Total Score Correlations Research Articles

Evaluation of Youth's Health Risk Behaviors in Baghdad City


 
 
 
 
 Objective(s): To evaluate youth's health risk behaviors in Baghdad City and to determine the relationship between such behaviors and the youth's demographic characteristics of age, gender and grade. Methodology: A descriptive study, using the evaluation approach, is carried out to evaluate youth's health risk behaviors in Baghdad City for the period of January 26th 2016 to May 20th 2016. A non-probability "purposive" sample of (160) University students is selected for the purpose of the study from four groups of colleges (medical, engineering, sciences, and education) and it is equally distributed of (40) student from group of colleges. The sample is consisted of (50%) males and (50%) females. A questionnaire is constructed for the purpose of the study. It is comprised of eight parts which deal with youth's health risk behaviors of unintentional injuries, tobacco use, drinking alcohol, drug use, sexual behavior, unhealthy dietary behavior, inadequate physical activity, and health related behavior. Internal consistency reliability and content validity are determined for the study instrument through pilot study. Data are collected through the utilization of the questionnaire and the application of the structured interview technique as means of data collection. Data are analyzed through the application of the descriptive statistical data analysis approach which includes frequency, percent, total score and Cronbach alpha correlation coefficient. Results: The study depicts that most of the students have experienced health risk behaviors of unhealthy dietary behavior, inadequate physical activity and health related behavior regardless of their colleges' classification. Male students have been exposed to health risk behaviors of unintentional injuries, tobacco use, drinking alcohol, drug use and sexual behavior more than female students. Recommendations: The study recommends that Youth Health Risk Behaviors Program should be designed and implemented to present these students with all the information for the prevention and control of such behaviors. Further research is needed to determine whether low grades lead to health risk behaviors or health risk behaviors lead to low grades, or some other factors lead to both of these problems.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The psychometric properties of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in depressed inpatients in China

This study examined the psychometric properties of the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The study sample comprised 297 depressed inpatients. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the QIDS-SR and the PHQ-9 in all subjects at baseline and a random sample of 50 subjects two weeks later. The internal consistency, convergent validity, factor structure and sensitivity to change of these scales were assessed. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the PHQ-9 and QIDS-SR were 0.88 and 0.83, respectively at baseline and 0.91 and 0.87, respectively at exit. Item to total score correlations were higher for the PHQ-9 than those for the QIDS-SR at baseline and exit. Three domains at baseline and two at study exit of the QIDS-SR had a correlation less than 0.65; while only two items at baseline and no item at exit were less than 0.65 for the PHQ-9. Both the PHQ-9 and the QIDS-SR showed uni-dimensional measurement properties at baseline; the two instruments were less sensitive than the HAMD to detect changes of depressive symptoms suggesting low convergent validity. The QIDS-SR and the PHQ-9 have similar and acceptable psychometric properties in most domains as tested in depressed inpatients.

Accelerometry and physical activity questionnaires - a systematic review.

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to review accelerometer wear methods and correlations between accelerometry and physical activity questionnaire data, depending on participant characteristics.MethodsWe included 57 articles about physical activity measurement by accelerometry and questionnaires. Criteria were to have at least 100 participants of at least 18 years of age with manuscripts available in English. Accelerometer wear methods were compared. Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients between questionnaires and accelerometers and differences between genders, age categories, and body mass index (BMI) categories were assessed.ResultsIn most investigations, requested wear time was seven days during waking hours and devices were mostly attached on hips with waist belts. A minimum of four valid days with wear time of at least ten hours per day was required in most studies. Correlations (r = Pearson, ρ = Spearman) of total questionnaire scores against accelerometer measures across individual studies ranged from r = 0.08 to ρ = 0.58 (P < 0.001) for men and from r = −0.02 to r = 0.49 (P < 0.01) for women. Correlations for total physical activity among participants with ages ≤65 ranged from r = 0.04 to ρ = 0.47 (P < 0.001) and from r = 0.16 (P = 0.02) to r = 0.53 (P < 0.01) among the elderly (≥65 years). Few studies investigated stratification by BMI, with varying cut points and inconsistent results.ConclusionAccelerometers appear to provide slightly more consistent results in relation to self-reported physical activity among men. Nevertheless, due to overall limited consistency, different aspects measured by each method, and differences in the dimensions studied, it is advised that studies use both questionnaires and accelerometers to gain the most complete physical activity information.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3172-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Assessing shared leadership in interprofessional team meetings: A validation study

