and inside to outside. After dissection of the parotid glands, their volumes were measured according to the 'Archimedes principle'. Also, 13 sheep parotid glands were examined using the polyester resin method. In the present study, our average metric results were: length of parotid duct was 10.92 ± 1.027 cm, length of parotid gland was 5.87 ± 1.04 cm, volume of parotid gland was 12.50 ± 2.48 cm³, thickness of parotid gland was 0.75 ± 0.36 cm and width of parotid gland was 4.07 ± 0.43 cm. The average weight of the parotid gland of Akkaraman sheep was identified as 25.3 g. Accessory parotid gland was not encountered in the current study. It was observed that polyester entered into the parotid duct and filled up until the acinus and made both acinus and secretory ducts well-examined in this study. It was also observed that the parotid gland consisted of lobes and lobules. The average number of lobes was 12. The number of lobules in a lobe varied between 3 and 16, each lobe consisted of an average of 9 lobules. It was found that each lobe has its own lobar duct.

Güney Karaman Koyunlarında Koroner Arterler ve DallarıÜzerine Makroanatomik Bir Çalişma:KorozyonKastTekniğive Lateks Yöntemi

This study was carried out to reveal the coronary arteries and their branches that provide vascularization of the heart in Southern Karaman sheep. Eight Southern Karaman sheep were used in the study. The coronary arteriesand their branches providing arterial vascularization of the heart were determined using latex injection and corrosion casting technique. Arteria coronaria sinistra and its branches were observed to be more dominant than arteria coronaria dextra. It was determined that afterthe origin of arteria coronaria sinistra, it splits into two main branches as ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus circumflexus sinister. It was determined that arteria coronaria dextra continued on its way as ramus circumflexus dexter after reaching the sulcus coronarius and gave branches to ensure the vascularization of the region tissues. This study aimed to reveal the coronary arteries and their branches in Southern Karaman of Turkey's domestic sheep breeds, and it is thought that it will contribute to new studies on this breed.

From identifying polymeric resins to corrosion casting applications

AbstractCorrosion casting is an important manufacturing technique to replicate anatomical structures. Its execution is often based on the injection of resins that can be polymerized starting at room temperature in the presence of an accelerator, which suits most of the practical requirements. In the present contribution, we highlight the main challenges of the corrosion casting technique, addressing a multidisciplinary research angle connecting the fields of life science, veterinary science, materials science, rheology, and polymer reaction engineering. We pay attention to (commercial) material availability, casting medium selection criteria, specimen preparation, maceration, injection possibilities, cleaning procedures, and detail of replication. We start the discussion from general principles and recommendations to then include major examples for each corrosion casting characteristic addressed.

A 3D model of the renal vasculature - a joined result of the corrosion casting technique, micro-CT imaging and rapid prototyping technology.

Three-dimensional (3D) printed model of the renal vasculature shows a high level of accuracy of subsequent divisions of both the arterial and the venous tree. However, minor artifacts appeared in the form of oval endings to the terminal branches of the vascular tree, contrary to the anticipated sharply pointed segments. Unfortunately, selective laser sintering process does not currently permit to present the arterial, venous and urinary systems in distinct colors, hence topographic relationship between the vascular and the pelvicalyceal systems is difficult to attain. Nonetheless, the 3D printed model can be used for educational purposes to demonstrate the vast renal vasculature and may also serve as a reference model whilst evaluating morphological anomalies of the intrarenal vasculature in a surgical setting.

Morphometric study of human placenta and an insight into its vascular pattern by corrosion cast technique

: The placenta is a chorioallantoic, deciduate, haemochorial and villous organ. It is a vital organ which transfers vital nutrients from the mother to the foetus and removes waste products from the foetus to the mother. There has been paucity of literature regarding the morphometric study of human placenta and its vascular pattern (magisterial or dispersed) by corrosion cast technique. Therefore, the present study was conducted on morphometry and vascular pattern of the human placentae.: To do the morphological and morphometric study of placenta and to study the vascular pattern of placenta by corrosion cast technique. Study was done on 43 placentae and its morphometric study and vascular pattern were studied by corrosion cast technique.: Oval was the most common shape of placenta observed in the present study. Out of 43 placentae, 22(51.16%) had oval, 16(37.20%) placentae had round shape followed by triangular in 3(6.97%) placentae. Only 1 (2.32%) placenta each found to be irregular and multilobed. Most common shape recorded in complicated pregnancy was oval followed by round. Magisterial pattern was found in 13.95% of placenta and was associated with oval shape constituting 25.58% of placentae. Mixed pattern was seen in 18.60% placentae and was associated with oval placentae(23.25%). The disperse pattern was seen in 4.65% and was associated with oval and irregular placentae each constituting(2.32%).: The vascular cast preparation of placentae in our study will further help in contribution towards the understanding of the placental vasculature. An effort should be made for performing more studies on placentae of complicated pregnancies eg: hypertension and diabetes etc.

