Cordyline Fruticosa Research Articles

Chemical Compounds From The Antibacterial Active Fraction Of Cordyline fruticosa (L)

Cordyline fruticosa (L) known as dehuang, belongs to the family Agavaceae. The chemical constituents of this plant includes steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and saponins. The secondary metabolites of the genus Cordyline have various biological activities, one of which is antibacterial. The antibacterial compounds can be applied to many fields such as food, drinks, and medicines. The stem of C. fruticosa was extracted by maceration in a gradient solvent namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each fraction was evaporated using a rotary evaporator and their antibacterial activity was determined using the Kirby Bauer method against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi as Gram negative, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis as Gram positive. The chemical compounds were isolated from antibacterial active fractions by chromatographic techniques and their chemical structures were identified by spectroscopic methods. Two compounds were obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction as a steroid and triterpenoid.

Cordyline fruticosa(L.) A. Chev. leaves: isolation, HPLC/MS profiling and evaluation of nephroprotective and hepatoprotective activities supported by molecular docking

The metabolites profile ofC. fruticosa(L.) A. Chev. leaves, 12 isolates, and its nephroprotective and hepatoprotective activities are described.

EFFECTS OF PALM KERNEL BIOCHAR AND FOOD WASTE COMPOST ON THE GROWTH OF PALM LILY (CORDYLINE FRUTICOSA), COLEUS (COLEUS SP.), AND BOAT LILY (RHOEO DISCOLOR)

In recent years, soil amendments have been widely used in agriculture to improve the soil quality, plant production and quality, and reduce the fertilizer usage. Thus, current study was carried out to investigate the effects of palm kernel biochar and food waste compost on soil properties, plant growth performance and physiological responses of Cordyline fruticosa, Coleus sp., and Rhoeo discolor. These plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight treatments; control (T1), fertilizer (T2), food waste compost (T3), compost + < 20% of fertilizers (T4), biochar (T5), biochar + < 20% of fertilizers (T6), biochar + compost (T7), biochar + compost + < 20% of fertilizers (T8), with four replicates. The application of food waste compost and biochar in Coleus sp. showed the best performance concerning plant growth including the plant height (65.75 cm), the number of leaves (59), chlorophyll contents (29.70 µmol/m2), photosynthetic rate (23.53 µmol CO2 s-1), stomatal conductance (0.009 mmol m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (0.269 mmol m-2 s-1), water use efficiency (WUE) (88) and total biomass (62.50 g). It can be concluded that the addition of compost and biochar as a soil amendment can improve soil fertility and plant growth performance. © 2021, ALOKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary.

Hubungan Pemberian Ekstrak Cordyline fruticosa L.A Cheval Terhadap Penurunan Kolesterol Tikus Putih

ABSTRACT&#x0D; This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of cordyline fruticose leaves in reducing total cholesterol levels of male white rats. This study used 30 male white rats which were divided into 6 treatment groups, each groups consistent of 5 test animals. Group I was normal control, group II was negative control (High cholesterol died and streptozotocin 30 mg/kgBW, group III was positive control (Simvastatin suspension), group IV, V, VI were each given an ethanol extract of cordyline fruticose leaves at a dose of 100 mg/kgBW, 150 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW for 14 consecutive days. Measurements of analyzed using a one-way statistical test (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level and continued with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test to analyze differences between the groups. The result showed that the ethanol extract of cordyline fruticose leaves at a dose 200 mg/kgBW was able to reduce total cholesterol levels in white rats with cholesterol level of 39 mg/dL.&#x0D; Keywords: High fat feed, Cordyline fruticosa, Cholesterol.

