Correlational Study Research Articles

Latent Profiles of Visual Imagery: Aphantasics, Mid-Range Imagers, and Hyperphantasics Experience Reading Differently

Mental imagery differs markedly between people, with research tentatively identifying three categories, namely aphantasia, mid-range imagery, and hyperphantasia. Further, aphantasia poses interesting questions as to how people with low imagery experience reading. Accordingly, we used Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) on a sample of adults (n = 287) to see what distinct imagery profiles exist empirically. Second, we tested different imagery profiles for associations with different reading enjoyment and absorption experiences. The online correlational study asked participants to complete measures including the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ-2), the Story World Absorption Scale, and a measure of reading enjoyment. LPAs were run to identify imagery profiles and correlations were run with reading enjoyment and absorption. Results of the LPA validate the existence of three profiles. All groups reported moderate to high enjoyment and absorption, however, significant group differences existed between the lowest and highest imagers. Future research needs to better understand what these experiential differences are and how they may or may not affect reading ability.

Presenteeism and missed nursing care: a descriptive, correlational and observational study

BackgroundMissed nursing care poses a significant challenge for healthcare staff in terms of patient safety and care quality.ObjectiveTo evaluate presenteeism and missed care attitudes of nurses and to determine the correlation between presenteeism and missed care.MethodsThis descriptive, correlational, and observational study was conducted between February and August 2023. The Stanford Presenteeism Scale-Short Form and the MISSCARE Survey were used to collect the data among nurses at two public hospitals in a city in Turkey. The study was completed with 229 nurses representing 27.4% of the total number of nurses who met the inclusion criteria. The data was analyzed using a comprehensive analytical approach, including Cronbach’s alpha analysis, frequency and percentage distribution, the Shapiro–Wilk test of normality, correlation coefficient analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Bonferroni test.ResultsThe participants’ mean age was 30.22 ± 7.14 years, and 74.2% of them were female. 53.3% of the participants reported difficulty providing patient care due to material shortages, and 62.9% experienced challenges delivering care due to the intensity of paperwork in the clinic. Nurses who felt that paperwork intensity affected patient care and were not confident in their care provision had higher levels of presenteeism (p = 0.041) and a significantly higher frequency of missed care instances (p < 0.001).ConclusionsMaterial shortages and high paperwork intensity are contributing factors to the difficulties experienced by nurses in their practice. These difficulties may lead to an increase in presenteeism and instances of missed nursing care. It is important to address these challenges to ensure adequate care provision and reduce the likelihood of presenteeism among nurses. The correlation between presenteeism and instances of missed nursing care highlights the impact of presenteeism behaviors on the quality of patient care.

Intelligence Quotient and Academic Performance of Grade 7 Students: A Correlation Study

Cognitive intelligence, often quantified as intelligence quotient (IQ), encompasses a range of mental capabilities including reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thinking, which are critical for academic success. This study investigates the intricate relationship between IQ and academic performance, particularly among Grade 7 students in the School Year 2023-2024. Utilizing a quantitative descriptive research design, the study analyzed the academic records and admission test results of 199 students, employing the OLSAT Level F as a standardized measure of cognitive ability. The findings indicate a concerning trend, with a majority of students scoring below average on the OLSAT, highlighting significant areas for academic improvement. Furthermore, a notable correlation was observed between school type, general academic averages, and academic awards with OLSAT scores, suggesting that the educational environment and recognition of achievements significantly influence student performance. Interestingly, no significant differences in academic outcomes based on gender were found, emphasizing the need for equitable educational opportunities. The study recommends targeted interventions to support students struggling academically, focusing on enhancing critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Additionally, a comprehensive review of educational policies and practices is necessary to foster a nurturing learning environment for all students. By addressing these areas, educators and policymakers can work towards improving academic outcomes and ensuring that all students reach their full potential.

