Correct Route Research Articles

A cross-sectional survey on awareness, practice of vaccine administration, and cold chain management in a tertiary health center of Western Maharashtra

Introduction: The potency of vaccines depends on maintaining the cold chain, that is, a prescribed temperature range during distribution from manufacture to use. The paramedical staff of any hospital plays a pivotal role in cold chain maintenance. Hence, the study aims to assess knowledge and practice of cold chain maintenance of vaccines by paramedical staff. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among paramedical staff in a tertiary health care of western Maharashtra, from June 15, 2019, to August 30, 2019. The data were collected using interview schedule. Results:A total of 115 paramedics were enrolled. The final data analysis was done on 91 respondents. Participants' knowledge about maintenance of refrigerators with respect to place of vaccine storage (54; 59.34%), temperature recording in a day (54; 59.34%), and preferable place of deep freezer (62; 68.13%) was satisfactory. A total of 42 (46.15%) participants had knowledge about shake test; however, only 38 (41.75%) participants knew about demonstration of shake test, suggesting that awareness about testing the frozen vaccine was poor among paramedical staff. Full form and use of vaccine vial monitor (VVM) in participants were satisfactory, being 70 (76.92%) and 59 (64.83%), respectively. Participant's knowledge about correct site and route of administration of vaccines were satisfactory. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the gap in knowledge in cold chain maintenance of the paramedical workers. Regular training may be conducted for the paramedical workers to improve their understanding of the cold chain management.

Interventional Radiology Awareness among the Final‑Year Medical Students in Riyadh

Objective: Interventional radiology (IR) is experiencing massive growth in the medical scene as new interventions are being introduced continuously to contribute to patient care. However, IR does not go without its fair share of challenges. Personnel shortages, turf wars, and a vague understanding of the role of IR in the hospital setting by medical students are a few. The latter could negatively impact the recruitment of young prospects and contribute to further personnel shortage. To combat this, we aimed to assess the final-year medical students' awareness of IR. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire study. Our target population was all final-year medical students at university-based medical schools. Surveys were sent to 822 students, and a total of 719 final-year medical students responded (87.5%). The survey was distributed anonymously during November and December 2018. The survey consists of 21-closed and open-ended questions. Results: The vast majority of the respondents felt that their knowledge of IR was poor (83%), while a few reported that they had a good grasp of IR (16%). Half of the respondents believe that an Interventional Radiologist (IRs) must complete training in radiology. However, 42% thought that radiology and surgery was the correct route of training for IRs. Seventy-one percent and 73% of the final-year medical students correctly identified that IRs perform uterine artery embolization and lower limb angioplasty, respectively. A majority (68%) of the respondents believe that IRs perform cardiac angioplasty and stenting, whereas 57% believe that they perform femoral-popliteal bypass. Conclusion: Our data suggest that knowledge, awareness, and exposure of the final-year medical students to IR are overwhelmingly poor in the region. This can be ameliorated through a number of means, such as directly involving IRs in the medical student curriculum, IR awareness campaigns, and IR symposiums.

Role of Nurse in Administrating Induction of Ovulation Medications at Assisted Reproduction Center versus at Home

Background: The response of ovaries during controlled ovarian stimulation is the most important factor for evaluating the pregnancy outcome in assisted reproductive techniques. Aim: The study is to assess the role of a nurse in giving induction of ovulation medications at assisted reproduction university center versus home medications by private In Vitro Fertilization and infertility center on clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Subjects and Methods: Case-control research design, conducted at two centers (Banon private center for IVF and Assisted Reproductive Unit at Women health hospital, Assiut University) during the period from February 2018 to November 2018. The sample size included 150 women undergoing IVF for each group. Results: There is no statistically significant difference between women given IVF medications by the nurse at the public IVF center and women take IVF medication in the home at Banon IVF center as regards the outcome of IVF. Majority of infertile patients are satisfied with the care, they received and nearly third of them are satisfied with outcome of IVF in both groups, and there is statistically significant difference between satisfaction in public IVF center and satisfaction in private center in relation to information provided about IVF procedure, staff willingness to listen carefully and help patients; regular progress update on condition is in place with p value (0.000, 0.005, 0.003) respectively. Conclusion: IVF outcome isn’t significantly related to where induction medication was taken either at IVF center or at the home because infertile couples are keen to comply with all instructions on how to take medications with correct route, correct dose and on time. Recommendations: Empower the role of nurse as a health educator for women undergoing IVF about importance of stage of induction and take medications with correct route, correct dose and on time on outcome of IVF; other studies should also be conducted in other centers to further investigate the issue.