Background: Shared leadership, a team property whereby leadership is distributed among team members, is increasingly salient in interprofessional team-based care. There is currently no validated scale to measure shared leadership in healthcare teams. We aim to describe the developmental and validation of the Clinical Shared Leadership Scale (CSLS) in the context of interprofessional geriatrics care. Methods: We adapted the CSLS from the Woods (2005) and Carson (2007) scales that were originally used to study management teams. We collected survey data from 115 healthcare professionals who attended interprofessional team meetings (IPTM) in two subacute geriatrics ward. We analyzed internal consistency using Cronbach’s α, as well as construct, convergent, divergent, concurrent and predictive validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), inferential statistics and logistic regression. Results: The 14-item CSLS scale has mean score of 52.32±4.86 (range: 14-70). The scale exhibited high internal reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.76). EFA identified three factors, namely social cohesion, joint involvement, and hierarchical structure (α: 0.76, 0.80 and 0.46 respectively). The good correlation of CSLS total score with internal team environment (ITE) (r=0.78, p&lt;.01) and transactive memory system (TMS) (r=0.65, p&lt;.01) supports convergent validity, whereas poor correlation with task complexity (r=0.17, p=.08) corroborates divergent validity. CSLS total scores increase significantly with increasing number of IPTM attended, higher ITE and higher TMS scores (p&lt;.05), indicating concurrent validity. CSLS total and factor scores, with the exception of factor 3, predicted satisfaction outcomes. Conclusion: The CSLS is a reliable and valid measure to assess shared leadership in interprofessional team meetings. The third factor, hierarchical structure, merits further study.

Validation evidence of the paediatric Objective Structured Assessment of Debriefing (OSAD) tool

IntroductionDebriefing is essential to maximise the simulation-based learning experience, but until recently, there was little guidance on an effective paediatric debriefing. A debriefing assessment tool, Objective Structured Assessment of Debriefing...

Development and Testing of an Instrument to Measure Short Peripheral Catheter Insertion Confidence.

The Peripheral Intravenous Insertion Confidence Assessment for short peripheral catheters is a 10-item, 5-point Likert scale, self-administered tool to measure a person's confidence in his or her personal intravenous insertion skills, including site selection and assessment, procedure, dressing, and documentation. Expert opinion validity was obtained from a panel of 3 infusion therapy leaders. Two-day test-retest reliability and internal consistency were determined using 22 practicing nurses. Individual question correlations ranged from r = 0.93 to 0.16, and the total score correlation was r = 0.96. Using first-test results only, internal consistency was 0.85 (α = 0.85, n = 22). Overall, the insertion confidence assessment is valid and, in the present study, a reliable tool to measure the short peripheral catheter insertion confidence of staff nurses.

Relation of Activity Patterns and Biochemical Factors to Acute Mountain Sickness in the South Pole

Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) can develop during rapid altitude exposure. It is a subjective diagnosis that commonly consists of symptoms related to headaches, fatigue, sleeplessness and dizziness, while more severe AMS can deteriorate to conditions that can be life threatening. The role of physical activity in the development of AMS remains controversial. Individuals working at the South Pole are required to make a rapid transition to altitude and be moderately active. PURPOSE: To compare activity patterns and biochemical factors in individuals with and without AMS or its symptoms. METHODS: Venous blood samples were taken from 43 healthy individuals at sea level and 2 days after high altitude exposure. Physical activity was monitored using BodyMedia activity monitors. AMS symptoms were examined using modified Louise Questionnaires. Comparisons were made using paired T-test with repeated measures and Pearson’s correlation. RESULTS: 29% of subjects displayed AMS between SP days 1–2 (D1-2). Total increase in energy expenditure on day 2 for AMS individuals was 16.8%±4.1% and 10.1%±4.9% for individuals without AMS. In addition, for patients with a total symptom score greater than 5, the time spent performing moderate and vigorous activity during D1-2 was greater by a factor of 1.77±0.24 to that of the baseline, and compared to patients with a symptom score less than 5 had a lower increase of 1.34± 0.23. Blood samples presented an increase in VEGF (82.7%), increase in EPO (27.4%), decrease in Cystatin C (−5.1%), and decrease in NE (−1.68%) for AMS individuals. A correlation of total symptom score and time of moderate and vigorous activity expenditure of individuals resulted in at R squared value of 0.66. Comparisons were statistically significant with a p value of p<0.05. CONCLUSION: Increases in activity and evaluation of blood chemistry compared to the baseline after 48 hours of ascent are associated to the risk of AMS.

Relationship of Emotional Inteligence and Emotional and Behavior Problems Scales of Children 10-12 Years Old – Parents Report

The present study aimed at investigating the correlation of emotional intelligence total score and three broad band of emotional and behavior problems at 10-12 years old children. It was hypothesized that there will be negative relationship between scales. The sample included 236 children (123 or 52. 1% boys and 113 or 47. 9% girls), with a mean age of 11 years (SD. 835) (range: 10-12 years). 236 parents participated in the study, 92 of them or 39. 0 % were mothers, while only 144 of them or 61. 0 % were fathers. In the chi-square test, there were important differences reported in the distribution of the percentages of parent’s gender and their employment rates. The TEIQue-Child Form questionnaire, contains 75 items responded to on a 5-point scale and measures five distinct facets. Also the CBCL 6-18 years, was used emotional and behavior problems. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Pearson correlation, and T-test, were used to explore and analyse the correlations of interest variables in the study on total EI and EB broad band scales. Correlation analysis mostly indicated low and negative but non-significant relationship between EI and EB scales, for all children and by gender. We did not found gender significant differences on EI total scores and EB broad band scale scores.

Validity and reliability of the Neonatal Discharge Assessment Tool

To investigate the reliability and validity of the Neonatal Discharge Assessment Tool (N-DAT) designed to assess risk factors related to infants' and parents' readiness for discharge to home. The sample was composed of 238 high-risk preterm infants, born at gestational age of 24 to 37 weeks, and their parents. High scores on the N-DAT indicated higher risk for discharge of preterm infants and their parents. Psychometric analyses of the N-DAT included content validity, internal consistency reliability, and construct validity. Content validity of the N-DAT items was supported by experts (content validity index = .98). Internal consistency reliability was supported by a Cronbach's alpha for the total instrument of .94. N-DAT total and subscale score correlations ranged from .42 to .89. Known-groups analysis indicated that infants born at <31 weeks' gestation and infants who were rehospitalized during 8 weeks after discharge had significantly higher N-DAT total and subscale scores than infants born at ≥31 weeks or not rehospitalized. Also, mothers who reported experiencing problems with infant care at home had significantly higher N-DAT Competencies subscale scores than mothers who did not report problems. The N-DAT is a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the risks related to discharge of preterm infants so that nurses can provide parents with the necessary knowledge, skills, and resources they need prior to discharge.