Effects of job demands, job resources, personal resources on night-shift alertness of ICU shift nurses: a cross‑sectional survey study based on the job demands-resources model

BackgroundA positive work environment can enhance nursing safety and patient satisfaction while alleviating nurse stress. Conversely, a poor work environment can harm nurses’ physical and mental health and compromise the quality of care, particularly in the high-intensity and shift-based setting of the ICU.ObjectivesBased on the Job demands-resources (JD-R) model, this study examined the effects of job demands and job resources in the work environment, as well as personal resources, on the night-shift alertness of ICU shift nurses.MethodsThis cross-sectional correlational exploratory study, conducted from July to September 2022, recruited 291 ICU shift nurses from a hospital in Beijing, China. The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ), the Self-resilience scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) were used to subjectively and objectively measure the job demands, job resources, personal resources, and night-shift alertness. SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.3 were used to analyze the data and construct the structural equation model.ResultsThe night-shift reaction time was 251.0 ms (Median), indicating a relatively high level of alertness. Job demands were negatively correlated with both job resources (r=-0.570, P < 0.001) and personal resources (r=-0.462, P < 0.001), while a positive correlation existed between job resources and personal resources (r = 0.554, P < 0.001). The results show that increased job demands can lead to higher levels of nurse strain (β = 0.955, P < 0.001), whereas job resources were found that it can decrease strain (β=-0.477, P = 0.047). Adequate job resources can enhance motivation directly (β = 0.874, P < 0.001), subsequently reducing reaction time (β=-0.148, P = 0.044) and improving night-shift alertness among ICU shift nurses.ConclusionEnhancing ICU shift nurses’ work motivation through bolstering job resources can boost night-shift alertness. However, it is noteworthy that, in this study, neither strain nor individual resources significantly influenced nurses’ night-shift alertness. This may be attributed to the complexity of the ICU environment and individual differences. Future research should explore the relationship between these factors and nurses’ work alertness.

A causal model of health-related quality of life in colorectal cancer patients post-surgery

Purposethis study aims to develop and test a model examining the causal relationship between self-efficacy, social support, fatigue, pain, functional status, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). MethodsA cross-sectional correlation study was conducted using a multi-stage sampling technique to recruit 256 individuals aged 20 to 59 with colorectal cancer (CRC) post-surgery from three hospitals in Northern Vietnam. The hypothesized model, based on Ferrans’ HRQL conceptual model and literature review, was validated using structural equation modeling (SEM) and Mplus. Resultsthe model fit the data well, explaining 52% of the variance of HRQL. Self-efficacy emerged as the most influential factor directly impacting HRQL (β = .494, p < .05) and also had negative indirect effects on HRQL through fatigue and pain (β = −.271, p < .05). Social support had a positive direct (β = .406, p < .001) and negative indirect effects on HRQL via fatigue and pain (β = −.143, p < .05). Fatigue and pain had negative indirect effects on HRQL through functional status (β = −.336, p < .05 and β = −.219, p < .05, respectively). Functional status had a positive direct effect on HRQL (β = .418, p < .001). ConclusionsThe study's findings highlight the importance of improving self-efficacy, social support, and functional status, while reducing fatigue and pain to enhance HRQL among individuals with CRCpost-surgery. These insights can inform the development of targeted interventions to improve the well-being of this population.

The Impact of Psychological Empowerment of Nurses on their Job Involvement: A Descriptive Correlational Study

The Impact of Psychological Empowerment of Nurses on their Job Involvement: A Descriptive Correlational Study

Concept Formation Teaching Model: A Correlational Study of Concept Development

A concept is an idea. It helps to classify things in mind. Concepts are one of the key parts of the teaching-learning process. These are always related to learner academic success. Academic success always depends on a student’s clear concept. The study objective was to find the relationship between the concept formation teaching model and students’ academic success. An experimental study was conducted for a period of two months to determine the effect of this model on the academic success of the students. The study was concluded that students who instructed by this model scored significantly high than the students who instructed by a conventional way of teaching. A retention test was also taken for the purpose of knowing the students’ retention levels. The study results of retention test showed that students retain their concepts for a longer period of time with accuracy. Removal of misconception and strengthening of precise and accurate concepts is only possible when teaching is based on conceptual learning. To substitute the procedural learning from conceptual learning, this model is helpful and proved to be significant in teaching-learning process. It is recommended to use this model to form and develop concepts.

