ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive analytical method for detecting and quantifying AB-CHMINACA, and to comprehensively evaluate its pharmacokinetics, metabolic pathways, and acute toxicity in rodent models.MethodologyMale Wistar rats and Swiss albino mice were used for pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and acute toxicity studies. AB-CHMINACA was dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 2%-5%) and diluted in corn oil for oral gavage. Blood and urine samples were collected from rats for pharmacokinetic and metabolite analyses using Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. Mice were monitored for behavioral toxicity and necropsied for histopathological analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using WinNonlin Phoenix 6.0, and metabolites were identified through mass spectrometry.ResultsMethod validation showed excellent linearity (0.5-1000 ng/mL, r2 > .99), with precision (variability 2.3%-7.2%) and accuracy (95%-105%), adhering to FDA guidelines. The method's limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a biphasic elimination (t½ 13.8 h), Vd of 228.75 L, and Cl of 11.4 L/h. Four major Phase I metabolites were identified, with Met 4 (Di-Hydroxy-AB-CHMINACA) being the most abundant in urine at 8-24 h. Acute toxicity in mice showed dose-dependent symptoms, including lethargy, seizures, and mortality at 50 mg/kg.ConclusionThese results enhance the understanding of AB-CHMINACA's pharmacokinetic behavior and metabolic profile, contributing valuable insights to forensic toxicology and highlighting the dose-dependent nature of its acute toxicity.

Nacre-inspired mineral-hydrogel PVDF membrane with superhydrophilicity, antifouling and antimicrobial properties for food oily wastewater treatment.

Development of a CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted fluorescent aptasensor for simultaneous detection of zearalenone and ochratoxin A.

Arthritis is a chronic-inflammatory disorder that impairs joint function and necessitates efficient localised treatment. This research aimed to formulate and optimise leflunomide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for topical delivery. Dynasan 114 and corn oil were used as the solid and liquid lipids, respectively, and NLCs were formulated using high-speed homogenisation and probe sonication. Dual experimental design (1) Plackett–Burman for screening, and (2) Box–Behnken for formulation optimisation were employed. The optimised NLCs showed particle size (125.5 nm), PDI (0.188), zeta potential (−15.5 mV), and entrapment efficiency (92.20 ± 1.28%). FT-IR, DSC, P-XRD, and TEM validated the amorphous dispersion of leflunomide within the lipid matrix and the spherical morphology of the NLCs. The optimised NLCs were integrated into a Carbopol 980 NF (0.75%) gel base, demonstrating appropriate rheological properties such as extrudability (176 g), adhesiveness (−112 g), and pH (6.92). The gel formulation demonstrated prolonged drug release (96% over 24 h) and increased ex-vivo permeation with flux of 0.3632 mg/cm2/hour, hence validating enhanced diffusion through the skin barrier. The in-vivo pharmacodynamic study using a carrageenan-induced paw edoema model exhibited an 89.40% reduction in inflammation, exceeding the efficacy of the marketed leflunomide formulation. These findings suggest that the leflunomide-loaded NLC-based gel offers a promising platform for dermal drug distribution and enhanced anti-inflammatory activity.

Effects of repeated administration of oxandrolone in female wistar rats undergoing strength training.

We aimed to establish a rapid and precise method for identifying and quantifying multi-species vegetable oil (corn oil, olive oil (OLO), soybean oil, and sunflower oil (SUO)) adulterations in camellia oil (CAO), using soft ionization by chemical reaction in transfer–high-resolution mass spectrometry (SICRIT-HRMS) and machine learning methods. The results showed that SICRIT-HRMS could effectively characterize the volatile profiles of pure and adulterated CAO samples, including binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary adulteration systems. The low m/z region (especially 100–300) exhibited importance to oil classification in multiple feature-selection methods. For qualitative detection, binary classification models based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), Random Forest (RF), and gradient boosting trees (GBT) algorithms showed high accuracies (98.70–100.00%) for identifying CAO adulteration under no dimensionality reduction (NON), principal component analysis (PCA), and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) strategies. The RF algorithm exhibited relatively high accuracy (96.25–99.45%) in multiclass classification. Moreover, the five models, including CNN, RF, support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (LR), and GBT, exhibited different performances in distinguishing pure and adulterated CAO. Among 1093 blind oil samples, under NON, PCA, and UMAP: 10, 5, and 67 samples were misclassified by CNN model; 6, 7, and 41 samples were misclassified by RF model; 8, 9, and 82 samples were misclassified by SVM model; 17, 18, and 78 samples were misclassified by LR model; 7, 9, and 43 samples were misclassified by GBT model. For quantitative prediction, the PCA-CNN model performed optimally in predicting adulteration levels in CAO, especially with respect to OLO and SUO, exhibiting a high coefficient of determination for calibration (RC2, 0.9664–0.9974) and coefficient of determination for prediction (Rp2, 0.9599–0.9963) values, low root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC, 0.9–5.3%) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP, 1.1–5.8%) values, and RPD (5.0–16.3) values greater than 3.0. These results indicate that SICRIT-HRMS combined with machine learning can rapidly and accurately identify and quantify multi-species vegetable oil adulterations in CAO, which provides a reference for developing non-targeted and high-throughput detection methods in edible oil authenticity.

