Correct Definition Research Articles

Abstract 4918: Impact of social drivers of health on clinical trial knowledge among Hispanic/Latino and Black cancer survivors

Introduction: Despite significant advancements in cancer treatment, disparities in clinical trial (CT) participation persist among minority populations, such as Hispanic/Latino (H/L) and Black women (BW). Social drivers of health (SDoH) can influence health outcomes and health care decisions, like CT participation. This study assessed the association between SDoH and CT knowledge among H/L and BW cancer survivors in Puerto Rico and in Virginia, United States. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included H/L gastrointestinal (GI) cancer survivors from Puerto Rico and BW with breast or gynecological cancers from Virginia, aged 21+ years. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire to assess their awareness, knowledge, and participation in cancer-related CTs and SDoH. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CT knowledge and associated factors. As reported in the literature, significant variables (p < 0.05) and other relevant variables were included in the multivariate logistic regression model. Results: As of November 11, 2024, 285 H/L and BW cancer survivors completed the questionnaire. Women accounted for 78% of the sample, and the mean age of study participants was 55 years (SD: 11.8). Over half of the participants (52%) had breast or gynecological cancer, whereas 47% reported GI cancer. While most study participants were aware of CTs (64%) and 80% accurately identified the correct definition, only 26% reported ever participating in a cancer-related CT. Logistic regression models showed that participants with lower educational attainment, those unemployed, and those with another type of transportation rather than their own transportation were significantly more likely to have lower CT knowledge than their counterparts (p<0.05). However, participants who reported an income between $20,000-$74,999 and those who perceived discrimination in medical settings were more likely to have higher CT knowledge than their counterparts (p<0.05). After adjusting for age, sex, educational attainment, employment, and health literacy, participants who reported an income between $20,000-$74,999 (OR: 3.43, 95%CI: 1.39-8.50) and those who perceived at least one type of discrimination in medical settings (OR: 2.44, 95%CI: 1.17-5.09) were more likely to have higher CT knowledge than their counterparts. Conclusion: While CT awareness was relatively high, low CT participation was observed among H/L and BW cancer survivors. Understanding factors that impact CT participation is important for developing targeted interventions to improve CT participation and reduce health disparities among these underserved populations. Acknowledgments: Research supported by an AACR grant, Social Determinants of Health, Grant Number: 23-01-SDoH. Citation Format: Hilmaris Centeno-Girona, Marievelisse Soto-Salgado, Stephanie Cameron-Maldonado, Arnethea L. Sutton, Katherine Y. Tossas, Robert A. Winn, Marcia R. Cruz-Correa. Impact of social drivers of health on clinical trial knowledge among Hispanic/Latino and Black cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 4918.

Do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation practice and policy in Ireland: a mixed-methods study of service user and advocacy group perspectives

BackgroundCardiopulmonary resuscitation offers the potential to save a person’s life. However, this highly invasive medical treatment is not always appropriate, and the likelihood of success is relatively low. In Ireland, the Health Service Executive (HSE) National Consent Policy establishes the national guidance in respect of DNACPR decisions, and this was supplemented by HSE Guidance Regarding Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and DNAR Decision-Making during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Previous research on DNACPR practice in Ireland concentrated on the perspective of the medical and nursing professions and was completed prior to publication of the supplementary guidance. In contrast, this article reports on research which investigates service user and advocacy group perspectives on DNACPR practice and policy in Ireland.MethodsThe research utilized mixed methods design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. A questionnaire with close-ended and open-ended questions was distributed via Qualtrics, targeting the public while explicitly excluding healthcare workers to focus on patient and caregiver experiences. Recruitment involved identifying relevant advocacy and state organizations and leveraging professional networks and social media to maximize participation and minimize selection bias. Recruitment was conducted through collaboration with organizations that advocate for individuals affected by DNACPR decisions. Survey data were analysed in SPSS for closed questions and thematic analysis for open responses. Four semi-structured interviews with representatives of advocacy groups were completed, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. The qualitative and quantitative data’s reporting rigour was guided by the CROSS and SRQR guidelines.ResultsA total of 148 participants completed the survey, and 4 interviews were completed with representatives of advocacy groups; 70.5% (n = 98) selected the correct definition of a DNACPR decision. Many survey participants overestimated the rate of survival for both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. There was a strong desire for involvement and support in the decision-making process. Interviewees drew attention to poor awareness of national policy, uncertainty as to the decision-making authority of family members and difficulties in communication. Interviewees also highlighted the need for additional information concerning the nature of DNACPR and CPR.ConclusionsThe research study highlights points of weakness in the DNACPR decision-making framework for service users. While there is a desire to be involved in the DNACPR decision-making process, this is challenged by deficiencies in the understanding of CPR and uncertainty surrounding decisional authority. The decision-making framework may be strengthened by the development of accessible information and educational resources.