Rebuilding human-nature connections in children and adolescents: insights from a meta-analysis

Beyond correlational studies exploring the benefits of nature exposure, there have been studies assessing interventions that aim to improve nature connection in children and adolescents. A feeling of connection with nature or ‘nature connectedness’ describes our attitude towards nature, primarily reflecting the emotional, cognitive, and experiential aspects. This meta-analysis of 29 studies explored the impact of experimental manipulations on nature connection in young people (less than 18 years old). The results showed that such interventions had a significant positive effect on nature connections in children and adolescents. The presence of environmental education programmes, the quality of engagement with nature (passive or active), and the duration and frequency of intervention (one-off, repeated, or residential) were predictors of effect size. The quality of engagement, such as active participation in environmental education programmes or an intensive residential experience, may be more important than the type of natural setting. Several important implications for future research and practice are suggested by the results, including the need to understand the factors that contribute to improved nature connection, to examine different nature engagement activities, and to develop interventions with regular nature engagement.

Fostering a Culture of Engagement and Leadership Competence in Private Higher Education Institutions (PHEIs) in South Cotabato

The study explores how leadership competence fosters participation in ISO-accredited private higher education institutions (PHEIs) in South Cotabato. It analyzes how leadership impacts institutional climates by assessing the effect of strategic planning, decision-making, professional development, and empowerment on workers' communication, commitment, collaboration, and recognition systems. Employing descriptive-correlation and comparative research design, data was acquired through standardized Likert scale questionnaires from 45 administrators and 126 employees in two PHEIs. The findings reveal a generally favorable opinion of leadership qualities and engagement in cultural activities, with the highest marks on professional progress. Nevertheless, the correlation study found a very weak correlation between leadership competence and cultural participation, suggesting that other factors might affect this interaction. However, results indicated a significant difference in the leadership competence and culture of engagement among employees when categorized by private higher education institutions. The study asserts that while leadership competence is crucial, we must also consider other elements to understand and fully foster cultural engagement.

Health care workers’ knowledge and perceptions on WHO hand hygiene guidelines, and the perceived barriers to compliance with hand hygiene in Cyprus

BackgroundHand hygiene (HH) is recognized as an important measure to avoid the transmission of harmful germs, and assists significantly in preventing healthcare-associated infections. HH compliance among health care workers (HCWs) is a result of their knowledge and perceptions.AimTo investigate the knowledge and perceptions of WHO hand hygiene guidelines among HCWs, and the perceived barriers to compliance with hand hygiene in a major public hospital in Cyprus.MethodsA descriptive correlational study was conducted in September of 2019. The target population was all of the HCWs in Nicosia General Hospital (N = 1,386). The final sample consisted of 820 participants (119 physicians, 613 nurses, 27 physiotherapists, 59 ward assistants, 2 unidentified). This study used the HH knowledge and perception questionnaire that was developed by the WHO.ResultsThe results revealed that the average percentage score for knowledge among our sample was 61%, and statistically significant differences were observed among HCWs with regard to certain questions. It was found that HCWs, in most of their responses, presented high percentages of correct answers regarding their perceptions on hand hygiene guidelines but several perceived barriers to compliance on HH guidelines were identified as well.ConclusionsKnowledge and perceptions of HH guidelines among HCWs were moderate and good respectively. In addition, several perceived barriers to compliance on HH recommendations were identified. HH education is recognized as an important tool for removing these barriers but the recommended HH strategy should be multi-modal and consider local resources, administrative support and barriers to compliance with HH.