Bedtime Counterfactual Processing Questionnaire (BCPQ): Validation of the Portuguese version

IntroductionCounterfactual thinking is a set of mental representations of alternatives to the past actions. When it focuses on personal decisions, the emotion that results is regret, which has important implications for psychological distress (Borges et al., 2015). The Bedtime Counterfactual Processing Questionnaire (BCPQ; Schmidt and Linden, 2009) was developed to assess the frequency of regret-related counterfactual thoughts during the pre-sleep period.ObjectiveTo investigate the psychometric properties of the BCPQ (extended version) Portuguese version.MethodsA community sample composed of 108 university students and 79 employees (78.1% females; mean age = 33.16 ± 13.175; range: 17-62) answered the Portuguese preliminary versions of the BCPQ and Regret Scale (Schwartz et al., 2002). To study the temporal stability, 31 participants (83.9% females; mean age = 26.54 ± 18.761) answered the BCPQ again after 6 weeks.ResultsThe BCPQ2 Cronbach alpha was “very good” (a = 0.81). All the items contributed to the internal consistency. The test-retest correlation coefficient was high, positive and significant (0.78; P = 0.05); there was not significant difference between test and re-test scores [29.87 ± 5.309 vs. 30.13 ± 5.353, t (30) = −0.204, P = 0.840]. Following the Kaiser and the Cattel's Scree Plot criteria, two meaningful factors were extracted which explained variance (EV) was of 65.06%: F1 Regret (EV 43.17%; a = 0.88), F2 low pride (21.88%; a = 0.88). Pearson correlations of EA total score with BCPQ2 and F1 were significant and moderate (r@.50) and with F2 was non-significant.ConclusionsAlthough the Portuguese version of the extended version of BCPQ has good reliability and validity, the low pride-related dimension seems to be relatively independent of regret.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Emotion processing and social functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder

IntroductionA large number of studies have found that patients with bipolar disorders have a poor performance in tasks assessing social cognition.Objectives and aimsThe present study aimed to investigate whether euthymic bipolar patients (EBP) have a dysfunction in emotion processing when compared to controls. An additional objective was to determine whether there is association between emotion processing and psychosocial functioning.MethodsA sample of 53 EBP and 53 healthy controls matched for age, gender, education level and premorbid intelligence were studied. All subjects were assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and two additional executive function measures: the Trail Making Test–Part B and the Stroop Test. Emotion processing was examined using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). Psychosocial functioning was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale and the Functional Assessment Short Test (FAST).ResultsFor the MSCEIT, EBP obtained lower total scores (P = 0.001), experiential area scores (P = 0.012), strategic area scores (P = 0.000), perceiving emotions branch scores (P = 0.008), understanding emotions branch scores (P = 0.014) and managing emotions branch scores (P = 0.000) than controls. There were no significant differences between groups for the using emotions branch (P = 0.113). In addition, partial correlations controlling for sub-clinical psychopathology in EBP showed the existence of a significant correlation of MSCEIT total score and MSCEIT strategic area score with FAST total score.ConclusionsEBP exhibit deficits in several areas of emotion processing. Performance in emotion processing tasks is associated with social functioning in these patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Validating the Rett Syndrome Gross Motor Scale.

Rett syndrome is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a pathogenic mutation on the MECP2 gene. Impaired movement is a fundamental component and the Rett Syndrome Gross Motor Scale was developed to measure gross motor abilities in this population. The current study investigated the validity and reliability of the Rett Syndrome Gross Motor Scale. Video data showing gross motor abilities supplemented with parent report data was collected for 255 girls and women registered with the Australian Rett Syndrome Database, and the factor structure and relationships between motor scores, age and genotype were investigated. Clinical assessment scores for 38 girls and women with Rett syndrome who attended the Danish Center for Rett Syndrome were used to assess consistency of measurement. Principal components analysis enabled the calculation of three factor scores: Sitting, Standing and Walking, and Challenge. Motor scores were poorer with increasing age and those with the p.Arg133Cys, p.Arg294* or p.Arg306Cys mutation achieved higher scores than those with a large deletion. The repeatability of clinical assessment was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient for total score 0.99, 95% CI 0.93–0.98). The standard error of measurement for the total score was 2 points and we would be 95% confident that a change 4 points in the 45-point scale would be greater than within-subject measurement error. The Rett Syndrome Gross Motor Scale could be an appropriate measure of gross motor skills in clinical practice and clinical trials.

