Correct Route Research Articles

Spatial Knowledge Acquisition in Younger and Elderly Adults

This study investigated the process of spatial knowledge acquisition in younger adults (20-30 years), middle-aged adults (40-50 years), and older adults (60-70 years) in a desktop virtual environment, where participants learned a way through a virtual maze, had to recall landmarks that were present in the maze, and had to draw an overview of the maze. The results revealed a general decline in spatial memory of the elderly, that is, in the time needed to learn a new route, in the retrieval of landmarks from memory (landmark knowledge), and in the ability to draw a map (configurational knowledge). When the route with landmarks was perfectly learned, however, there was no age dependent difference in finding the correct route without landmarks in the virtual maze (retrieval of route knowledge). Therefore, we conclude that not all aspects of spatial knowledge acquisition and spatial memory degrade with increasing age during adulthood.

Fast-Converging Distance Vector Routing Mechanism for IP Networks

In order to solve the problem of routing protocols using the Distributed Bellman-Ford (DBF) algorithm converge very slowly to the correct routes when link costs increase, and in the case when a set of link failures results in a network unavailable. We propose a new fast converge distance vector routing paradigm FC-DVRP where the goal is to reduce times of routes triggered convergence, in the meantime insure network availability. To this end, we present a suppression-failure strategy and multiple feasible backups per destination for every node. The analysis result show that FC-DVRP provide better network stability and availability, and the simulation experiments show that FC-DVRP can improve survivability of the network effectively.

The Effectiveness of Trial-and-Error and Errorless Learning in Promoting the Transfer of Training

Despite an extensive literature showing successful application of errorless techniques in applied settings there has been some debate about the optimal circumstances surrounding the use of these techniques. The present study examined the hypothesis that trial-and-error learning conditions provide an advantage for performance on a ‘transfer’ task, compared to learning under errorless conditions. Two experiments are reported. In the first, 60 student participants engaged in four acquisition trials under errorless or trial-and-error conditions, consisting of mazes with one correct route and a number of incorrect routes. Both groups completed a fifth ‘transfer’ maze where the correct route contained portions of previous incorrect routes. In the second experiment, the same 60 participants completed a task involving identifying target words from word lists, again either in an errorless or a trial-and-error condition. Both learning conditions completed the same transfer task (anagram word task) and a recognition task. Data from both experiments indicated that during the transfer task, the trial-and-error group performed significantly better than the errorless group when there was a requirement to transfer the skill learned during the acquisition phase to a new related task. Data from the recognition task in experiment two suggested that the poorer performance of the errorless group was due to a reduced awareness of salient aspects of the S- during the acquisition phase.

Replacing Voice Input With Technology That Provided Immediate Visual and Audio Feedback to Reduce Employee Errors

In this report from the field at two auto parts distribution centers, order selectors picked auto accessories (e.g., fuses, oil caps, tool kits) into industrial plastic totes as part of store orders. Accurately identifying all store order totes via the license plate number was a prerequisite for the warehouse management system (WMS) to track each tote to the correct sorting lane, the correct shipping door, the correct route, the correct store, and to invoice the store. Using voice technology, the order selector uttered the license plate number; however, in the event the utterance did not match the license plate number affixed to the lid of the tote, the tote was routed to a “penalty” area of the sorting lanes as a misidentified tote. Each misidentified tote cost the company approximately $500 in lost labor and lost sales. Replacing the utterance of the order selector with a scanning stylus that provided both a “good read” light indicator and a “good read” auditory beep informed the selector that the license plate had been scanned and reliably decreased the number of misidentified totes. The role of the organizational behavior management (OBM) practitioner in industrial settings in designing interventions that increase accuracy and productivity was examined.

Analytical Study of MFR Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

In mobile ad hoc network (MANET), efficient routing algorithm must deal with the changing network topology created by mobility of nodes. Therefore, the aim of a MANET routing protocol is to establish a correct and efficient route between a source node and a destination node for delivering a message in a timely manner. In this paper, we analyze the performance of Most Forward within Radius (MFR) routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks. We use an analytic model to evaluate the performance of MFR algorithm. The results show that, successful message delivery decreases with the increase in the number of links or with the increase in number of nodes in the network. Also successful message delivery increases as the lifetime of message delivery decreases.