Prediction of Employees’ Addiction Potential Based on Some of the Most Important Psychological Variables: A Discriminant Analysis Study

Background: Drug addiction significantly impacts employee performance, leading to increased absenteeism, reduced productivity, and higher rates of occupational accidents. Therefore, identifying predictive factors for addiction potential is crucial in preventing drug dependence. Objectives: This study aimed to develop a group membership model using discriminant analysis to predict employees' potential for addiction based on key psychological variables. Methods: A correlational study was conducted with a statistical population consisting of all employees working in public departments in Bojnord City, Iran, in 2021 (N = 2,837). A random sample of 303 employees was selected to complete the Iranian Form of the Addiction Potential Scale, the Big Five Inventory, the Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. Data analysis was performed using the discriminant analysis method in SPSS software version 23. Results: The findings revealed that employees' addiction potential can be predicted using personality and cognitive variables. The discriminant analysis equation effectively distinguishes employees with high and low addiction potential based on psychological variables, including extroversion, neuroticism, self-efficacy, and cognitive emotional regulation. Conclusions: The study concluded that self-efficacy, cognitive emotional regulation, neuroticism, and extroversion are significant predictors of addiction potential. It is recommended to incorporate these variables into training courses and personnel selection processes for government jobs.

Assessment of Coating Properties in Car Body by Ultrasonic Method

Adhesive bonds, including car putty coatings, are used in the construction of modern motor vehicles. Therefore, it is important to improve methods that allow nondestructive evaluation of the properties of these joints. The main objective of this study was to evaluate selected properties of putty coatings such as the width of the applied coating and adhesion to the substrate based on changes in ultrasonic wave parameters. The research was carried out in two stages. In the first, the values of the surface wave amplitude were determined as a function of the width of the coating to the substrate. It was found that as the width of the coating increases, the amplitude of the surface wave pulse decreases. The second stage involved correlation studies to relate the reflection coefficient |r| to the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. Based on the results, it was found that as the value of the reflection coefficient decreases, the value of the coating’s adhesion to the substrate increases. The determined values of this parameter range from 0.30 to 0.86, which correspond to the adhesion of the range 1.51 to 18.97 MPa. The obtained test results have practical significance and can be used in evaluating the condition of coatings in vehicle body repair shops.

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon as metal-free catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols

The selective oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds is a crucial reaction in organic chemistry. In this study, we report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon material by hard template method using biomass derivative sucrose and melamine as carbon and nitrogen sources and silica sol as template agent. Using molecular oxygen as the oxidant, the obtained NC-900 exhibits excellent selectivity in the oxidation of primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes without generating over-oxidized acid. For example, under optimal reaction conditions, 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol is almost quantitatively converted to 4-methoxybenzaldehyde. The catalytic system showed robust tolerance to sensitive functional groups and demonstrated favorable reaction effects in gram-scale experiments and multi-step, one-pot reaction sequences. The catalyst was reused for 5 times, and its catalytic activity did not decrease significantly. Hammett correlation studies indicated that the reaction favored substrates with electron-donating substituents. Characterization and experimental results indicate that the synergistic effect of graphitic N and mesoporous structure plays a pivotal role in enhancing the catalytic activity of NC-900 in this transformation. The mechanism study shows that the reaction involves free radical process.

Digital speech hearing screening using a quick novel mobile hearing impairment assessment: an observational correlation study

By 2050, 1 in 4 people worldwide will be living with hearing impairment. We propose a digital Speech Hearing Screener (dSHS) using short nonsense word recognition to measure speech-hearing ability. The importance of hearing screening is increasing due to the anticipated increase in individuals with hearing impairment globally. We compare dSHS outcomes with standardized pure-tone averages (PTA) and speech-recognition thresholds (SRT). Fifty participants (aged 55 or older underwent pure-tone and speech-recognition thresholding. One-way ANOVA was used to compare differences between hearing impaired and hearing not-impaired groups, by the dSHS, with a clinical threshold of moderately impaired hearing at 35 dB and severe hearing impairment at 50 dB. dSHS results significantly correlated with PTAs/SRTs. ANOVA results revealed the dSHS was significantly different (F(1,47) = 38.1, p < 0.001) between hearing impaired and unimpaired groups. Classification analysis using a 35 dB threshold, yielded accuracy of 85.7% for PTA-based impairment and 81.6% for SRT-based impairment. At a 50 dB threshold, dSHS classification accuracy was 79.6% for PTA-based impairment (Negative Predictive Value (NPV)-93%) and 83.7% (NPV-100%) for SRT-based impairment. The dSHS successfully differentiates between hearing-impaired and unimpaired individuals in under 3 min. This hearing screener offers a time-saving, in-clinic hearing screening to streamline the triage of those with likely hearing impairment to the appropriate follow-up assessment, thereby improving the quality of services. Future work will investigate the ability of the dSHS to help rule out hearing impairment as a cause or confounder in clinical and research applications.