Construction and characterization of 3D printable whey isolate protein-carrageenan emulsion gels incorporating different vegetable oils.

A method utilizing quaternion principal component analysis (QPCA) for three-dimensional fluorescence spectral (3D FS) feature extraction is employed to identify frying oil in edible oil. Particle swarm optimization partial least squares support vector machine (PSO-LSSVR) is utilized for detecting frying oil concentration. The study includes rapeseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, blending oil, and corn oil samples. Adulteration involves adding frying oil to these edible oils at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%. Firstly, the F7000 fluorescence spectrometer is employed to measure the 3D FS of the adulterated edible oil samples, resulting in the generation of contour maps and 3D FS projections. The excitation wavelengths utilized in these measurements are 360 nm, 380 nm, and 400 nm, while the emission wavelengths span from 220 nm to 900 nm. Secondly, leveraging the automatic peak-finding function of the spectrometer, a quaternion parallel representation model of the 3D FS data for frying oil in edible oil is established using the emission spectra data corresponding to the aforementioned excitation wavelengths. Subsequently, in conjunction with the K-nearest neighbor classification (KNN), three feature extraction methods—summation, modulus, and multiplication quaternion feature extraction—are compared to identify the optimal approach. Thirdly, the extracted features are input into KNN, particle swarm optimization support vector machine (PSO-SVM), and genetic algorithm support vector machine (GA-SVM) classifiers to ascertain the most effective discriminant model for adulterated edible oil. Ultimately, a quantitative model for adulterated edible oil is developed based on partial least squares regression, PSO-SVR and PSO-LSSVR. The results indicate that the classification accuracy of QPCA features combined with PSO-SVM achieved 100%. Furthermore, the PSO-LSSVR quantitative model exhibited the best performance.

Purpose This study aims to present the preparation of esteramide (CEA) resin, from natural products: corn oil (CO) and gallic acid (GA), for application as protective coatings. Design/methodology/approach CO was transformed into fatty N, N’ bis-2-hydroxyethyl corn amide (HECA) by base-catalyzed amidation reaction. HECA then underwent esterification reaction with GA, forming CEA, through a solvent-less method. The structures of HECA and CEA were confirmed by fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance. Molecular docking study, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and antibacterial studies were also carried out. Physico-mechanical performance of coatings was evaluated by standard methods. Findings HECA and CEA showed good binding affinity against the target proteins sortase A (PDB ID: 1t2w) in G+ve bacteria and N-acyl homoserine lactone hydrolase (PDB: 3dhb) in G−ve bacteria. CEA resin showed good antibacterial behavior against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. CEA was formulated into a coating material that exhibited good scratch hardness (2.5 kg), impact resistance (100 lb) and bending ability (1 / 8 inch). The bacterial zone of inhibition exhibited by CEA coatings was 16 mm for S. aureus and 13 mm for E. coli. Originality/value Coatings were found to be scratch- and impact-resistant as well as flexibility-retentive. CEA coatings were found suitable for hospital environment. TGA results indicated that these coatings can be safely used upto 200°C.

BackgroundLiver fibrosis is a dynamic and potentially reversible process until irreversible structural changes occur. This study evaluated the curative effect of crocin on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats and explored the underlying mechanisms.MethodsThirty male rats were allocated into three groups: a control group treated subcutaneously (SC) with corn oil for 8 weeks followed by intraperitoneal (IP) saline for 2 weeks; a spontaneous recovery group (CCl₄-SC for 8 weeks followed by saline IP for 2 weeks); and a crocin recovery group (CCl₄-SC for 8 weeks followed by crocin 100 mg/kg/day IP for 2 weeks). Liver function tests, fibrosis biomarkers, collagen deposition, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress indices, and the gene expression of collagen I and α-SMA were assessed using ELISA, spectrophotometry, or qRT-PCR.ResultsCrocin significantly improved liver function and reduced fibrosis markers (hyaluronic acid, laminin, PCIII, hydroxyproline, TGF-β, TIMP-1). Furthermore, it downregulated collagen I and α-SMA expression and suppressed NF-κB mediated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, NO). It also enhanced antioxidant defenses (GSH, SOD, catalase, GSH-Px) compared with the spontaneous recovery group.ConclusionCrocin exerts a promising curative effect against CCl₄-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats by suppressing NF-κB driven inflammation and profibrogenic mediators, thereby limiting collagen deposition.

ABSTRACT This work reports the sustainable synthesis of free‐standing organic–inorganic hybrid polyurethane nanocomposite films (COIHPU@GO) derived from corn oil diol fatty amide and reinforced with graphene oxide (GO). The study aims to replace petroleum‐based polymers with environmentally friendly materials for antimicrobial packaging, biomedical scaffolds, and protective coatings. The novelty lies in the first utilization of corn oil–based diol fatty amide (soft segment) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (hard segment) and tetraethoxy orthosilicate for the fabrication of GO‐dispersed hybrid polyurethane films. The films were synthesized via a one‐pot process and characterized by FTIR, XPS, XRD, SEM, TEM, and BET analyses. GO incorporation significantly enhanced tensile strength (from ~25 to ~40 MPa), thermal stability ( T g : 55°C → 72°C), and hydrophobicity (contact angle: 73° → 90°), while providing vigorous antibacterial and antifungal activity. These renewable hybrid films exhibit improved mechanical, thermal, and biological properties, offering societal benefits by reducing environmental impact and supporting sustainable material innovation.