Intensive Phase Non-Compliance to Anti Tubercular Treatment in Patients with HIV-TB Coinfection: A Hospital-based Cross-Sectional Study

We aimed to study the prevalence and determinants of non compliance to intensive phase anti tubercular treatment (ATT) in 111 HIV-TB coinfection patients, attending the APEX Referral Center for HIV/AIDS at Medical College, Kolkata with a specially-designed, semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Compliance was defined as taking ≥95% of the total scheduled doses of anti-TB medicines during the intensive phase. Data was collected on socio-demographic parameters, disease information, patient's knowledge and barriers to treatment. The prevalence of non-compliance to ATT in HIV-TB coinfection patients was found to be 40.5% (95% C.I. = 30.5, 50.5). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that absence of proper counseling, lack of knowledge about correct route of TB transmission, visiting quacks during ATT and the urge to leave treatment once patient started feeling better were the significant determinants of non-compliance. "No Counseling" increased chances of non- compliance (adjusted O.R.) 47.12 times (95% C.I. = 7.99, 195.27); thereby being the single most influential variable towards the outcome. The present study finds an alarmingly high prevalence of non-compliance to ATT among HIV-TB coinfection patients. The results clearly indicate that adequate counseling about this coinfection and the importance of compliance, along with better patient-friendly orientation of DOTS programme is urgently needed. Collaborative TB-HIV activities are essential to ensure better ATT compliance in coinfection patients.

Empirical evaluation of virtual environment technology as an experimental tool in developmental spatial cognition research

The study compared developmental aspects of spatial knowledge acquisition in a real and a virtual large-scale environment according to the classical study of Cohen and Schuepfer (1980) with 40 younger children (7–8 years old), 40 older children (11–12 years old), and 40 adults. All participants learned the correct route through a maze, recalled the inherent landmarks, and drew a map of the maze. The results revealed equivalent age effects for these tasks in the real and the virtual world. In both conditions younger children needed more trials to learn the route and showed less configurational knowledge than older children and adults. Age group performance on landmark recollection did not differ in either the virtual or the real world maze. Except for the map drawing task performance was always worse in the virtual world condition. Because the developmental process was comparable in real and virtual environments, the results support the use of virtual environments for the research on developmental aspects of spatial knowledge.

Navigational challenges in the oceanic migrations of leatherback sea turtles

The open-sea movements of marine animals are affected by the drifting action of currents that, if not compensated for, can produce non-negligible deviations from the correct route towards a given target. Marine turtles are paradigmatic skilful oceanic navigators that are able to reach remote goals at the end of long-distance migrations, apparently overcoming current drift effects. Particularly relevant is the case of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), which spend entire years in the ocean, wandering in search of planktonic prey. Recent analyses have revealed how the movements of satellite-tracked leatherbacks in the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are strongly dependent on the oceanic currents, up to the point that turtles are often passively transported over long distances. However, leatherbacks are known to return to specific areas to breed every 2-3 years, thus finding their way back home after long periods in the oceanic environment. Here we examine the navigational consequences of the leatherbacks' close association with currents and discuss how the combined reliance on mechanisms of map-based navigation and local orientation cues close to the target may allow leatherbacks to accomplish the difficult task of returning to specific sites after years spent wandering in a moving medium.

Hydra: Efficient multicast routing in MANETs using sender-initiated multicast meshes

We present Hydra, the first multicast routing protocol for MANETs that establishes a multicast routing structure approximating the set of source-rooted shortest-path trees from multicast sources to receivers, without requiring the dissemination of control packets from each source of a multicast group. Hydra accomplishes this by dynamically electing a core for the mesh of a multicast group among the sources of the group, and aggregating multicast routing state in the nodes participating in multicast meshes, so that only control packets from the core are disseminated towards the receivers of a group. We prove that Hydra establishes correct routes from senders to receivers of a multicast group when multicast state information is aggregated. We also present simulation results illustrating that Hydra attains comparable or higher delivery ratios than the On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP), but with considerably lower end-to-end delays and far less communication overhead. Results are shown for scenarios using 802.11 DCF and TDMA as the MAC layer protocols and using random waypoint and group mobility as mobility models.