Probabilistic learning of the Purkinje network from the electrocardiogram.

Probabilistic learning of the Purkinje network from the electrocardiogram.

P066 Rheumatology outpatient clinic letters: current healthcare professional practice, and patient experience and understanding

Abstract Background/Aims UK guidance from the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, 2018, encourages healthcare professionals (HCPs) to write outpatient clinic letters directly to patients, copied to their GP. Current HCP practice in rheumatology has been neither explored nor quantified. In addition, patients’ experience of rheumatology clinic letters, and understanding of key terminology, is not known. We aimed to address these gaps by investigating how rheumatology outpatient clinic letters are currently written and received. Methods Surveys of adult rheumatology patients and HCPs were designed in partnership with patients and HCPs. Recruitment took place across eight UK NHS sites, patient and professional organisations and networks, and social media. Surveys were available online for 12 weeks in 2024. Paper versions and in-person support were available on six days, across four sites. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. NHS ethical approval was gained. Results 705 patients and 299 HCPs began the surveys; 619 (88%) patients and 255 (85%) HCPs completed them. Patients were adults from all age groups; 69% were aged 46-75, 90% were female and 92% were white. HCPs included consultants (54%), resident and staff-grade doctors (16%), nurses (14%), allied health professionals (7%) and pharmacists (4%). 68% of HCPs were aged 36-55, 69% were female and 76% were white. 79% of HCP respondents write clinic letters to GPs, 15% of whom do not copy in the patient. 20% write directly to patients, copied to the GP. 2% write two versions: one each for the GP and patient. Conversely, HCPs typically (59%) write results letters to patients, copied to the GP. Of patients who remember receiving a letter, 63% reported their most recent letter was written to the GP, 98% read it, and 50% showed it to someone else (usually their partner/spouse). 69% of those who read the letter found it easy to understand and 73% believed it reflected accurately the consultation. Regarding rheumatology terminology, patients commonly selected the correct definition from five possibilities for the following terms: synovitis (80%), chronic (83%), osteoarthritis (85%), inflammation (87%), flare (92%) and disease modifying medication (93%). However, 11% of patients thought ‘osteoarthritis’ meant ‘inflammatory arthritis’, and 10% thought ‘synovitis’ was ‘infection of the joint’. 56% of patient respondents chose an incorrect definition for ‘acute’, 66% of whom were ‘sure/very sure’ about their response’s accuracy. 48% thought acute meant ‘severe’. Conclusion This UK-wide survey provides evidence that the majority of HCPs are not currently following national guidance on outpatient clinic letter-writing. The reasons for this, and potential levers to change practice, need further investigation. While the majority of patients read clinic letters, their understanding of key terminology is variable. HCPs need to be aware of the potential for miscommunication and misinterpretation. Disclosure R. Goulding: None. W. Dixon: None. E. MacPhie: None. W.J. Gregory: Consultancies; W.J.G. has received honoraria for speaking and advisory board participation from AbbVie, Novartis, Pfizer, Sobi and UCB, unrelated to this project. J. Firth: None. B. McMillan: None. K. Staniland: None. C.A. Sharp: Grants/research support; This work was funded by the British Society for Rheumatology and the author would like to thank the Society for its help and support.