CYTOTOXICITY OF FIVE PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST DIFFERENT HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES AND THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISM

Objective: Five methanol plant extracts namely, Euphorbia hierosolymitana, Dracaena marginata, Cordyline terminalis, and Sapium sebifera were screened in vitro for their cytotoxic effect on human tumor cell lines; namely, PC-3, HepG-2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 (prostate, liver, colon, and breast cancer) and human normal cell lines, namely, BJ-1.&#x0D; Methods: E. hierosolymitana (extract A) selectively inhibited HCT-116 cell proliferation with IC50 of 4.22 μg/ml, both Dracaena marginata (extract B) (bark, leaves, and branches) showed moderate cytotoxicity on MCF-7 with IC50 of 22.4 and 48.2 μg/ml, respectively. The remaining two extracts showed minimal to insignificant percentage inhibition on all cell lines.&#x0D; Results: E. hierosolymitana extract was selected for further studying, where the effect of the extract on the HCT116 cells showed a downregulation of her2 and Bcl-2 gene and overexpression of the Bax gene. Flow cytometry analysis was also performed to understand the effect of E. hierosolymitana on the apoptosis induction and the cell cycle. The results showed the induction of early and late apoptosis by 5.81 and 10.01%, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our results infer that E. hierosolymitana has a promising chance in fighting colorectal cancer due to its high cytotoxic effects on HCT116 cancer cells while having minimal effects on the BJ-1 normal cell lines.

Produção de mudas de dracena vermelha (Cordyline terminalis) em substrato de caule decomposto e babaçu

Ao longo da história, a produção de plantas ornamentais tem se transformado em uma forma altamente especializada e intensiva de agricultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliação o uso do caule decomposto de babaçu (CDB) na produção de mudas de dracena vermelha ( Cordyline terminalis ) por propagação vegetativa. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com controle de luminosidade de 70% de outubro a dezembro de 2018, no Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais da Universidade Federal do Maranhão.). Seis formulações de substratos: S0: 100% solo; S20: 20% de CDB + 80% de solo; S40: 40% de CDB + 60% de solo; S60: 60% de CDB + 40% de solo; S80: 80% de CDB + 20% de solo;S100: 100% de CDB, foram distribuidas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições, totalizando 24 unidades experimentais. Histórias-se a das estacas (PS,%); o número de brotos (NB) e folhas (NF); área foliar (AF, cm²); diâmetro do maior broto (DMB, cm); comprimento radicular (CR, cm); volume de raiz (VR, cm³); massa seca de parte aérea (MSPA, g) e da raiz (MSR, g) pela ANOVA em comparação com as médias pelo teste Tukey a 5% de significância. Teve efeito significativo para PS, MSR e AF. O caule decomposto de babaçu pode ser usado como substrato na propagação vegetativa de dracena vermelha, sendo recomendada uma proporção 60/40 CDB / solo.

Optimization of Dye Extraction from Purple Cabbage and Cordyline Fruticosa in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell

Increasing populations of about 29.24 million people in Malaysia along with rapid improvement and development results in increasing of the energy usage demands [1]. It is estimated that primary sources of energy consumption in the world is 86.4 % from fossil fuels which consists of 36.0 % from petroleum, 27.4 % from coal, 23.0 % from natural gas [2]. However, fossil fuels energy sources are non-renewable and also contribute to pollution. In order to fulfill the needs of energy used, solar light is expected to become a leading next-generation for clean and sustainable energy resources. The main interest of solar energy over other energy sources is that sunlight can be directly harvested into solar energy with the use of small and tiny photovoltaic (PV) solar cells [3].

Anthocyanin Profile and Antioxidant Property of Anti-asthma Flowers of Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth (Agavaceae)

