Copy-move Image Research Articles

A survey on copy-move image forgery detection based on deep-learning techniques

A survey on copy-move image forgery detection based on deep-learning techniques

The Optimal Model for Copy-Move Forgery Detection in Medical Images.

Digital devices can easily forge medical images. Copy-move forgery detection (CMFD) in medical image has led to abuses in areas where access to advanced medical devices is unavailable. Forgery of the copy-move image directly affects the doctor's decision. The method discussed here is an optimal method for detecting medical image forgery. The proposed method is based on an evolutionary algorithm that can detect fake blocks well. In the first stage, the image is taken to the signal level with the help of a discrete cosine transform (DCT). It is then ready for segmentation by applying discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The low-low band of DWT, which has the most image properties, is divided into blocks. Each block is searched using the equilibrium optimization algorithm. The blocks are most likely to be selected, and the final image is generated. The proposed method was evaluated based on three criteria of precision, recall, and F1 and obtained 90.07%, 92.34%, and 91.56%, respectively. It is superior to the methods studied on medical images. It concluded that our method for CMFD in the medical images was more accurate.

CFDMI-SEC: An optimal model for copy-move forgery detection of medical image using SIFT, EOM and CHM.

Image forgery is one of the issues that can create challenges for law enforcement. Digital devices can easily Copy-move images, forging medical photos. In the insurance industry, forensics, and sports, image forgery has become very common and has created problems. Copy-Move Forgery in Medical Images (CMFMI) has led to abuses in areas where access to advanced medical devices is unavailable. The proposed model (SEC) is a three-part model based on an evolutionary algorithm that can detect fake blocks well. In the first part, suspicious points are discovered with the help of the SIFT algorithm. In the second part, suspicious blocks are found using the equilibrium optimization algorithm. Finally, color histogram Matching (CHM) matches questionable points and blocks. The proposed method (SEC) was evaluated based on accuracy, recall, and F1 criteria, and 100, 97.00, and 98.47% were obtained for the fake medical images, respectively. Experimental results show robustness against different transformation and post-processing operations on medical images.

Convolutional block attention based network for copy-move image forgery detection

Convolutional block attention based network for copy-move image forgery detection

An approach for copy-move image multiple forgery detection based on an optimized pre-trained deep learning model

Owing to the rapid increase in the availability of editing tools and image capturing, the amount of fake images available online has increased tremendously. Moreover, social media and other networks have become the foremost channel, which is designed for transmitting manipulated images, propagating rumours, spreading fake news, and so on. Thus, developing effective techniques for detecting such forgeries have become highly essential. One of the most widespread kinds of forgery is Copy Move Forgery (CMF), which alters the image by using the patches inside the image. Though deep learning-based techniques offer superior performance, they suffer from generalization issues. Therefore, a transfer learning-based method for identifying CMF utilizing a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (Deep CNN) is proposed to overcome the issue. Deep CNN is trained with the parameters of the pre-trained GoogLeNet, and is employed for detecting multiple forgeries. Furthermore, a novel optimization algorithm, Fractional Leader Harris Hawks Optimization (FLHHO), is created to modify the weights and bias of the Deep CNN. Further, the presented technique is evaluated for its effectiveness on the basis of the parameters like testing accuracy of 0.930, True Negative Rate (TNR) of 0.938, and True Positive Rate (TPR) of 0.941.

A fast copy-move image forgery detection approach on a reduced search space

A fast copy-move image forgery detection approach on a reduced search space

Toward Deep-Learning-Based Methods in Image Forgery Detection: A Survey

In the last decades, deep learning (DL) has emerged as a powerful and dominant technique for solving challenging problems in various fields. Likewise, in the field of digital image forensics, a large and growing body of literature investigates DL-based techniques for detecting and classifying tampered regions in images. This article aims to provides a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art DL-based methods for image-forgery detection. Copy-move images and spliced images, two of the most popular types of forged images, were considered. Recently, owing to advances in DL, DL-based approaches have yielded much better results as compared to traditional non-DL-based ones. The surveyed techniques were proposed by developing or fusing various efficient DL methods, such as CNN, RCNN, or LSTM to adapt to detecting tampered traces.