Community stigma and desired social distance towards people affected by leprosy in Chandauli District, India

Objective: To collect baseline data on community stigma against leprosy and leprosy-related knowledge and ideas, with a view to develop contextualised community education and stigma reduction interventions. The data will also be used to evaluate subsequent stigma-reducing interventions. Methods: Community members (n = 371) in Chandauli District, India, were interviewed, using a knowledge questionnaire, the EMIC Community Stigma Scale (EMIC-CSS) and Social Distance Scale (SDS). In the latter two scales, a higher sum score indicates a higher level of stigmatizing and negative attitudes of community members towards leprosy-affected people. Linear and quantile regression analyses were applied to explore the relation between (sociodemographic) covariates and the level of negative attitudes. Results: Community members indicated that avoidance of people affected by leprosy, problems with (prospective) marital life, concealment, and shame and embarrassment are present. Linear regression showed that knowing people affected by leprosy and being a government employee significantly increased ones mean EMIC-CSS score, whereas a higher level of education significantly decreased this. Additionally, community members reported a desire to create social distance between people affected by leprosy and their children. Quantile regression showed that increased leprosy-specific knowledge and religion were associated with significantly decreased SDS scores, whilst housewives had significantly increased SDS scores. Knowledge was poorest regarding the transmission and cause of leprosy: only 8.1% and 10.5% knew the correct route of transmission and cause of leprosy. Conclusion: The level of negative attitudes of the community towards leprosy is high in Chandauli District, which may affect many aspects of the lives of people affected by leprosy. Community members knew least about the transmission and cause of leprosy and these domains should, therefore, be considered when designing stigma-decreasing interventions.

Analyzing trajectories of learning processes through behaviour-based entropy

ABSTRACTOver recent decades, it has been asserted that the essence of developmental learning processes is change through learning. However, capturing the essence of change in learning processes remains an open question. To study learning processes, we take up a maze problem and conduct an experiment in which a participant draws a route for the maze problem over 10 sessions. To understand how a participant learns to draw a route, we draw learning curves by plotting, for each session, the number of mazes for which a participant succeeds in drawing correct routes. To analyze the learning process, we introduce a new metric called behaviour-based entropy, which quantifies the extent of how intensively a participant is devoted to drawing a route. A crucial finding is that substantial improvement in performance is preceded by a few sessions (plateau) during which the behaviour-based entropy is quite high. We run a program that simulates drawing of routes, and thereby obtain a learning curve based on the simulation. The resultant learning curves turn out to coincide roughly with the corresponding learning curves based on the experiment, which demonstrates the plausibility of the computational model for the simulation.