Cordyline terminalis flower is traditionally used to treat asthma and the purple color of the flower is suggestive of anthocyanins. The purpose of this study was to characterize and determine the antioxidant property of anthocyanins from C. terminalis purple flowers. Five anthocyanins, cyanidin 3,5-di- O-β-glucopyranoside (2.6 ± 0.2 mg/g fr. wt) (1), peonidin 3,5-di- O-β-glucopyranoside (2.8 ± 0.3 mg/g fr. wt) (2), cyanidin 3- O-β-(6″- O- E- p-caffeoylglucopyranoside)-5- O-β-glucopyranoside (3.2 ± 0.2 mg/g fr. wt) (3), cyanidin 3- O-β-(6″- O- E- p-coumaroylglucopyranoside)-5- O-β-glucopyranoside (6.2 ± 0.4 mg/g fr. wt) (4), and peonidin 3- O-β-(6″- O- E- p-coumaroylglucopyranoside)-5- O-β-glucopyranoside (9.8 ± 0.2 mg/g fr. wt) (5), were isolated from the flowers of C. terminalis by a combination of chromatographic techniques. Their structures were established by UV-visible, NMR, and ESI-MS. The extract exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity (IC50 ± SD = 13.1 ± 0.8 μg/mL) against quercetin (IC50 ± SD = 4.5 ± 0.4 μg/mL) compared to the individual anthocyanins (IC50 ± SD = 13.8 ± 0.5 to 16.4 ± 0.7 μg/mL) when measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl method. Cordyline terminalis flowers extract may be justified for use and standardization as herbal remedy for asthma.

Phytoremediation Potential of Cordyline Fruticosa for Lead Contaminated Soil

Phytoremediation is a practical, environmentally-friendly, low-cost technological solution used to clean various types of pollution, including metals, pesticide residues, and oils from contaminated soil and water. In this study, Cordyline fruticosa was planted in the lead-contaminated soil. Each pot was given 250 mg/kg and 375 mg/kg of lead. The parameters observed included biomass (mg), lead content in the root, stem, and leaf, bioaccumulation factor, translocation factor, metal tolerance index, and amount of metal extraction, which were analyzed after 30, 60, and 90 days. The results revealed that root, stem and leaf biomass (g) were significantly different from control (T0). The lead contents were root&lt;stem &lt;leaf, while the translocation factor value was more than one, except for lead exposure 375 mg/kg (T2) in the second month and 250 mg/kg lead (T1) in the third month. The bioaccumulation factor for all treatments was less than one, and the metal tolerance index ranged from 90.87% - 93.07%. Besides, the amount of root metal extraction was smaller than the shoot. In sum, C. fruticosa is potential phytoremediation.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Taxonomy and phylogeny of &lt;em&gt;Leptosillia cordylinea &lt;/em&gt;sp. nov. from China&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

A survey of monocotyledon plant-inhabiting fungi in Guangdong Province, China, revealed a leptosillia-like taxon from living leaves of Cordyline fruticosa in the Shenzhen University garden. Phylogenetic relationships were investigated based on morphology and combined analysis of the ITS, LSU, RPB2, β-tubulin and tef 1–α gene sequence data. Based on ecological, morphological and phylogenetic data, we introduce Leptosillia cordylinea sp. nov. with a description and illustrations. The morphology of other Leptosillia species is reviewed and a taxonomic key is provided.

The Physiological Parameters of Three Cordyline terminalis Cultivars as Influenced by Substrate and Deficit Irrigation

The effect of different substrates and deficit-irrigation intervals were explored on the physiological parameters of 3 Cordyline terminalis cultivars in a factorial experiment with 3 factors including 4 substrates, 3 irrigation intervals (2, 7, and 10 days) and 3 cultivars (green, red, and tricolor) in 3 replications. The results showed that plants had the highest growth under the irrigation interval of 2 days and the lowest growth under the irrigation interval of 10 days. The highest growth was obtained from plants grown in garden soil, and among cultivars, “tricolor” exhibited the highest growth, plant height, and leaf number. The interaction between substrate and irrigation interval revealed that plants grown in garden soil and irrigated every other day produced the highest chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Trilateral effects of “substrate × irrigation interval × cultivar” indicated that the highest catalase activity was related to “garden soil + perlite × irrigation interval of 10 days × Green.”