Definition and confirmation concept of urbicide

The article analyzes the concept of urbicide, the need to define this concept in legal norms, the connection between urbicide and genocide and ecocide. The increasing relevance of urbicide research is determined by the threat of damage or destruction of the city in order to influence the public activity of the population. After or alongside the commission of urbicide, other serious crimes are committed. The purpose of the study is to define the concept and orientation of urbicide, establish the need to introduce the concept of urbicide into international law, study the purpose of committing urbicide, the connection between urbicide with genocide and ecocide, and determine the beginning of the crime. Philosophical method, cognitive method, legal method, system analysis, comparative jurisprudence, and historical method are used to study the concept and impact of urbicide. It was concluded that the commission of urbicide has a negative effect on the civilian population of the state. The need to study all aspects of the introduction of criminal responsibility for the commission of urbicide is explained by the growing practice of committing the specified act during the war in Ukraine. Paying attention to the correct definition of urbicide is determined by the need to prevent the commission of urbicide. Manifestations of urbicide over time acquire severe manifestations, as a result of which the civilian population leaves for other states and does not always return, there is a significant negative impact on the civilian population, cities, and environmental safety in the state. It is difficult to fully determine the negative impact of urbicide even when conducting research, it is difficult to analyze the recovery of the city and establish the ability to renew the previous infrastructure to ensure normal living of the civilian population. Taking into account the continuation of the war, it is impossible even to predict what period will be needed for the reconstruction of the city after the urbicide and how long the threat of the next urbicide will remain in the state.

What the Radiologist Needs to Know About Sport Hernias: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature.

Introduction: The sports hernia (SH) is one of the most important causes of groin pain syndrome (GPS). However, despite its importance in GPS etiopathogenesis, SH is one of the least understood and poorly defined clinical conditions in sports medicine. The aim of this systematic review is to clearly define SH from a radiological point of view and to clarify the relationship between the radiological presentation of SH and its clinical manifestation. Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, ISI, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PEDro databases were consulted for systematic reviews on the role of SH in the onset of GPS. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were based on PICO tool. Results: After screening 560 articles, 81 studies were included and summarized in this systematic review. All studies were checked to identify any potential conflict of interest. The quality assessment of each individual study considered was performed in agreement with the Joanna Briggs Institute quantitative critical appraisal tools. Conclusions: The correct definition of SH is "weakness of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal", which, in response to a Valsalva maneuver, forms a bulging that compresses the nerves passing along the inguinal canal. Thus, from an anatomical point of view, SH represents a direct inguinal hernia "in fieri". Furthermore, an excessive dilation of the external inguinal ring represents an indirect sign of possible posterior inguinal canal wall weakness.

Peculiarities of determining the procurement procedure when conducting public procurement under martial law

One of the most crucial stages in public procurement is defining the subject matter of the procurement. The correctness of the procurement process and the choice of the procedure depend on this stage. Taking into account the procurement's value thresholds, which determine the selection of a particular procedure type, is of particular importance for the correct definition of the procedure type. Despite the fact that all procurers, without exception, face the problem of defining the subject matter of the procurement, a number of issues require further in-depth research and a scientific approach to improve the current legislation governing public procurement. The article explores specific aspects of public procurement under martial law, compares them to the rules of public procurement that were in effect before the introduction of «special features», and identifies the problems that arise during such procurement. The issue of determining the procurement procedure, taking into account the requirements for the value thresholds of the procurement subject matter, is examined. The main normative act governing public procurement is the Law of Ukraine «On Public Procurement». Public procurement is based on certain principles such as: fair competition among participants; maximum economy, efficiency, and proportionality; openness and transparency at all stages of the procurement procedure; non-discrimination of participants and equal treatment of them; objective and impartial determination of the winner of the procurement procedure. During the period of martial law, changes were made to the organizational and legal approaches to procurement. One of the important steps in adapting public procurement procedures to wartime conditions was the approval of new procurement rules: Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1178. However, there were certain shortcomings, so changes were made several more times and continue to be improved to this day. Therefore, the problem of defining the subject matter of procurement, taking into account the procurement's value thresholds, remains relevant today.

Assertoric content, lies, and slips of the tongue

ABSTRACT In this paper, I introduce a new theory of assertoric content. By ‘theory’, I mean both an extensionally correct definition and an elucidation of the mechanisms underlying assertoric content. In agreement with some existing work on the topic, I contend that assertoric content spans several content categories and is possibly constituted by an utterance’s standing content and explicature. I also offer a detailed explanation of how and why assertoric content can be determined by an utterance’s particularized conversational implicature. I call my view the first-fill theory. This theory integrates recent developments in the literature related to the lying/misleading distinction. Additionally, my view accounts for intuitive judgments regarding the assertoric content of utterances that involve slips of the tongue. Finally, I also elucidate the apparent complexity of assertoric content by drawing parallels between the interpretative modes underlying it and those used in legal interpretation.