Cultural Sensitivity and Mindfulness Among Nursing Students: A Descriptive and Correlational Study

Aim: This study was conducted to determine nursing students’ levels of mindfulness and cultural sensitivity and to reveal the correlation between mindfulness and cultural sensitivity. Material and Methods: Descriptive and correlational research method was used. Data were collected online from nursing students at a state university in Ankara between December 5, 2022, and January 5, 2023. The online survey comprised three sections: student information form, Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire—Short Form, and Intercultural Sensitivity Scale. The questionnaire was sent to the students through email. The final sample consisted of 318 students who agreed to participate in the study and filled out the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS v.23 for Windows. Results: The mean total scores for the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire—Short Form and the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale were 66.41 ± 6.58 and 93.08 ± 7.01, respectively. Additonally, statistical analyses revealed a moderately significant positive correlation between mindfulness and intercultural sensitivity among nursing students. Conclusion: The study findings and the reviewed literature indicate that if nursing faculties and educators wish to develop strategies to promote cultural sensitivity, it would be beneficial to integrate mindfulness training into the nursing curriculum both before and after graduation.

Enhancing cognitive dimensions in gifted students through future problem-solving enrichment programs

This study has undertaken a scrutiny of research pertaining to enrichment programs based on future problem-solving skills, aimed at enhancing the cognitive dimensions of gifted students between the years 2010 and 2023. The study used a sample of 10 studies; 3 correlational studies and 7 quasi-experimental studies. The study employed the descriptive-analytical approach by following a meta-analysis method. The study aimed to discern the effectiveness of enrichment programs based on future problem-solving skills in developing the cognitive dimensions of the gifted. The study's findings have indicated a significant impact of enrichment programs based on future problem-solving skills in the development of the cognitive dimensions of the gifted, as per both correlational and quasi-experimental designs. Moreover, statistically significant differences were found related to the variables of educational level and gender in accordance with both correlational and quasi-experimental designs. The study also advocates the need for further research in this domain to facilitate the generalization of the novel findings of this study within the gifted field.

Factors Influencing Nurses’ Intentions to Protect Patient Privacy: A Survey-Based Study Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background and Purpose:Patient privacy and confidentiality are fundamental ethical principles in healthcare. Protecting patient privacy, which is accepted as a patient’s right, is one of the responsibilities of nurses. Few studies on patient privacy among nurses have used social cognitive approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine nurses’ intentions to protect patient privacy using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).Methods:This is a cross-sectional and correlational design study. The study sample consisted of 202 nurses working in the emergency departments, operating rooms, inpatient wards, and intensive care units of the hospitals. Research data were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire that included TPB components on patient privacy. The proposed research model was tested using structural equation modeling.Results:Attitude (β= .238,p&lt; .05), subjective norm (β= .295,p&lt; .05), and moral norm (β= .337,p&lt; .05) toward patient privacy are positive predictors of intention. The moral norm is the most effective component of intention. Perceived behavioral control is not a significant predictor of intention (β= .049,p&gt; .05).Implications for Practice:Norms that create a sense of moral obligation in nurses are a significant determinant in increasing the intention to protect patient privacy. Interventions that improve moral norms, attitudes, and subjective norms will increase the intention to protect privacy. Nurse managers should provide nurses with adequate skills, resources, and an appropriate work environment to ensure perceived behavioral control regarding patient privacy.

CAR T cell therapy for pediatric central nervous system tumors: a review of the literature and current North American trials.