Seasonal performance of stormwater biofiltration system under tropical conditions

Urbanization rates are increasing in developing countries such as Malaysia. In the tropics, flooding is a major concern, due to high rainfall intensities. In addition to flooding, pollution caused by contaminants contained in urban runoff are also of concern. Biofiltration system as one of the technologies in on-site stormwater treatment, has gained its popularity as part of Water Sensitive Urban Design measures. To date however, studies on tropical biofiltration system are limited in number and scope. This study aims to assess the effect of wetting and drying on performance, since such systems are constantly subject to wetting and drying cycles. In this study, a set of sand-based filter columns were prepared with three different native plant species including Cordyline fruticosa (CF), Graptophyllum pictum (GP), and Cyperus alternifolius (CA). Ten wetting and drying regimes were conducted including 5 wet weather simulations (0, 0, 1, 2, 3 dry days) followed by 5 dry weather simulations (5, 7, 10, 14, 21 dry days). To aid the plants survivability during the dry period, submerged zone was installed in all columns, simulating groundwater table. The results showed that all three plants could survive throughout both wet and dry periods with minimum stress. The overall treatment performance of all column types was satisfactory as the heavy metal concentration reduction was 90% and above while total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) reduction was up to 94%. Although total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) reduction was not as high as TDP (up to 58% reduction), the effluent TDN concentration still met the required receiving water quality standard. Overall, effluent concentration from CF, GP, and CA columns satisfied the requirement of class IIB recreational water standard in Malaysia. It was also concluded that plant CA comparatively performed better than the others in terms of both survivability and pollutants removal aspects.

Antibacterial activity of Cordyline fruticosa leaf extracts and its endophytic fungi extracts

Abstract. Elfita, Mardiyanto, Fitrya, Larasati JE, Julinar, Widjajanti H, Muharni. 2019. Antibacterial activity of Cordyline fruticosa leaf extracts and its endophytic fungi extracts. Biodiversitas 20: 3804-3812. Endophytic fungi live by forming colonies in plant tissues without harming the host plant. Cordyline fruticose has been used as traditional medicine for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections; therefore, its endophytic fungi are expected to have similar activity. In this study, C. fruticosa leaves were extracted with gradient solvents and evaluated for their antibacterial activity using the Kirby–Bauer method against Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) bacteria. The extracts of endophytic fungi from C. fruticosa leaves were evaluated for their antibacterial activity, as well. The endophytic fungus with good antibacterial activity was identified by molecular and phylogenetic methods. Chemical compounds from endophytic fungus DB1 were isolated by chromatography and subsequently determined by spectroscopy. The methanol extract of C. fruticosa leaves showed strong antibacterial activity equivalent to the endophytic fungus (DB1). Molecular identification and analysis through the phylogenetic tree showed that the DB1 fungus has a high level of similarity to Neurospora tetrasperma strain APBSDSF108. The antibacterial compounds (compound 1 and 2) isolated from the endophytic fungus DB1 were identified as 4-hydroxy-5-phenylpenta-1,3-dien-1-yl acetate and ergosterol, respectively.

One‐pot green synthesis of Cu/bone nanocomposite and its catalytic activity in the synthesis of 1‐substituted 1H‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazoles and reduction of hazardous pollutants

In this work, a simple and green method is reported for the biosynthesis of Cu/bone nanocomposite using Cordyline fruticosa extract as a stabilizer and reductant. Animal bone was used as a natural support to prevent the accumulation of Cu nanoparticles. The catalytic activity of Cu/bone nanocomposite was assessed in the synthesis of 1‐substituted 1H‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazoles and reduction of various organic dyes, including 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP), nigrosin (NS), congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB). The best catalytic performance in the synthesis of 1‐substituted tetrazoles was achieved using 0.05 g of Cu/bone nanocomposite at 120°C. In addition, under optimal conditions, the absorption bands corresponding to 4‐NP, CR, NS and MB completely disappeared after about 6 min, 3 min, 50 s and 7 s, respectively. The biosynthesis protocol used in the preparation of Cu/bone nanocomposite offers a very attractive area for further research.

Characterization of Ti Ringspot-Associated Virus, a Novel Emaravirus Associated with an Emerging Ringspot Disease of Cordyline fruticosa.