Retracted: Design of Automated Deep Learning-Based Fusion Model for Copy-Move Image Forgery Detection.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/8501738.].

QDL-CMFD: A Quality-independent and deep Learning-based Copy-Move image forgery detection method

One of the prevalent methods of image forgery is copy-move, where one or more regions of an image are duplicated and moved elsewhere in the image. It is usually difficult to detect this type of forgery due to the similarity of the copied and forged areas. Also, forgers perform pre-processing and/or post-processing operations on the manipulated regions to make it even more difficult to detect. In this study, an image quality-independent method based on deep learning approach, termed QDL-CMFD, is presented for detecting this type of forgery. QDL-CMFD utilizes generative adversarial networks for image quality enhancement, and convolutional neural networks (CNN) for forgery detection. A tailored dual-branch CNN architecture is introduced consisting of two subnetworks, namely a manipulation detection subnetwork and a similarity detection subnetwork. Accordingly, unlike most existing methods, QDL-CMFD is able to simultaneous detection of several forged areas, as well as determining the source and target of the forgery. Also, QDL-CMFD is robust against various pre-processing/post-processing attacks. It shows excellent performance for detecting low-quality forged images and small areas. Experiments conducted on the CASIA and CoMoFoD benchmark datasets confirm that QDL-CMFD performs significantly better than the competitors. All the implementation source codes of QDL-CMFD are available at https://github.com/MehradAria/QDL-CMFD.

An efficient model for copy-move image forgery detection

PurposeThis study aims to solve problems of detecting copy-move images. With input images, the problem aims to: Confirm the original or forgery of the images, evaluate the performance of the detection and compare the proposed method’s effectiveness to the related ones.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposes an algorithm to identify copy-move images by matching the characteristics of objects in the same group. The method is carried out through two stages of grouping the objects and comparing objects’ features. The classification and clustering can improve processing time by skipping groups of only one object, and feature comparison on objects in the same group improves accuracy of the detection. YOLO5, the latest version of you only look once (YOLO) developed by Ultralytics LLC, and K-means are applied to classify and group the objects in the first stage. Then, modified Zernike moments (MZMs) and correlation coefficients are used for the features extraction and matching in the second stage. The Open Images V6 data set is used to train the YOLO5 model. The combination of YOLO5 and MZM makes the effectiveness of the proposed method for copy-move image detection with an average accuracy of 94.26% for images of benchmark and MICC-F600 and 95.37% for natural images. The outstanding feature of the method is that it can balance both processing time and accuracy in detecting duplicate regions on the image.FindingsThe problem is then solved by doing the following steps: Build a method to detect objects and compare their features to find the similarity if they are copy-move objects; use YOLO5 for the object detection and group the same category objects; ignore the group having only one object and extract the features of the other groups by MZMs; detect copy-move regions using K-means clustering; and calculate and compare the detection accuracy of the proposed method and related methods.Originality/valueThe main contributions of this paper include: Reduce the processing time by using YOLO5 in objects detection and K-means in clustering; improve the accuracy by using MZM to extract features and correlation coefficients to matching them; and implement and prove the effectiveness of the proposed method for three copy-move data sets: benchmark, MICC-F600 and author-built images.

Copy-move image forgery detection based on evolving circular domains coverage

The aim of this paper is to improve the accuracy of copy-move forgery detection (CMFD) in image forensics by proposing a novel scheme and the main contribution is evolving circular domains coverage (ECDC) algorithm. The proposed scheme integrates both block-based and keypoint-based forgery detection methods. Firstly, the speed-up robust feature (SURF) in log-polar space and the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) are extracted from an entire image. Secondly, generalized 2 nearest neighbor (g2NN) is employed to get massive matched pairs. Then, random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm is employed to filter out mismatched pairs, thus allowing rough localization of counterfeit areas. To present these forgery areas more accurately, we propose the efficient and accurate ECDC algorithm to present them. This algorithm can find satisfactory threshold areas by extracting block features from jointly evolving circular domains, which are centered on matched pairs. Finally, morphological operation is applied to refine the detected forgery areas. Experimental results indicate that the proposed CMFD scheme can achieve better detection performance under various attacks compared with other state-of-the-art CMFD schemes.