Meio dispersivo na síntese eficiente de nanopartículas de prata para aplicação em tecidos antimicrobianos

As nanopartículas de prata têm sido cada vez mais utilizadas em aplicações industriais há muito tempo. Os métodos químicos de síntese de nanopartículas de prata podem ser tóxicos e caros. Portanto, muitos estudos têm surgido para criar rotas de síntese ecologicamente corretas que forneçam boa dispersão e estabilidade no meio extrativo. Espécies vegetais são investigadas para a descoberta de um novo meio dispersivo para nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) sintetizadas por via verde. As AgNPs estão dispersas em extrato vegetal, por plantas disponíveis no Brasil. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas folhas de Melissa Officinalis como meio dispersivo das nanopartículas. Através das técnicas de caracterização utilizadas foi possível observar as modificações superficiais com a presença de nanoestruturas bem dispersas, que são fundamentais para a confecção de tecidos inteligentes com ação antimicrobiana. Assim foi possível por meio de cada rota de síntese avaliar a dispersão e morfologia das AgNPs em diferentes meios dispersivos de Melissa Officinalis, concluindo-se que o mesmo é muito eficiente para estabilização das AgNPs.

Awareness, Attitude and Vaccination Status Regarding Hepatitis B amongStaff Nurses of a Teaching Hospital in North India

Background: Hepatitis B is a well-documented occupational hazard for health care workers, including both doctor and paramedical personals. Vaccination is the best way by which one can arm oneself against Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The present study was conducted to assess awareness, attitude and vaccination status of staff nurses of a teaching hospital in north India. Materials and Method: All the staff nurses (170) who gave consent to participate in the study were enrolled in the study. A self-structured close ended questionnaire comprising of three parts was used to collect information. First part comprised of questions on demography, second part assessed subjects’ awareness regarding HBV infection and third part comprised of questions on immunization status. Chi-square test and multiple linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 24.9 ± 6.8 years. Awareness regarding HBV infection was present among 94.7% (161) of subjects. Universal Precautions were followed by 81.8% (139) of subjects. Only 18.8% (32) subjects were following correct method of disposal of Biomedical Waste (BMW). The odds of getting immunized were 4.46 times greater in subjects who had awareness of Hepatitis B infection than those who did not. Conclusion: Awareness regarding HBV injection and its coverage was high among the subjects. Very few subjects were aware regarding correct route of transmission emphasizing the need for effective intervention programmes designed to increase knowledge about HBV infection.

Wireless multimedia sensor network for rape disease detections

In order to reduce pesticides, it is also necessary to understand how plant diseases originate in the beginning and to be around them all around the world. One of the best ways to achieve this goal is to promote images that are not visible to the world (WMSN) in an agricultural country. However, the sending of a wireless device with little knowledge of the images will add more traffic to traffic, especially electricity. In this pamphlet, we create a diagnostic procedure that is aimed at driving WMSN’s additional resources. From the study of the locally available nodes of the plants, this new technique can make the first choice on the vegetation of the plants, knowing how to send pictures to the control center to continue to explore, to move forward. Look at the Internet. The same method includes the distribution of images using color and shape, and its 2D profile is used as part of the stages. What happens on metal images and lack of food indicates that the correct route is 94.5%.

Egocentrically-stable discriminative stimulus-based spatial navigation in mice: implementation and comparison with allocentric cues

Animals are capable of using visual cues to find the correct route during navigation. These visual cues, which contain spatial information on the direction towards the goal point, are perceived either allocentrically or egocentrically. In this study, we examined how navigating with these two types of visual cues affects the learning processes of rodents. To present egocentrically-stable spatial cues, we devised a head-mounted device that provided discriminative orientation cues that indicated the correct choice at a fork within a double Y-maze. For allocentrically-stable spatial cues, LEDs serving as external route-mark cues were attached to the walls of the double Y-maze and illuminated to indicate the correct pathway. To rule out the possibility of the mice using extra-maze cues, we rotated the entire maze and used different start and goal sites for every trial. Our results revealed that mice using egocentric cues and external route-mark cues both showed a sigmoidal learning process for spatial navigation and that external route mark-based learning, surprisingly, learned faster than egocentric stimulus-based learning in egocentric space.