Ti ringspot is an emerging foliar disease of the ti plant (Cordyline fruticosa) in Hawaii that is quickly spreading throughout the islands. Symptoms include small chlorotic ringspots on leaves that often coalesce to form larger lesions. Although several virus species have been discovered in symptomatic plants, none have been associated with these symptoms. Here, we report and characterize a novel virus closely associated with ti ringspot symptoms in Hawaii. The presence of double membrane bodies approximately 85 nm in diameter in symptomatic cells and sequence analyses of five genomic RNA segments obtained by high-throughput sequencing indicate that this virus is most closely related to members of the plant virus genus Emaravirus. Phylogenetic and sequence homology analyses place this virus on a distinct clade within the Emaravirus genus along with High Plains wheat mosaic emaravirus, blue palo verde broom virus, and Raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus. Sequence identity values with taxonomically relevant proteins indicate that this represents a new virus species, which we are tentatively naming ti ringspot-associated virus (TiRSaV). TiRSaV-specific reverse transcription PCR assays detected the virus in several experimental herbaceous host species following mechanical inoculation. TiRSaV was also detected in eriophyid mites collected from symptomatic ti plants, which may represent a putative arthropod vector of the virus.

Sustainable Irrigation Management of Ornamental Cordyline Fruticosa “Red Edge” Plants with Saline Water

The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of the salinity of the nutrient solution on the transpiration and growth of Cordyline fruticosa var. “Red Edge” plants. A specific irrigation management model was calibrated with the experimental data. An experiment was performed with four treatments. These treatments consisted of the application of four nutrient solutions with different electrical conductivity (ECw) levels ranging from 1.5 dS m−1 (control treatment) to 4.5 dS m−1. The results showed that day-time transpiration decreases when salt concentration in the nutrient solution increases. The transpiration of the plant in the control treatment was modelled by applying a combination method while the effect of the salinity of the nutrient solution was modelled by deriving a saline stress coefficient from the experimental data. The results showed that significant reductions in plant transpiration were observed for increasing values of ECw. The crop development and yield were also affected by the increasing salinity of the nutrient solution. A relationship between the ECw and the relative crop yield was derived.

Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Content of Silage Juice from Tropical Herbal Leaves

The objective of the present study was to evaluate silage juice from tropical herbal leaves from Indonesia, namely Cordyline terminalis, Polyscias scutellaria, Cosmos caudatus, Hibiscus tileaceus, Syzygium aqueum and Swietenia mahagoni against pathogenic bacteria based on phytochemical content and lactic acid bacteria. This study consisted of two phases, the first phase was to explore 6 tropical herbal leavesin combination with maizecrop in making silage juice, whereas the second phase was the evaluation of 2 types of selected silage juices with different harvesting times. Parameters measured were consisted of lactic acid bacteria population, phytochemical screening qualitatively, tannin, phenolic, flavonoid contents and its ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Eschericia coli and Salmonella thypimurium. Data were analyzed by description test with table as the result. Results showed that from 6 silage juice from tropical herbal leaves, it was taken 2 best leaves based on phytochemical content and total lactic acid bacteria, those were Cordyline terminalis and Polyscias scutellaria. Result of second phase research showed Cordyline terminalis had better phytochemical content than Polyscias scutellaria so its ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria was bigger. It is concluded that Cordyline terminalis and Polyscias scutellaria were the best combination of silage juice due to their ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria.