Poor sleep in middle-aged women is not associated with menopause per se.

Whether sleep problems of menopausal women are associated with vasomotor symptoms and/or changes in estrogen levels associated with menopause or age-related changes in sleep architecture is unclear. This study aimed to determine if poor sleep in middle-aged women is correlated with menopause. This study recruited women seeking care for the first time at the menopause outpatient department of our hospital. Inclusion criteria were an age ≥40 years, not taking any medications for menopausal symptoms, and no sleeping problems or depression. Patients were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), modified Kupperman Index (KI), and Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). A PSQI score of <7 indicated no sleep disorder and ≥7 indicated a sleep disorder. Blood specimens were analyzed for follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels. A total of 244 women were included in the study; 103 (42.2%) were identified as having a sleep disorder and 141 as not having one. In addition, 156 (64%) women were postmenopausal and 88 (36%) were not menopausal. Follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels were similar between the groups. Patients with a sleep disorder had a significantly higher total modified KI score and total MRS score (both, P<0.001) compared with those without a sleep disorder. Correlations of the PSQI total score with the KI and MRS were similar in menopausal and non-menopausal women. These results do not support that menopause per se specifically contributes to sleep problems.

Using Functional Mobility Scale for Assesment Ambulation and Study of Association of Lesion and Ambulation Level with Kidney Malposition in Spina Bifida

Introduction: Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) is a simple assessment tool used for measuring ambulation abilities in children with cerebral palsy. One of the urological problems in spina bifida (SB) is kidney malposition. The aim of the study was to investigate correlation of total score of FMS and Hoffer classification and association of lesion and ambulation level in kidney malposition in children with SB. Methods: Hoffer classification is used to categorise ambulation in patients with SB. Children with SB were rated with FMS. Patients that underwent ultrasound examination were investigated for malposition. Results: In this study 46 children (25 boys,21 girls) with SB were enrolled. Mean age of the patients was 5.1±2.6(2-14) years.31 patients had thoracic and upper lumbar lesion (67.4%),10 had mid-lumbar (21.7%) and 5 had lumbosacral and sacral lesion (10.9%). Total sum of FMS score was calculated for each patient. Mean score of FMS was 5.82(3-17). A significant correlation was found between FMS scores and Hoffer classification (r=0.871,p=0.000),lesion level and FMS scores (r=0.853,p=0.000). There was a statistically significant differences in FMS scores between patients with kidney malposition and patients without kidney malposition (p=0.02). Conclusion: FMS can be used for assessing ambulatory status in children with SB. Patients with upper spinal lesions should be evaluated for renal malposition.

Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale 2: application in an Italian population.

Sleep disturbances and nocturnal disabilities are common in Parkinson's Disease (PD). The PD sleep scale, second version (PDSS-2), has been proposed as a helpful tool for measuring sleep disorders in PD. We aimed to validate the Italian version of the PDSS-2. One hundred and twenty-three consecutive PD outpatients (76 males) were evaluated by means of PDSS-2, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (self-administered scales), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating (motor section) and Hoehn and Yahr Scales, and Mini Mental State Examination. PDSS-2 internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach's α: 0.77) with significant item to total score correlation and high intra-class correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability (0.943). Total PDSS-2 score was correlated with the scores on all other clinical scales. The factor analysis identified five factors, related to five areas of nocturnal disturbances, similarly as the original PDSS-2. The five factors mainly reflected: (1) nocturnal movement-related problems, (2) quality of sleep, (3) dreaming distress, (4) fragmentation of sleep and (5) insomnia symptoms. The PDSS-2 scale has confirmed its usefulness in evaluating sleep problems in Italian PD patients.

The development and reliability of an observational tool for assessing mother-child interactions in field studies- experience from Pakistan.