Characteristics of Tibetan pig lung tissue in response to a hypoxic environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

To adapt to the plateau environment, Tibetan pigs' lungs have developed a unique physiological mechanism during evolution. The vascular corrosion casting technique and scanning electron microscopy were used to understand arterial architecture. Blood physiological index and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used for assessing whether the lung can regulate the body through anatomical, physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt to hypoxic environments. Our study showed that the lungs of Tibetan pigs were heavier and wider and that the pulmonary arteries were thicker and branched and had a denser vascular network than those of Landrace pigs. The hemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values of high-altitude pigs were significantly higher than those of low-altitude pigs. The expression levels of HIF- 1 , EPAS1, EPO and VEGF, but not those of eNOSand EGLN1, were significantly higher in the lungs of high-altitude pigs than in those from pigs at a lower altitude ( ). These findings and a comprehensive analysis help elucidate the pulmonary mechanism of hypoxic adaptation in pigs.

Utility of a modified vascular corrosion casting technique in the diagnosis of fetal total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare congenital cardiac malformation, and prenatal detection of TAPVC malformation remains a challenging. TAPVC can be easily missed or misdiagnosed in prenatal examinations. This study was aimed to use the modified vascular corrosion casting technique to prepare fetal cardiovascular casts with TAPVC and investigate the utility of cardiovascular casting for the demonstration of fetal TAPVC. The retrospective study enrolled twenty fetuses (22 to 29 + 4 gestational weeks) with TAPVC diagnosed by prenatal echocardiography and casting technique from May 2015 to May 2020. Pre- and postnatal medical records, including results obtained by prenatal ultrasound, postpartum computed tomography angiography, as well as anatomic and cardiovascular casting findings were carefully reviewed and analyzed. In twenty cases, 80% (16/20) had intra- or extracardiac malformations. The TAPVC types were supracardiac (n = 8), cardiac (n = 6), infracardiac (n = 4), and mixed (n = 2). The diagnosis of 1 case each of supracardiac and cardiac TAPVC was modified to partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection; additionally, 4 malformations were missed and 2 were misdiagnosed, including an anomalous left brachiocephalic vein in supracardiac TAPVC, abnormal inflow of the hepatic vein and a double inferior vena cava in infracardiac TAPVC; and bilateral ductus arteriosus in infracardiac TAPVC; a tetralogy of Fallot in cardiac TAPVC that was corrected to right ventricular double outlet; and an absence of ductus arteriosus that was misdiagnosed as slim ductus arteriosus. Comparing with ultrasound, casting technique has its own superiority in exhibiting TAPVC abnormalities, especially in certain types such as course, origin and absence abnormalities of ductus. Postpartum cardiovascular casts can accurately depict the branch structure of the heart’s larger vessels, and may be used as a clinical assessment and teaching method in complex cardiac malformations.

Accelerating neovascularization and kidney tissue formation with a 3D vascular scaffold capturing native vascular structure

Establishing an adequate vascularization of three-dimensional (3D) bioengineered tissues remains a critical challenge. We previously fabricated a vascular scaffold using the vascular corrosion casting technique, which provides a similar 3D geometry of native kidney vasculature. In this study, we functionalized the collagen vascular scaffold with a controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF vascular scaffold) to further promote vascularization. The VEGF vascular scaffold showed improved angiogenic capability in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro settings. Implantation of the VEGF vascular scaffold seeded with human renal cells into a rat kidney demonstrated enhanced implant vascularization and reduced apoptosis of implanted human renal cells. Hybrid renal tubule-like structures composed of implanted human and migrated host renal cells were formed. This work highlights the critical role of early vascularization of the geometrically mimetic vascular scaffold using the VEGF incorporated vascular scaffold in reducing apoptosis of implanted cells as well as the formation of renal tissue structures.