An Original Non-Traumatic Maneuver for Repositioning Migrated Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters

To describe an original non-traumatic maneuver for repositioning a migrated peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter. First, tissues wrapping the PD catheter are dissociated, then a correct route is selected according to the position of the catheter, and finally the catheter is repositioned manually in 8 steps: pressing, palpating, vibrating, wave vibrating, rotating, back-pushing and vibrating, swaying, and compressing. Of 30 cases of PD catheter migration, repositioning was successful on the first attempt in 9 cases, on the third attempt in 10 cases, on the seventh attempt in 7 cases, and failed in 4 cases. The overall success rate was 86.7%. Manual repositioning of a migrated PD catheter is safe, painless, economical, and feasible. Repositioning of the migrated dialysis catheter may be attempted before referral for more invasive interventions.

Handover location accuracy for travel time estimation in GSM and UMTS

Field measurements from the GSM and UMTS networks are analysed in a road traffic information context. The measurements indicate a potentially large improvement using UMTS signalling data compared with GSM regarding handover location accuracy. These improvements can be used to generate real-time traffic information with higher quality and extend the geographic usage area for cellular-based travel time estimation systems. The results confirm previous reports indicating that the technology has a large potential in GSM and also show that the potential might be even larger and more flexible using UMTS. Assuming that non-vehicle terminals can be filtered out, that vehicles are tracked to the correct route and that handovers can be predicted correctly, a conclusion from the experiments is that the handover location accuracy in both GSM and UMTS will be sufficient to estimate useful travel times, also in urban environments. In a real system, these tasks are typically very challenging, especially in an urban environment. Further, it is reasonably established that the location error will be minor for the data obtained from UMTS.

Lost in location — on how (not) to situate aliens

The article investigates how users of personal satellite navigation devices (often referred to as sat-nav) are sometimes lost and led astray and argues that the sat-nav's aim to remove every insecurity about the correct route seems to remove the individual's conscious perception of the space traversed. While becoming destination aware, the individual loses her location awareness. The article proposes that the reason people get lost when using sat-nav is due to a wrong location-performative paradigm. As an alternative, the article introduces and analyzes two performance-related examples that illustrate an alternative location-performative paradigm: Meredith Warner's Lost/Found knitting series and Etter and Schecht's Melodious Walkabout. In both examples, the artist's hand becomes the intermediary between alien and location. Thus, by exploring how wayfinding can be a poetically situated performance, the article examines how the growing locative media industry can learn from the location-aware performative strategies employed by artists who create situated and urban performances for the curious participant. The academic frames employed in the analysis draw on psychogeography, site-specific performance, social and cultural geography, and aspects of phenomenology.

Prevalence and correlates of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis knowledge among intrapartum patients and health care providers in Kabul, Afghanistan

Little is known about blood-borne infection awareness and knowledge among obstetric populations and health care providers in Afghanistan. HIV and hepatitis B awareness and knowledge are described among 4452 intrapartum patients completing an interviewer-administered questionnaire and whole-blood rapid testing and 123 obstetric care providers completing a questionnaire between June 2006 and September 2006. Participants were enrolled from three Kabul public maternity hospitals. Most participants were aware of HIV (50.8% of patients and 95.9% of providers) and hepatitis (72.1% of patients and 91.1% of providers). Correct transmission knowledge (defined as naming three correct routes and no incorrect routes) was lower for both groups (HIV: 19.4% for patients and 59.7% for providers; hepatitis B: 1.90% for patients and 33.9% for providers). Correct HIV transmission knowledge among providers was independently associated with level of education (AOR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.20–2.55). While HIV and hepatitis B awareness is common, correct and comprehensive knowledge is not. Continuing education for providers and health communications strategies should address identified knowledge gaps.