On the Knowledge and Prescription of Probiotics by Pediatric Providers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy and safety of probiotics are not well established. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of probiotic use in children among pediatric providers. This was a cross-sectional study of pediatric providers. A survey was sent to the members of the American Academy of Pediatrics, New York Chapter 1. We received 168 responses. Participants were mostly females (70%) and with MD or equivalent education (93%). About 50% of responders did not select the correct definition of probiotics and confused probiotics with prebiotics and synbiotics. About 97% of practitioners were asked about the merits of probiotics by families, and 60% of respondents had prescribed probiotics in their clinical practice. The most common indication for prescription was for treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. When asked about their recommendation for a family who had already started probiotics, 66% of the providers recommended continuing the probiotics. There was a significant association between the frequency of probiotics prescription and the type of practice (p < 0.05). However, this association disappeared after adjusting for age, gender, education, and years of practice. The more experienced the practitioner, the lower the odds were of prescribing probiotics (p < 0.05). There was inadequate knowledge about probiotics among general pediatric providers. Of the pediatricians asked about probiotics, most recommended continuing them if a family was using probiotics for a specific condition. Studies with a larger nationally representative sample are required for future research.

Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus: a narrative review.

Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent human endocrine disorder. Skin lesions are reported in approximately one-third of all diabetes mellitus patients. The clinical presentation and frequency vary according to the subtype of diabetes mellitus, metabolic control, and clinical course, with certain skin diseases occurring before diagnosing hyperglycemia. In this regard, the correct definition of cutaneous manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus can help define the etiology of hyperglycemia as well as the need to optimize glycemic control. In this narrative review, the most common cutaneous diseases observed in diabetes mellitus are discussed, including pruritus, acanthosis nigricans, necrobiosis lipoidica, bullosis diabeticorum, scleroderma diabeticorum, granuloma annulare, diabetic dermopathy, skin reactions due to device use, diabetic foot ulcers, recurrent cutaneous infections in diabetes mellitus and other dermatoses associated with hyperglycemia. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of this disease are discussed. Therefore, knowledge and recognition of the most common dermatological lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus are essential for both endocrinologists and primary care physicians.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a very frequent problem for old frail patients due to diffusion, mortality, and other negative outcomes. The most complex aspects consist of the formulation of a diagnosis and the choice of an adequate treatment. In this context, optimal management requires the correct definition of the category and the most probable etiology involved in choosing the empiric treatment. Following this, it is crucial to conduct accurate examinations and, whenever feasible, switch to targeted treatments, ensuring timely adoption of oral administration.

Genetic counseling in veterinary medicine: towards an evidence-based definition for the small animal practice

BackgroundIn human medicine, questions regarding heritable disorders are dealt with by clinical geneticists and genetic counselors and both the field, their roles and the tools they use are well-defined. Even though the prevalence of diseases is far higher and scientific literature agrees on expectations towards an increased importance, this does not seem to be the case in veterinary medicine. While we hypothesize that there will be an overlap, some characteristics uniquely linked to veterinary medicine might not be covered.MethodsTo investigate this in-depth and in an attempt to define the field, we compared the internationally accepted definitions and its subparts on genetic counseling in human medicine with what is found in veterinary literature and what was seen in cats and dogs presented at our dedicated small animals clinical genetics/genetic counseling clinic. The results were used in a stepwise analysis that lead to a set of three potential definitions (i.e. on what genetic counseling is, who provides it and which tools are used) that fullfill four criteria (i.e. definitions have to be clear/self-explanatory, minimally sufficient, complete and valid).ResultsThe short version of the definition of genetic counseling in veterinary medicine is: "Genetic counseling is the process of helping animal owners and breeders understand – and adapt to – the medical, psychological, familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.” Genetic counseling in small animal practice is currently provided by veterinarians and the tools that are used, can be divided in five categories. The signalment of the patients revealed that both cats (30%) and dogs (70%) and various breeds, the two sexes (37% males, 63% females) and all age categories (puppy/kitten—senior) were represented. Furthermore, 73% of the patients were referred by or needed to be referred to other disciplines.ConclusionThese definitions are derived from human and veterinary literature, and an evaluation based on patient data has demonstrated that these definitions meet all the criteria of a correct definition (i.e. clear, minimally sufficient, complete and valid). With these definitions and case descriptions, our aim is to contribute to the formal foundation of genetic counseling in veterinary medicine.