ISOLATION OF FLAVONOID FROM ANDONG LEAVES (Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.) AND ITS ACTIVITY AS COMPLEXOR OF Fe2+

Flavonoid is one of the phenolic compounds that can complex metals. One of the native plants of Indonesia which has the potential as a metal complexor is the andong plant (Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev). The isolation process to obtain pure compound are extraction, fractionation, and separation by chromatography. Chromatography method using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), gravity column chromatography (GCC) and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). This research obtained relatively pure isolate F2.8. The IR (KBr) data on wave numbers of isolate F2.8 were 3430; 2925-2855; 1749; 1609-1512; 1171 and 1100 cm-1.The result of the spectrum 1H-NMR showed flavonoid compound has similar typical spectrum of apigenin compound which showed chemical shift (δH ppm) : 6.85 (1H, s, H-3); 6.29 (1H, s H-6); 6.57 (1H, H-8); 7.03 (2H, d, J = 11.96 Hz, H-3’, H-5’); 8.03 (2H, d, J = 11.72 Hz, H-2’, H-6’). The UV-Vis (CH3OH) spectrum data of isolate F2.8 after the addition of Fe2+ showed a shift at λmax towards a greater direction with a batochromic shift which was caused a decrease in absorbance after the addition of iron (Fe2+) 20 ppm namely: 290 nm; 305 nm with respectively absorbances of 1.62 A; 0.42 A. Based on these data, isolate F2.8 is apigenin which is capable of complexing Fe2+.

IDENTIFIKASI TANAMAN HANJUANG (CORDYLINE FRUTICOSA) DI KEBUN RAYA BOGOR SEBAGAI TANAMAN LANSKAP BERDASARKAN MORFOLOGI DAN ANATOMINYA

Hanjuang (Cordyline fruticosa) is perennial plant which has function as protective plant and barrier in rice fields or fields. The research purpose was to determine Hanjuang (Cordyline fruticosa) plant based on morphology and anatomy. The research method used was descriptive qualitative. Samples were taken at Bogor Botanical Gardens. The anatomy Observed under microscope light with magnification 100-400 times. The research resulted that leaves morphology showed pointed apical and base, arrangement pinnate bones, flesh like paper, lanceolate shape, smooth surface, choppy edges, bright purple when exposed to sunlight and purple when is not, and type leaf sheath. Moreover, leaves, stems, and roots have support tissue in form of colenchyma. The anatomy of stem and root showed transport tissue but xylem observed larger than its phloem. Root showed radially shape. Leaves has an actinositic stomata and content ergastic in the form of needle crystals. Leaves could be seen purple in water and changes when to yellow and green after some drops of basic solutions. It showed that Hanjuang (Cordyline fruticosa) leaves contain anthocyanin but no carotenoid.

Anti-diarrheal activity and brine shrimp lethality bioassay of methanolic extract of Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. leaves

BackgroundCordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. (Asparagaceae) is a plant which is traditionally used for the treatment of cough, bloody cough, diarrhea, dysentery, high fever, difficulties in urine, bloody urine, small pox, madness, skin eruptions, joint pains, rheumatic bone pains, sore throat, neck pain, bleeding hemorrhoids and inflammation in the digestive tract. Therefore, the present work aims to investigate the antidiarrheal and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extract of Cordyline fruticosa leaves in mice and brine shrimp, respectively.MethodsThe effects of the methanol extract of Cordyline fruticosa leaves (MCFL) on castor oil-induced diarrhea, magnesium sulphate induced diarrhea and charcoal meal test in mice were investigated. In addition, brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was used to evaluate cytotoxic activity of MCFL.ResultsIn castor oil induced diarrheal test, MCFL at the dose of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight significantly (∗P< 0.05, versus control) and dose-dependently reduced the frequency of diarrhea. The frequency of magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea was significantly reduced by MCFL at the dose of with 800 mg/kg. In the charcoal meal test, the extract at the dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight significantly (∗P< 0.05) reduced the distance travelled by charcoal along the intestinal tract when compare with control. However, in brine shrimp lethality test after 24 h, surviving brine shrimp nauplii were counted and LC50 was assessed. The extract exhibited considerable toxicity towards brine shrimp with LC50 value of 355.7 μg/mL,with respect to standard vincristine sulfate (having LC50 of 3.8 μg/mL).ConclusionThe results of present investigation suggest that methanolic extract of Cordyline fruticosa leaves possesses antidiarrheal and cytotoxic activities, confirming the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of diarrhea.