This study describes the development and reliability testing of an observational tool to measure mother-child interactions with toddlers aged 2 years in a rural low-income country setting. The development protocol comprised five phases with iterative revisions: (1) identification of the theoretical framework for responsive behaviours and selection of items; (2) field testing; (3) expert review; (4) training of the data collection team; and (5) piloting. The final tool was a structured live observational measure assessing a 5-min interaction of a shared picture-book-reading activity. Maternal behaviours assessed included affect, touch, verbal statements and language stimulation; child behaviours assessed included affect, communication and attention. Following development, the mother-child interaction tool was administered on a cohort of 1390 children at 2 years of age. Using a video strategy, inter-observer reliability assessed by the Bland-Altman test for mother-child dyads suggested moderate agreement between expert and field assessors on total scores (r = 0.681**, P < 0.001, n = 154). Significant associations of the total interaction score correlations using Pearson's' correlations were found with the Responsiveness (r = 0.271**, P < 0.001, n = 1345) and Involvement (r = 0.325**, P < 0.001, n = 1345) subscales of the Home Observation for Measurement of Environment-Infant Toddler Inventory, maternal knowledge (r = 0.203**, P < 0.001, n = 1345), maternal depression (r = .-063**, P < 0.001, n = 1345), child cognitive development (r = 0.392**, P < 0.001, n = 1345) and language development (r = 0.620**, P < 0.001, n = 1345) assessed using the Bayley Scales for Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. The authors conclude that this tool can be reliably used by trained assessors to measure mother-child interactions in field studies.

Psychometric properties of the Cancer and Treatment Distress (CTXD) measure in hematopoietic cell transplantation patients.

This study examines the psychometric properties of a measure of distress specific to cancer and its treatment, as tested in patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). With multicenter enrollment, the Cancer and Treatment Distress (CTXD) measure was administered to adults beginning HCT as part of an assessment that included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD), Profile of Mood States, and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36). From eight transplant centers, 176 of 219 eligible patients completed the assessment. Average age was 46.7 years (SD = 11.9), 59% were male, and the majority were identified as Caucasian (93%). Principal components analysis with the CTXD identified 22 items that loaded onto six factors explaining 69% of the variance: uncertainty, health burden, identity, medical demands, finances, and family strain. Internal consistency reliability for the 22 items was 0.91. The receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was 0.85 (95% CI [0.79, 0.91]), with a cut point of 1.1 resulting in a sensitivity rate of 0.91 and a specificity rate of 0.58. Convergent validity and divergent validity were confirmed with large correlations of the CTXD total score with the CESD, Profile of Mood States, and SF-36 mental health; and a smaller correlation with the SF-36 physical function (r = -0.30). The CTXD is a reliable and valid measure of distress for HCT recipients and captures nearly all cases of depression on the CESD in addition to detecting distress in those who are not depressed. It has potential value as both a research and clinical screening measure for distress.

Hubungan Motivasi dan Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa Kedokteran

Background: Motivation is the force that drives a person to do something. Motivation can affect student learning achievement. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motivation and student learning achievement. Method: This research method was a cross sectional survey. The study was conducted at the Medical Faculty of Lampung University. The study population was students that taking Medical Basic Science (MBS) blocks 3. Samples were from all population. The instrument used to assess motivation was Motivated Strategies of Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The questionnaire comprises 6 dimensions divided into 31 questions that intrinsic, extrinsic, task value, control of learning beliefs, self-efficacy and anxiety. Learning achievement were measured by the MCQ which. Questionnaire data were taken at the end of the block MBS3, which analyzed using Pearson Product Moment correlation. Results: The correlation between intrinsic motivation and student’s achievement obtained -0.020 with 0.805 significance (p&gt; 0.05). Relationships intrinsic motivation and student’s achievement showed an inverse relationship. Extrinsic motivation and student’s achievement obtained 0.670 with 0.397 significance (P&gt; 0.05). The correlation task value and student’s achievement 0.066 with 0.403 significance (p&gt; 0.05). The correlation control of learning beliefs and student’s achievement of 0.054 with 0.339 significance (p&gt; 0.05). The correlation of self-efficacy and student’s achievement of 0.054 with 0.496 significance (p&gt; 0.05). The correlation test anxiety and student’s achievement -0.060 with 0.447 significance (p&gt; 0.05). The correlation of total score of motivation and student’s achievement 0.034 with 0.670 significance (p&gt; 0.05). All correlation dimension obtained motivation was weak and not significance.Conclusion: The results showed very weak positive correlation between the total score of motivation to learning achievement.