On the Generalized Order-k Jacobsthal and Jacobtshal-Lucas Numbers

The classic Jacobsthal numbers were generalized to k sequences of the generalized order-k Jacobsthal numbers and then have been studied by several authors. In this paper, we explain that all of these studies used an incorrect version of order-k Jacobsthal numbers for reasons and give the correct definition of order-k Jacobsthal numbers. Further, we introduce the compatible generalized order-k Jacobsthal-Lucas numbers with the generalized order-k Jacobsthal numbers. Next, we give some properties of order-k Jacobsthal numbers and order-k Jacobsthal-Lucas numbers, including generating matrix, generalized Binet’s formula, and elementary matrix identities. Further, we investigate specific examples for our results and give special identities, i.e., sum formula and interrelationships between these sequences.

On the Tracks to "Smart" Single-Atom Catalysts.

Despite their enormous impact in modern heterogeneous catalysis, single-atom catalysts (SACs) continue to puzzle the catalysis community, which often struggles to draw correct conclusions in SAC-catalyzed experiments. In many cases, the reasons for such an uncertainty originate from the lack of knowledge of the exact single-atom evolution under operative conditions and the fundamental factors controlling the fate of the single atom in relation to the catalytic mechanism. This has led to confusion also about correct definition and terminology, where the coined term single-site catalysts reflects the difficulty in defining the true active species as well as in obtaining long-range ordered homogeneous supports [Chi, S.; et al. J. Catal. 2023, 419, 49-57. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.02.003]. Most recent studies have attempted to clarify several of the key aspects that are in play during SAC catalysis. However, one largely overlooked opportunity is to take advantage of all the dynamic phenomena occurring at the single metal site to turn the conventional catalytic sequences into a smart, stimulus-responsive, and controllable evolution of the single atom under operative conditions. Such "smartness" could potentially unleash pathways that mitigate some of the typical drawbacks of SACs, such as selectivity and stability. Here we present our vision on these yet-unexplored opportunities for exploiting the dynamicity of SACs, and we discuss various examples that could be the cornerstones for the advent of a next generation of SACs, that we term here "smart" single-atom catalysts (SSACs). Despite smart-behaving SACs still being far from realization, the clues provided here suggest pathways to achieve this goal.

The implementation of information technology (IT) in the dynamic management of coal demand and supply processes

The article presents a methodological approach that encompasses the conceptualisation of a design idea and the implementation of an information technology (IT)-based solution to support models developed for energy mix management. It identifies the key elements that influence the definition and subsequent creation of an IT solution, focusing on processes that reflect both the demand (coal demand) and supply sides. In terms of the supply side, the IT solution will be equipped with planning information: Regarding minable resources, including general data on the resources currently held and the planned annual resources to be mined (qualitative data will not be included) The mining plans for each mine are accompanied by qualitative data (data that are standardised to ensure the quality of the production data collected. In addition to mining plans, the supply side will have up-to-date information on coal already mined. This information will be presented in quantitative and qualitative terms at various stages of the product life cycle, which begins with the mining of raw coal and ends with the formation of a finished product that can be sold and transported to the customer. The article indicates the key elements that must be precisely defined for the correct definition of processes on the demand side and the supply side, and in what order actions should be taken by IT specialists so that this solution fully satisfies the teams managing the processes dynamically.

IMPROVING USERS' SECURITY SATISFACTION IN E-COMMERCE BY PROVIDING NEW COMPONENTS

Today, electronic commerce is considered a tool that plays an important role in expanding tourism and hotel activities. So that this industry uses this tool the most. In this regard, using the advantages and appropriate features of e-commerce and its correct definition in the hotel industry can play a key role in attracting tourists; Therefore, in this research, we want to improve the hotel industry with the aim of increasing the security satisfaction of customers, and to achieve this, blockchain technology will be used. The results showed that the use of blockchain has increased the satisfaction of hotel customers and improved their loyalty.

Knowledge, interest and perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Neurosurgery. A global survey.

Knowledge, interest and perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Neurosurgery. A global survey.