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Typical therapy for CNS tumors in children involves a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. While upfront therapy is effective for many high-grade tumors, therapy at the time of relapse remains limited. Furthermore, for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and diffuse midline glioma (DMG), there are currently no curative therapies. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy is a promising novel treatment avenue for these tumors. Here, we review the preclinical evidence for CAR T cell use in pediatric brain tumors, the preliminary clinical experience of CNS CAR T cell trials, toxicity associated with systemic and locoregional CAR T cell therapy for CNS tumors, challenges in disease response evaluation with CAR T cell therapy, and the knowledge gained from correlative biologic studies from these trials in the pediatric and young adult population.

Study of Correlation of Apgar Score and Thompson Score with Hepatic Function in Perinatal Asphyxia Affected Neonates—A Prospective Observational Study

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the country. It leads to multi-organ failure with brain involvement as the major organ of concern (hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy). Hepatic dysfunction is also a feature of perinatal asphyxia. Objectives: To detect hepatic dysfunction in birth asphyxia. To correlate the liver damage with increasing severity of birth asphyxia and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy through Apgar score and Thompson score. Methods: In this prospective observational study, after ethical clearance and informed consent from the parents, babies of gestational age &gt;35 weeks weighing &gt;1.8 kg, Apgar score &lt;7 at 1 minute received in the newborn unit of a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal, India were enrolled. Thompson’s score was assessed every day. The liver function test of these patients was assessed on days 1, 3, 10, and 15. Ultrasonography of the whole abdomen was performed on days 1 and 14 of life to rule out other probable causes of hepatic injury. Results: A total of 308 neonates were studied, of which Apgar score at 1 minute indicates that 99 (32.14%) of the newborns had severe birth asphyxia and the rest had moderate birth asphyxia. All the liver enzymes except total protein and albumin showed a significant rise on days 1 and 3 with increasing severity of asphyxia. This correlation was seen with Apgar score at 1 minute on day 1 with TSB (r = -0.256, P &lt; .001), AST (r = -0.209, P &lt; .01), ALT (r = -0.178, P &lt; .002), ALP (r = -0.174, P &lt; .002). As per Thompson score, total serum bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase showed maximum correlation on days 1 (r = 0.253, P &lt; .001, r = 0.187, P &lt; .001 and r = 0.268, P &lt; .001, respectively) and on day 3 (r = 0.159, P &lt; .005, r = 0.231, P &lt; .001, and r = 0.190, P &lt; .002, respectively). Conclusion: Thompson score and Apgar score can be correlated to perinatal asphyxia-related hepatic injury.

Determinants of the desire to avoid pregnancy after the disaster of the century in Türkiye

BackgroundAfter natural disasters, the occurrence of mental health problems and adverse effects on reproductive health in women of reproductive age can be attributed to a multitude of factors, including the deterioration of health facilities, a shortage of qualified health professionals, a lack of socio-economic stability, and a paucity of familial and community support.MethodsThe descriptive correlational study was conducted through social networks with 405 women who had experienced the disaster of the century 8 months after (between November and December 2023) the earthquake. The snowball sampling method was used to obtain the research data. The questionnaire form, developed for the purpose of data collection, was disseminated to women who consented to participate in the study through social networks. The data were evaluated using a variety of statistical techniques, including number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and structural equation modeling.ResultsAccording to the results of linear regression analysis, these were found to be predictors of the desire to avoid pregnancy: having housing problems (β-coefficient 0.173; p = .008), having a damaged home (β-coefficient. 276; p = .009), sleep patterns (β-coefficient 0.433; p = .022), eating habits (β-coefficients 0.248, 0.044), use of psychiatric medication (β-coefficient 0.436, p = .003), and problems related to the food and water supply (β-coefficient 0.127, p = .003). In addition, a structural equation model (SEM) was established to examine the relationship between these variables and mental well-being and pregnancy avoidance. Only the model constructed with mental well-being demonstrated significance in the SEM analysis.ConclusionsThis study shows that women’s mental health is negatively affected in unpredictable emergencies such as earthquakes and that poor mental health negatively affects pregnancy planning. The findings of the study may help to guide health professionals working in the field of women’s health to protect women’s mental health in emergency situations, to provide counseling about pregnancy planning, and to provide social and psychological support programs.