Pickering emulsions constructed from food-borne emulsifiers have garnered significant attention in food science yet typically rely on refined biomacromolecules. Curcumin-loaded Pickering emulsions stabilized by whole-component Ulva lactuca slurry (ULS) were developed for laser-assisted food 3D printing in this study. The particle size, rheological behavior, and stability of ULS (17.5%)-stabilized emulsions were characterized. Emulsions with 40% corn oil showed optimal performance: droplet size concentrated at 20-32 μm and storage modulus (G') exceeded loss modulus (G″) across 0.1-10 Hz. ULS-stabilized emulsions significantly enhanced curcumin retention during storage, UV exposure, and 90 °C heating. Simulated digestion revealed that the bioaccessibility of curcumin with 40% oil-stabilized emulsion was 51.23%, compared to only 30.24% for free curcumin. Laser-assisted 3D printing of 40% oil emulsions enabled precise shape fidelity, with laser-induced cross-linking enhancing thixotropic recovery to 80.58%. This approach eliminated purification steps, maximized algal resource utilization, and demonstrated sustainable potential for functional food fabrication.

Calycosin ameliorates high-altitude pulmonary edema by regulating macrophage polarization through the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway: a comprehensive analysis of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation.

ABSTRACT Sporotrichosis, a neglected tropical disease, is an emerging implantation mycosis considered a global public health concern attributed to thermodimorphic fungus of the genus Sporothrix. An important step in controlling sporotrichosis is the implementation of suitable treatments. However, resistance to first-line antifungal therapies represents a growing challenge for sporotrichosis management, reinforcing the need for alternative and effective treatments, such as farnesol. Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol considered a potential compound due to its antifungal activity in vitro and anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects noted in vivo. However, farnesol in-vivo antifungal activity against S. brasiliensis remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine whether farnesol exerts antifungal action in rats inoculated with S. brasiliensis, and whether this compound provides protection to hepatic. Farnesol (100 mg/kg daily for 21 days) did not significantly reduce hepatic and renal fungal burden compared to infected rats and those treated with corn oil. Farnesol treatment diminished elevation of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophil counts compared to infected and corn oil-treated rats. In infected rats, farnesol reduced increase in activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and levels of creatinine, and urea. Further, farnesol also restored hematological indices related to white blood parameters. Farnesol also improved biomarkers of hepatic and renal functions. Therapeutic use of farnesol may be considered an interesting approach to improve hematological and hepatic consequences during disseminated sporotrichosis.

Rapid and non-destructive detection of benzo[a]pyrene in edible oils using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis.

Background: Daunorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic widely used in chemotherapy, is limited due to its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) provide cardioprotective benefits through reducing oxidative damage, suppressing inflammatory markers and enhancing antioxidant defenses. TND1128, a novel 5-deazaflavin derivative with mitochondrial-targeted redox activity, has been studied in hepatic and neuronal oxidative stress models, but its cardioprotective potential remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Omega-3 and TND1128 in preventing daunorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomized into six groups: Group Ӏ received corn oil; Group ӀӀ received daunorubicin (12 mg/kg i.p., last 3 days; cumulative dose 36 mg/kg); Group III received omega-3 (600 mg/kg/day, orally, 14 days); Group ӀV received omega-3 (600 mg/kg/day, by oral gavage,14 days)+daunorubicin (12 mg/kg i.p., last 3 days); Group V received TND1128 (10 mg/kg/day, by oral gavage, 14 days), and group VI received TND1128 (10 mg/kg/day, by oral gavage,14 days)+daunorubicin (12 mg/kg i.p., last 3 days). Cardiac injury indicators, oxidative stress markers, inflammation mediators, apoptotic signaling components (caspase-3), and histopathological analysis were assessed. Results: Both interventions significantly attenuated daunorubicin-induced biochemical, molecular, and histological alterations (P<0.01). TND1128 showed greater efficacy in reducing apoptosis and inflammation compared to omega-3 fatty acids, highlighting its potential as an adjunct therapy in anthracycline-based regimens. Conclusion: Omega-3 fatty acids and TND1128 significantly protected against daunorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by improving oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and myocardial integrity. TND1128 provided superior protection, supporting its potential as an adjunct therapeutic strategy in anthracycline chemotherapies.

Tunable alkaline-modified microcrystalline cellulose for deacidification of corn oil.

Evaluation of 13-week repeated-dose oral toxicity of zirconium(IV) butoxide in Crl:CD(SD) rats.

Toxicity of anticoagulant rodenticides to Pacific salmon: Assessing lethal and sublethal effects.

Multivariate calibration models for ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analysis of olive oil adulterated with corn, sunflower, and palm oils