An information-theoretic study of fish swimming in the wake of a pitching airfoil

Abstract Swimming in schools affords several advantages for fish, including enhanced ability to escape from predators, searching for food, and finding correct migratory routes. However, the role of hydrodynamics in coordinated swimming is still not fully understood due to a lack of data-driven approaches to disentangle causes from effects. In an effort to elucidate the mechanisms underlying fish schooling, we propose an empirical study that integrates information theory and experimental biology. We studied the interactions between an actively pitching airfoil and a fish swimming in a flow. The pitching frequency of the airfoil was varied randomly over time, eliciting an information-rich interaction between the airfoil and the fish. Within an information-theoretic framework, we examined the information content of fish tail beating and information transfer from the airfoil to the fish. The proposed framework may help improve our understanding of the role of hydrodynamics in fish swimming, thereby supporting hypothesis-driven studies on the hydrodynamic advantages of fish schooling.

Prominent unicast routing protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Criterion, classification, and key attributes

Mobile Ad hoc Networks are decentralized networks in which participating nodes are mobile, small form-factor, equipped with the wireless interface, and have forwarding capabilities. These self-organized networks extend limited wireless range by the provision of multi-hop arrangements on the fly without any central administrator. In order to facilitate communication in a dynamic multi-hop wireless environment, routing protocols are essential to discover routes between nodes that are arbitrarily located and can move dynamically. Routing protocols are intended to discover the correct and efficient route in a timely manner so that information could be delivered to the desired destination node. Routing protocols are the backbone of the Mobile Ad hoc Networks and are challenging to design. Several works have been proposed on routing, and systematic representation of these proposals is desirable. In this paper, we provide a survey of the wide range of routing proposals in the last twenty years for the mobile ad hoc network. We device many categories and classification criteria untouched in most of the surveys. This survey paper gives a key overview of the protocols, also classifies and arranges the routing protocols for logical illustration. Protocol classification in the paper assists to systematically access a large set of protocols and highlights the research trends in the domain.

Automated data mining of the electronic health record for investigation of healthcare-associated outbreaks.

Identifying routes of transmission among hospitalized patients during a healthcare-associated outbreak can be tedious, particularly among patients with complex hospital stays and multiple exposures. Data mining of the electronic health record (EHR) has the potential to rapidly identify common exposures among patients suspected of being part of an outbreak. We retrospectively analyzed 9 hospital outbreaks that occurred during 2011-2016 and that had previously been characterized both according to transmission route and by molecular characterization of the bacterial isolates. We determined (1) the ability of data mining of the EHR to identify the correct route of transmission, (2) how early the correct route was identified during the timeline of the outbreak, and (3) how many cases in the outbreaks could have been prevented had the system been running in real time. Correct routes were identified for all outbreaks at the second patient, except for one outbreak involving >1 transmission route that was detected at the eighth patient. Up to 40 or 34 infections (78% or 66% of possible preventable infections, respectively) could have been prevented if data mining had been implemented in real time, assuming the initiation of an effective intervention within 7 or 14 days of identification of the transmission route, respectively. Data mining of the EHR was accurate for identifying routes of transmission among patients who were part of the outbreak. Prospective validation of this approach using routine whole-genome sequencing and data mining of the EHR for both outbreak detection and route attribution is ongoing.

UAV Traffic Patrolling via Road Detection and Tracking in Anonymous Aerial Video Frames

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have gained great importance for patrolling, exploration, and surveillance. In this study, we have estimated a route UAV to follow, using aerial road images. In the experimental setup, for estimation, test, and validation stages, anonymous aerial road videos have been exploited, meaning a special image database was not produced for this simulation approach. In the proposed study, road portion is initially detected. Two methods are utilized to help road detection, which are k-Nearest Neighbor and Hough transformation. To form a decision loop, both results are matched. If they match each other, they are fused using spatial and spectral schemes for the comparison purpose. Once road area is detected, the road type classification is realized by Fuzzy approach. The resultant image is utilized to estimate route, over which the UAV have to fly towards that direction. In the simulation stage, an anonymous video stream previously captured by UAV is experimented to assess the performance of the underlying system for different roads. According to the implementation results, the proposed algorithm has succeeded in finding all the trial roads in the given aerial images, and the proportion of all the estimated road-portion to actual road pixels for all the images is averagely calculated as %95.40. Eventually, it is shown that UAV has followed the correct route, which is estimated by proposed approach, over the specified road using assigned video frames, and also performances of spatial and spectral fusion results are compared.