VP14.04: Utility of vascular corrosion casting technique in the diagnosis of fetal ductus arteriosus abnormalities

VP14.04: Utility of vascular corrosion casting technique in the diagnosis of fetal ductus arteriosus abnormalities

VP14.07: A study of the spatial relationship between cardiac chambers in the fetal human heart using a macrovascular corrosion casting technique

VP14.07: A study of the spatial relationship between cardiac chambers in the fetal human heart using a macrovascular corrosion casting technique

Macroanatomical Investigations on Renal Arteries of Southern Karaman Sheep

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the arterial vascularization of the kidneys in the South Karaman sheep breed. Twelve South Karaman sheep kidneys were used in the study. The course of the renal arteries in the kidney was examined by means of dissection and corrosion cast techniques. The kidneys were vascularized with right renal artery and left renal artery to the arteries originating from the abdominal aorta. Right renal artery was seen to be slightly more prominent than the left renal artery. Left renal artery was measured longer and thicker than the right renal artery. The renal artery entering the renal hilus, dorsal and ventral part of the renal artery were detected. However, in several materials, the left renal artery was shown to have a third branch. The dorsal and ventral branches gave interlobar artery with numbers ranging from 2-5. Each interlobar artery had multiple arcuate artery. These arteries ended by giving the interlobular artery. Anastomosis was not observed between the renal arteries. Although there were some important variations in the distribution of renal arteries of South Karaman sheep, similar findings were reported in the literature.

Utility of modified vascular corrosion casting technique in the diagnosis of fetal ductus arteriosus abnormalities

The anatomy of ductus arteriosus (DA) can be varied in different congenital heart defects (CHDs), and it is difficult to fully discover the DA and other associated cardiac anomalies by prenatal ultrasound. This study was aimed to use the modified vascular corrosion casting technique to prepare fetal cardiovascular casts with DA anomalies, assess the casting effectiveness in evaluating the great vessels of the fetal heart and investigate the utility of cardiovascular casting for the demonstration of fetal DA abnormalities. This retrospective study enrolled fourteen fetuses (23 to 28+2 gestational weeks) with severe CHDs diagnosed by prenatal echocardiography and casting technique from January 2013 to July 2019. The sonographic features of DAs were carefully observed and other associated cardiovascular anomalies were also evaluated during the screening. The architectures of DAs and the whole cardiovascular system were observed and analyzed, and then the cast findings were compared with prenatal ultrasonic results. In fourteen cases, 18 ductal abnormities were indicated by prenatal echocardiography in fourteen cases, while 25 were revealed by casting. Cast findings included 4 cases of ductal stenosis, 1 case of ductal dilation, 6 cases of ductal circuity, 3 cases of right-sided ductus, 5 cases of anomalous ductal connection, 1 case of bilateral ductus and 5 cases of absent ductus. Cast findings consisted with ultrasound in 10 ductal abnormalities, revealed additional 15 ductal abnormalities miss-diagnosed by sonography, and corrected 6 abnormalities misdiagnosed prenatally. Meanwhile, 3 ductal abnormalities (reversed flow) could not be demonstrated by casts but only by ultrasound. Cast models can visually display the anatomical characteristics of ductus arteriosus, and could be successfully used in the demonstration of ductus abnormalities in fetuses with severe CHDs. Comparing with ultrasound, casting technique has its own superiority in exhibiting ductus abnormalities, especially in certain types such as course, origin and absence abnormalities of ductus.

USE OF CORROSION CASTS OF RENAL VASCULATURE FOR UG TEACHING

Introduction: The internal three-dimensional structure of organs and patterns of blood vessels is complex and it is often difficult for medical students to visualize and interpret them. The corrosion cast technique is used to study the vascular patterns in kidney as it is one of the powerful tools with anatomical accuracy and durability.
 Aim: Preparation of corrosion casts of kidney using CAB (cellulose acetyl butyrate) granules for greater understanding of the spatial relationship of renal vasculature 
 Objectives
 
 To accelerate knowledge acquisition
 To determine student’s perception to the utility of corrosion casts of kidney in UG teaching
 
 Methodology: Corrosion cast technique involves injection of the cast material (CAB granules) dissolved in acetone into the renal vessels. Gradually, the volatile solvent evaporates and the solute solidifies inside the vessel forming solid permanent cast. The unwanted tissues are then washed away using corrosive agents like conc HCl resulting in three-dimensional representation of blood vessels. 
 The UG students were divided in 2 groups randomly having 50 students each. Half of the total participants received teaching lessons through a lecture discussing renal blood supply using corrosion casts while the rest with 2D images. The other aspects of teaching session, including content, teaching slides were kept identical in both batches. Crossing over was done.
 Results & Conclusion: Post session questionnaires were applied to assess knowledge acquisition and learner satisfaction. Feedback was taken of student’s perception on the utility of corrosion casts as an effective teaching – learning method. Analysis of feedback was done. Corrosion casts enhance the student’s skills in spatial visualisation of complex vascular relationships. This can be used for other topics as well.
 Keywords: corrosion casts, kidney, feedback

Analysis of spinal cord blood supply combining vascular corrosion casting and fluorescence microsphere technique: A feasibility study in an aortic surgical large animal model.