Порівняльний аналіз ефективності методів розпізнавання автомобілів на аерокосмічних знімках

Introduction. Object recognition on aerial images is an urgent task in modern conditions, especially in cases requiring accurate and fast car recognition. Traditional contour extraction methods, such as Canny, Sobel, Laplacian, Prewitt, and Scharr, are based on gradient analysis and are known for their ease of implementation. This is an essential step for further recognition, as the correct definition of contours contributes to more accurate object identification. However, the effectiveness of the above methods could be improved, especially in complex environments with high object density, uneven brightness, and noise. Neural network models, such as YOLO (You Only Look Once), offer new possibilities, providing more accurate and reliable recognition, even in difficult situations. Purpose. This study compares the effectiveness of classical contour extraction methods and the YOLOv6n neural network model for vehicle recognition in aerial images. The accuracy of vehicle detection is evaluated by the main metrics: Precision, Recall, and F1-measure, which allow the determination of each method’s efficiency level in specific conditions. Methods. The study includes testing the classical Canny, Sobel, Laplacian, Prewitt, and Scharr algorithms for car outline detection and analyzing the results of the YOLOv6n model for deep-learning object detection. Classical methods use image processing to identify contours based on pixel gradients, which allows for extracting structures in an image. The YOLOv6n model is based on a neural network approach, considering complex image features for more accurate and faster object detection. Results. The data analysis showed that classical methods, although they can detect contours, have limited accuracy in conditions of high object density and sharp changes in brightness. The accuracy (Precision) and F1 Score for traditional methods was low, indicating a significant number of false positives and false negatives. In particular, the Sobel and Scharr methods showed the highest Recall but significantly decreased accuracy. In contrast, the YOLOv6n neural network model demonstrated high results in all primary metrics: Precision – 97.9%, Recall – 94.8%, F1 Score – 96.32%, and maP – 97.6%, which confirms its advantages in providing accurate and reliable vehicle recognition in aerial images. Conclusions. The study has shown that traditional contour extraction methods can serve as auxiliary tools for image preprocessing. Still, they need to provide adequate accuracy for the final stages of vehicle recognition. Neural network approaches, such as YOLOv6n, significantly outperform classical methods by providing high detection speed and accuracy, making them recommended for use in high-precision object recognition tasks in aerial images.

The clinical importance of measuring glycaemic variability: Utilising new metrics to optimise glycaemic control.

With the widespread use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), glycaemic variability (GV) is a glucose metric that has been gaining increasing attention. However, unlike other glucose metrics that are easily defined and have clear targets, GV has a large number of different measures given the complexity involved in assessment. While variabilities in HbA1c, fasting and postprandial glucose have been incorporated under the GV banner, short-term variability in glucose, within day and between days, is more in keeping with the correct definition of GV. This review is focused on short-term GV, as assessed by CGM data, although studies calculating GV from capillary glucose testing are also mentioned as appropriate. The different measures of GV are addressed, and their potential role in microvascular and macrovascular complications, as well as patient-related outcomes, discussed. It should be noted that the independent role of GV in vascular pathology is not always clear, given the inconsistent findings in different populations and the close association between GV and hypoglycaemia, itself an established risk factor for adverse outcomes. Therefore, this review attempts, where possible, to disentangle the contribution of GV to diabetes complications from other glycaemic parameters, particularly hypoglycaemia. Evidence to date strongly suggests an independent role for GV in vascular pathology but future large-scale outcome studies are required to fully understand the exact contribution of this metric to vascular complications. This can be followed by setting appropriate GV measures and targets in different diabetes subgroups, in order to optimise glycaemic management and limit the risk of complications.

USE OF SIM-BOX TYPE EQUIPMENT: CRIMINAL-LEGAL ASPECT

The purpose of the research. The present article deals with the issue of criminal-legal assessment of the activity on the use of separate means of communication - equipment of SIM-box type (SIM-bank). Currently, the use of such equipment is widespread in the realization of the objective side of various crimes, including the so-called “telephone fraud”, as well as knowingly false reports of an act of terrorism. The use of SIM-box type equipment not only allows to “automate” the implementation of the objective side of the crime, through the parallel execution of mass calls, but also makes it difficult to reliably identify the person receiving communication services. Thus, the use of SIM-box type equipment encroaches on an independent object - public relations arising from the provision of normal operation of the public communications network and regulated by the current legislation in the field of communications. Taking into account the difficulty of forming a correct legal definition of such equipment, the author substantiates the expediency of criminal-legal assessment of the activity of making mass telephone calls (mailings) carried out in violation of the current legislation. In view of the above, it is proposed to supplement Chapter 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with a new article 274.3 containing the projected criminal liability. In the process of research, the following methods were used: formal-logical, literal interpretation.