Review: Build a Roadmap for Stepping Into the Field of Anti-Malware Research Smoothly

In the era of cyberspace, malware is the main weapon for launching cyber-attacks and the critical rival for the security community. More and more researchers are investing in the wave of anti-malware research. In order to promote researchers to enter the field of anti-malware research more smoothly, it is necessary to provide a comprehensive roadmap of the related theory and techniques, so that new researchers can quickly obtain the desiring knowledge. To this end, this article systematically reviews the knowledge of malware in accordance with the most effective research route, that is, “Why? → What? → How?”First, we analyze the significance of conducting malware research and explains “why?”; then, the concept, type, and harm of malware are summarized, and introduce “what?”; finally, the focus is on “how?”, i.e. malware detection and classification. In the presence of the increasing complexity of malware types and scales, this paper focuses on machine learning-based detection and classification methods in view of feature engineering and analysis environment. The abstract and contributions are summarized for each typical method so that researchers can quickly find the preferred references like a dictionary, and establish a comprehensive and clear framework for anti-malware research in a correct route.

Application of Glycerol in the Synthesis of Hyperbranched and Highly Branched Polyethers: Characterization, Morphology and Mechanism Proposal

Hyperbranched biopolymers is an important class of polymer that is used in different areas, mainly in biomedicine. AB2 monomers are crucial to the development of a architecture of polyglycerol, being glycidol the most commonly used, even considering its environmental hazard. Glycerol carbonate is an ecologically accepted monomer synthesized directly from glycerol, and the chosen for the studies herein. In literature, no studies described the use of glycerol and cyclic carbonates to prepare hyperbranched polymers. This work describes the obtainment of hyperbranched polymers using glycerol and TMP salt as core-initiator and glycerol carbonate and propylene carbonate as monomers. The polymers were characterized by FTIR, NMR, MALDI-TOF and TEM. NMR spectroscopy showed linear, dendritic, and terminal units of hyperbranched polymer. The degree of branching PGLYGC and PTMPGC was 0.669 and 0.667, respectively. The molecular weight of PTMCGC, PTMPPC, PGLYPC was found and compared with MALDI. The molar mass was not different from the calculated by Inverse Gated. These polymers have enormous potential as drug delivery and an environmentally correct synthetic route due to the substitution of glycidol by biocompatible monomers.

The focus of visual attention in people with motor disabilities through Eye tracking

Make the environment that can be achieved, fires, used and experienced by anyone, including those with reduced mobility, is an increasingly important need for professionals. Being the eye tracking is an assistive technology that enables you to identify objectively the visual perception was held an experiment that allows analyzing the people’s difficulties in internal visual identification on buildings. The article goal is to identify the focus of visual attention in people with motor disabilities using eye tracking glasses. To perform the experiment was used Senso Motoric Instruments (SMI) eye tracking glasses and was did analyses with the BeGaze software version 3.6. The results indicate the lack of visual information causes difficulties for people to locate and identify the correct route for the offset inside a building, reducing the subjectivity in making decisions to make accessible environments. The tests show that the participants do not have fixed their gaze on specific points, because it remained looking for visual information into the building generating lack of orientation and difficulties to define the right route at offset. With this experiment was possible to validate an application of the device to contribute to the decision-making process of professionals to make accessible environments. In addition, they recognized the particularities in the use of Assistive Technology, the glasses eye tracker, and the possibility of being used in the analysis of various tasks contributing in the Design, in the Architecture, and the Engineering.