Clinical observations on improve effect of nutritional state and nurs-ing care of early enteral nutrition in post-gastrectomy patients with gastric cancer

Objective Observe the improve effect and complication of early enteral nutrition in post-gastrectomy patients with gastric cancer,to explore countermeasure in nursing care.Methods 76 patients who had undergone gastric cancer surgery were randomly divided into enteral nutrition group (EN,n=38) and paron-teral nutrition group (PN,n=38).The albumin (ALB),transferrin (TFN) and prealbumin (PA) were meas-ured at before nutritional support (day 0) and after nutritional support (day 7) in all patients.Observation the changes of above-mentioned protein in blood-serum,to appraise the improve effect of nutritional state.Observe the correlate complication,and to gather nursing question and countermeasure in nursing care.Results In 7 days,at EN group and PN group,no significant deviation was found in the level of ALB between of day 0 and day 7 (P 0.05),but a significant deviation was found in the level of PA (P < 0.05).At EN group,no significant deviation was found in the level of TFN between of day 0 and day 7 (P 0.05),but a significant deviation was found in Phi group (P <0.05).8 of 38 patients had correlate complication during EN.Among them,5 had diar-rhea,2 had abdominal distension and 1 had Bengmark Tub jamming 97% complication has improved after nursing care.30 patients dad not complication.Conclusion The EN and PN can improve the nutritional state in 7 days,they are correct route for administering nutrition,we can according pathogenetic condition to choose it in clini-cal.Enhancement nursing can be reduced the complication and promoted the patient health in earlyer. Key words: Enteral nutrition; Gastric cancer; Post-gastrectomy; Nursing care

Detecting forged routing messages in ad hoc networks

The effective tremendous deployment of ad hoc networks is incontestably braked by their unreliability in terms of security and quality of services. In this paper, we focus on security problems and show that despite of efforts made in the ad hoc security field, many security issues still jeopardize correct MANETs routing operation. For such threats, we propose an IDS (Intrusion Detection System) solution for which cryptographic-based solutions are ineffective. Actually, authenticated nodes legitimately present in the network are able to send faked routing messages to compromise the routing and then communication between nodes. To cope with such security attacks, we propose an IDS dedicated to the OLSR protocol and well fitted to its characteristics and operation. In addition, our IDS is implemented on all network's nodes which act cooperatively by continually analyzing routing messages semantics. When an intrusion is detected, alerts are flooded and intruders are banished from the network. We have finally implemented this IDS and performances evaluation shows the intrusion detection effectiveness.

Where am I and how will I get there from here? A role for posterior parietal cortex in the integration of spatial information and route planning

The ability of an organism to accurately navigate from one place to another requires integration of multiple spatial constructs, including the determination of one’s position and direction in space relative to allocentric landmarks, movement velocity, and the perceived location of the goal of the movement. In this review, we propose that while limbic areas are important for the sense of spatial orientation, the posterior parietal cortex is responsible for relating this sense with the location of a navigational goal and in formulating a plan to attain it. Hence, the posterior parietal cortex is important for the computation of the correct trajectory or route to be followed while navigating. Prefrontal and motor areas are subsequently responsible for executing the planned movement. Using this theory, we are able to bridge the gap between the rodent and primate literatures by suggesting that the allocentric role of the rodent PPC is largely analogous to the egocentric role typically emphasized in primates, that is, the integration of spatial orientation with potential goals in the planning of goal-directed movements.