Spinal cord ischemia after cardiovascular interventions continues to be a devastating problem in modern surgery. The role of intraspinal vascular networks and anterior radiculomedullary arteries (ARMA) in preventing spinal cord ischemia is poorly understood. Landrace pigs (n = 30, 35.1 ± 3.9 kg) underwent a lateral thoracotomy. Fluorescent microspheres were injected into the left atrium and a reference sample was aspirated from the descending aorta. Repeated measurements of spinal cord and renal cortical blood flow from the left and right kidneys with three different microsphere colors in five pigs were taken to validate reproducibility. Spinal cord blood flow to the upper thoracic (T1-T4), mid-thoracic (T5-T8), lower thoracic (T9-T13), and lumbar (L1-L3) levels were determined. After euthanasia, we carried out selective vascular corrosion cast and counted the left and right ARMAs from levels T1-T13. Blood flow analysis of the left and right kidneys revealed a strong correlation (r = .94, p < .001). We detected more left than right ARMAs, with the highest prevalence at T4 (p < .05). The mean number of ARMAs was 8 ± 2. Their number in the upper thoracic region ranged from 2 to 7 (mean of 5 ± 1), while in the lower thoracic region they ranged from 0 to 5 (mean of 3 ± 1 [p < .001]). This study shows that combining fluorescence microsphere technique and vascular corrosion cast is well suited for assessing the blood flow and visualizing the arteries at the same time.

Hasak Koyunlarında Broncho-Pulmonar Segmentasyon Üzerine Makroanatomik Bir Çalışma

Araştırmada Konya Bahri Dağdaş Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Deney Hayvanları Ünitesi Biriminden temin edilen ortalama 43-62 kg ağırlığında 10 adet Hasak koyun akciğeri kullanıldı. Materyallere korozyon kast metodu uygulandı. Korozyon kast uygulanan materyaller bir gece suda bekletildikten sonra 24 saat süre ile de %20‘lik KOH solüsyonu içerisinde 37°C‘de etüvde bekletilerek kastları elde edildi. Kastları çıkarılan ve diseke edilen akciğerler fotoğraflanarak çalışmada sunuldu. Akciğerlerin cavum thoracis içinde pleura visceralis (pleura pulmonalis) ile sarılmış olarak bulundu. Hasak koyununda sağ akciğerin lobus cranialis (pars cranialis ve pars caudalis), lobus medius, lobus caudalis, lobus accessorius olmak üzere 5 loptan, sol akciğerin ise lobus cranialis (pars cranialis ve pars caudalis), lobus caudalis olmak üzere 3 loptan oluştuğu tespit edildi. Bu lopları şekillendiren bronchus‘larında trachea‘nın bifurcatio trachea‘ya ayrılmadan ortalama 48,53 mm önce sağ yüzünün lateralinden bronchus lobaris cranialis dexter‘i (bronchus trachealis) verdiği ve daha sonra bronchus pirincipalis dexter ve sinister‘e ayrıldığı belirlendi. Yapılan çalışmada Hasak koyunlarının broncho-pulmonar segmentasyon‘unun anatomik özellikleri ve diğer türler ile benzerlik ve farklılıkları ortaya konmuştur.

Macroanatomical Investigation of Arteria Coronaria and Myocardial Bridges in Tuj and Hemshin Sheep

In the study, it was aimed that the macroanatomic features of the coronary arteries and myocardial bridges were investigated in Tuj and Hemshin sheep. 10 hearts of male Tuj sheep and 10 hearts of male Hemshin sheep were used as the study material. It was applied the latex injection and corrosion cast techniques. It was observed that the hearts were vascularized by arteria (a.) coronaria dextra and a. coronaria sinistra. A. coronaria sinistra was dominant in 8 Tuj and 9 Hemshin sheep, a. coronaria dextra was dominant in 2 Tuj and 1 Hemshin sheep. The r. interventricularis subsinuosus was formed by ramus (r.) circumflexus sinister in 8 Tuj and 9 Hemshin sheep, by r. circumflexus dexter in 1 Tuj sheep, and by r. proximalis atrii dextri in 1 Tuj and 1 Hemshin sheep. There were myocardial bridges on the r. interventricularis paraconalis in all of the hearts. There was a statistical difference in the length of the myocardial bridges on the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis between the hearts of Tuj and Hemshin sheep (P less than 0.05).