Instant Evaluation of Teaching Methods and Students’ Comprehension Level using Smart Mobile Technology

We design, implement and evaluate performance of Exantas application which is compatible with Android Operating System Smartphone devices. As Exantas tool was able to show ancients travelers the correct route to follow, we show that our application can help educational staff to improve their skills and evaluate on the fly how efficient is the educational style that they follow. Results can help teachers measure while teaching how much of the lessons content has been successfully absorbed by students and what are the topics that need further analysis or even a completely new explanation approach. Moreover, teachers are now able to perform quickly and without effort, small evaluation tests during their lessons for each student individually and keep tracking of their overall semester performance, concluding in a more extensive, generic and reliable grading system. As experiments show, Exantas is able to reduce teaching efforts and to reveal real lessons comprehension status since teachers can make multiple Questions to all students and receive answers in seconds. Moreover, all queries are processed anonymously ensuring anonymity and integrity since students are not afraid to provide their actual answers when teaching method is evaluated, and individually for each account when students’ performance is checked.

Novel dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) based on genetic algorithm‐bacterial foraging optimization (GA‐BFO)

SummaryThe goal of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocol is to establish a correct and effective route with minimal control overhead and bandwidth consumption. Dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) is a simple on‐demand routing protocol designed specifically for MANETs. The choice of routing path only adopts the simplest minimum hop count algorithm, while it did not take the node energy into account. In order to improve the control overhead of the network, we comprehensively consider the node energy information when searching the routes to the destination nodes. We propose a genetic algorithm (GA)‐bacterial foraging optimization algorithm to perform the selection of the optimal routing. After searching out multiple routes to the destination node, the paths are initialized then the GA algorithm is started. This algorithm quickly finds the positions of the maximum probability optimal paths, which are the initial positions of bacteria for the bacteria foraging optimization (BFO) algorithm. Through using the BFO algorithm, it is easy to search out the extreme value and the optimal path in order to compensate for the poor accuracy of GA algorithm. Our proposed optimized strategy improves the routing selection algorithm without change the complexity of DSR and proves the convergence of the algorithm to the global optimal solution. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is feasible and applicable and also has better experimental result.

NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT IN THE CRITICAL PEDIATRIC PATIENT

The nutritional support of the critical pediatric patient directly influences their morbimotality. Various conditions make the child particularly vulnerable to malnutrition when he has serious illnesses. The metabolic response to stress is mainly protein hypercatabolism that causes a negative nitrogen balance. It is important to adopt strategies to provide adequate and timely nutrition, making a good nutritional assessment, calculating the expenditure of energy requirements, prioritizing the contribution of proteins as the most relevant macronutrient, initiating early nutritional support, through the correct route and performing the monitoring and timely follow-up. In conclusion, nutritional support should be an important part of the therapeutic strategy in every critical child.     DOI 10.25176/RFMH.v18.n4.1737

Feeding tubes in children.

A practical guide to different feeding tubes available for nutritional support in children, focused on indications, placement methods and complications. Enteral nutritional support refers to the delivery of nutrition into the gastrointestinal tract distal to the oesophagus. Different feeding tubes are available for exclusive or supplemental nutritional support in children who are unable to independently sustain their own growth, nutritional and hydration status. Gastric feeding is the first choice; however, jejunal feeding provides a good alternative route in the presence of contraindications or intolerance. Feeding tubes can be short or long term: nasogastric and nasojejunal tubes provide short-term nutrition support, gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes, long-term enteral feeding. The latter are established surgically through the formation of a stoma, an artificial connection between gastric or jejunal lumen and the abdominal wall, performed either endoscopically (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy) or surgically (gastrostomy, direct jejunostomy). Awareness of different available options, technical considerations and potential risks will inform the decision-making process for an individual patient to ensure the correct balance between adequate enteral nutritional and unnecessary morbidity. Successful administration of nutrition support requires knowledge of the correct indication, route and specific functional details of the appropriate feeding tube.