Evaluation of anhedonia with the Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) in adult outpatients with major depressive disorder

Anhedonia or inability to experience pleasure not only is a core symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD), but also is identified as an important component of the positive valence system in the NIMH Research Domain Criteria. The Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) has been developed for the assessment of hedonic experience or positive valence, but has not been well-studied in depressed outpatient populations.The current study examined the reliability and validity of the SHAPS using a sample of adult outpatients with treatment resistant MDD. Data for the current study were obtained from 122 adult outpatients with a diagnosis of MDD and non-response to adequate treatment with an SSRI and who participated in Project TReatment with Exercise Augmentation for Depression (TREAD). A Principal Components Analysis was used to define the dimensionality of the SHAPS. Convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated via correlations of the SHAPS total score with “gold standard” measures of depression severity and quality of life. The SHAPS was found to have high internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient α = .82). A Principal Components Analysis suggests that the SHAPS is mainly “unidimensional” and limited to hedonic experience among adult outpatients with MDD. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed by examining the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient between the SHAPS total score and the HRSD17 (rs = 0.22, p < .03), IDS-C30 (rs = 0.26, p < .01), IDS-SR30 (rs = 0.23, p < .02), QIDS-C16 (rs = 0.22, p < .03), QIDS-SR16 (rs = 0.17, p < .10), QLES-Q (rs = −0.32, p < .002), and the pleasure/enjoyment item (sub-item 21) of the IDS-C (rs = 0.44, p < .0001) and IDS-SR (rs = 0.38, p < .0002). The self-administered SHAPS showed modest sensitivity (76%) and specificity (54%) with the self-administered pleasure/enjoyment single item (sub-item 21) of IDS-SR30. The current study shows that the SHAPS is a reliable and valid instrument to assess hedonic experience or positive valence in adult outpatients with MDD and provides a broader assessment of this important domain.

Fear of disease progression questionnaire for parents: Psychometric properties based on a sample of caregivers of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundParents caring for a child with a chronic somatic condition are at risk of increased distress and impaired quality of life. Fear of disease progression (FoP) is known to be an important source of distress in patients and their partners, and may be of relevance for parents as well. Existing measures are not applicable to parents. This study describes the adaptation of the FoP questionnaire for parental caregivers and investigated its psychometric properties. MethodsSixteen items appropriate for parents were derived from existing measures and from interviews with clinical experts in family-oriented psychosocial care. Factor structure, internal consistency, validity and sensitivity to change were analyzed in a clinical sample of 162 caregivers (Mage=42.07years, SD=6.0years, 87.8% female) of a child with cystic fibrosis. ResultsThe exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure, which was not supported by confirmatory analysis. Cronbach's α was examined for total score (.91) and significant positive correlations of the total score with anxiety (HADS: r=.70) and depression (CES-D: r=.60, BDI-II: r=.59), and a significant negative correlations with quality of life (r=−.66) could be demonstrated. A significant decrease in FoP was found (d=1.11) in a group of highly distressed caregivers undergoing web-based cognitive behavioral intervention. ConclusionsThe FoP questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for parents of children with CF. Further studies in larger samples are needed to clarify dimensionality and validity among parents of children with other chronic conditions.