Identification of molecular markers of bipolar cells in the murine retina

Retinal bipolar neurons serve as relay interneurons that connect rod and cone photoreceptor cells to amacrine and ganglion cells. They exhibit diverse morphologies essential for correct routing of photoreceptor cell signals to specific postsynaptic amacrine and ganglion cells. The development and physiology of these interneurons have not been completely defined molecularly. Despite previous identification of genes expressed in several bipolar cell subtypes, molecules that mark each bipolar cell type still await discovery. In this report, novel genetic markers of murine bipolar cells were found. Candidates were initially generated by using microarray analysis of single bipolar cells and mining of retinal serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) data. These candidates were subsequently tested for expression in bipolar cells by RNA in situ hybridization. Ten new molecular markers were identified, five of which are highly enriched in their expression in bipolar cells within the adult retina. Double-labeling experiments using probes for previously characterized subsets of bipolar cells were performed to identify the subtypes of bipolar cells that express the novel markers. Additionally, the expression of bipolar cell genes was analyzed in Bhlhb4 knockout retinas, in which rod bipolar cells degenerate postnatally, to delineate further the identity of bipolar cells in which novel markers are found. From the analysis of Bhlhb4 mutant retinas, cone bipolar cell gene expression appears to be relatively unaffected by the degeneration of rod bipolar cells. Identification of molecular markers for the various subtypes of bipolar cells will lead to greater insights into the development and function of these diverse interneurons.

An adaptive clustering routing transition protocol in ad hoc networks

To solve the expansibility problem of traditional flat routing protocols in ad hoc networks, an adaptive clustering routing transition protocol (ACRT) was proposed in this paper, by using the idea of adaptive clustering, routing transition and profits by the merits of passive clustering and gradual clustering. ACRT creates clusters adaptively by real-time apperceiving network scale which can solve the conflict between the expansibility of flat routing protocols and clustering overhead of clustering routing protocols. This mechanism takes the compatibility among different routing mechanisms into account to obtain high routing efficiency. ACRT can eliminate hangovers of flat routing protocol to reduce the occupancy of resources and storage cost by strict transition strategy. Simulation results show that ACRT has good expansibility and adaptive control action. ACRT is a correct and efficient routing mechanism.

An energy efficient routing algorithm based on genetic algorithm for ad hoc networks

Highly dynamic topology is an essential feature of mobile ad hoc networks. For this reason, maintaining a consistent state for routing purposes can be a very difficult task. The primary goal is correct and efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes. Although a more challenging goal is to provide energy efficient routing protocols. This paper presents a concept of an energy efficient routing algorithm based on applying genetic algorithm (GA). The aim of the algorithm is a prolongation of life time of the network. The life time of the network depends on nodes life, which is a function of battery energy nodes. A routing metric is a time measure from a moment when the network starts up, to the moment when the first battery in any nodes runs down. The purpose of the proposed algorithm is to maximize the life time of the network. To choose a path we propose to use one of a few different heuristics. In this paper we describe the GA-based approach to find a heuristic combination for solving power-aware routing problem. A problem solution is such a heuristic combination, which depends on an actual state of the network (energy of nodes) and will choose optimal paths.

Insights into post‐translational processing of β‐galactosidase in an animal model resembling late infantile human GM1‐gangliosidosis

GM1-gangliosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of ß-galactosidase activity. Human GM1-gangliosidosis has been classified into three forms according to the age of clinical onset and specific biochemical parameters. In the present study, a canine model for type II late infantile human GM1-gangliosidosis was investigated ‘in vitro’ in detail. For a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis underlying GM1-gangliosidosis the study focused on the analysis of the molecular events and subsequent intracellular protein trafficking of β-galactosidase. In the canine model the genetic defect results in exclusion or inclusion of exon 15 in the mRNA transcripts and to translation of two mutant precursor proteins. Intracellular localization, processing and enzymatic activity of these mutant proteins were investigated. The obtained results suggested that the β-galactosidase C-terminus encoded by exons 15 and 16 is necessary for correct C-terminal proteolytic processing and enzyme activity but does not affect the correct routing to the lysosomes. Both mutant protein precursors are enzymatically inactive, but are transported to the lysosomes clearly indicating that the amino acid sequences encoded by exons 15 and 16 are necessary for correct folding and association with protective protein/cathepsin A, whereas the routing to the lysosomes is not influenced. Thus, the investigated canine model is an appropriate animal model for the human late infantile form and represents a versatile system to test gene therapeutic approaches for human and canine GM1-gangliosidosis.