Gaussian Pyramid Decomposition in Copy-Move Image Forgery Detection with SIFT and Zernike Moment Algorithms

One of the easiest manipulation methods is a copy-move forgery, which adds or hides objects in the images with copies of certain parts at the same pictures. The combination of SIFT and Zernike Moments is one of many methods that helping to detect textured and smooth regions. However, this combination is slowest than SIFT individually. On the other hand, Gaussian Pyramid Decomposition helps to reduce computation time. Because of this finding, we examine the impact of Gaussian Pyramid Decomposition in copy-move detection with SIFT and Zernike Moments combinations. We conducted detection test in plain copy-move, copy-move with rotation transformation, copy-move with JPEG compression, multiple copy-move, copy-move with reflection attack, and copy-move with image inpainting. We also examine the detections result with different values of gaussian pyramid limit and different area separation ratios. In detection with plain copy-move images, it generates low level of accuracy, precision and recall of 58.46%, 18.21% and 69.39%, respectively. The results are getting worse in for copy-move detection with reflection attack and copy-move with image inpainting. This weakness happened because this method has not been able to detect the position of the part of the image that is considered symmetrical and check whether the forged part uses samples from other parts of the image.

An Implementation of Copy-Move Forgery Detector using SIFT-based Feature Refinement

This paper deals with refining the SIFT-based feature set for the Copy-Move forgery detection in image forensics. Many researchers attempt to extract the feature with advanced performance; however, high-dimensional feature sets increment the calculation cost and the detection time. For this reason, we intend to design a simple feature yet have good copy-move forgery detection performance. In addition to that, for various conditions of images, we extract the refined SIFT-based features of robust yet straightforward features applied to Copy-Move image forensics using only the SIFT features that have excellent invariance maintenance. In a Copy-Move forgery image, a definition has a similar distance and slope between a copy and move area. This paper proposed a new scheme for a Copy-Move forgery detection to satisfy the purpose. As a result, the Copy-Move area is detected with 97.8% upper. Thus, the detection ratio is confirmed as an

An efficient approach for copy-move image forgery detection using convolution neural network

An efficient approach for copy-move image forgery detection using convolution neural network

Design of Automated Deep Learning-Based Fusion Model for Copy-Move Image Forgery Detection.

Due to the exponential growth of high-quality fake photos on social media and the Internet, it is critical to develop robust forgery detection tools. Traditional picture- and video-editing techniques include copying areas of the image, referred to as the copy-move approach. The standard image processing methods physically search for patterns relevant to the duplicated material, restricting the usage in enormous data categorization. On the contrary, while deep learning (DL) models have exhibited improved performance, they have significant generalization concerns because of their high reliance on training datasets and the requirement for good hyperparameter selection. With this in mind, this article provides an automated deep learning-based fusion model for detecting and localizing copy-move forgeries (DLFM-CMDFC). The proposed DLFM-CMDFC technique combines models of generative adversarial networks (GANs) and densely connected networks (DenseNets). The two outputs are combined in the DLFM-CMDFC technique to create a layer for encoding the input vectors with the initial layer of an extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier. Additionally, the ELM model's weight and bias values are optimally adjusted using the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA). The networks' outputs are supplied into the merger unit as input. Finally, a faked image is used to identify the difference between the input and target areas. Two benchmark datasets are used to validate the proposed model's performance. The experimental results established the proposed model's superiority over recently developed approaches.

An Efficient CNN Model to Detect Copy-Move Image Forgery

Recently, digital images have become used in many applications, where they have become the focus of digital image processing researchers. Image forgery represents one hot topic on which researchers prioritize their studies. We concentrate on the copy-move image forgery topic as a deceptive forgery type. In copy-move image forgery, a part of an image is copied and placed in the same image to produce the forgery image. This paper proposes an accurate convolutional neural network(CNN) architecture for the effective detection of copy-move image forgery. The proposed architecture is computationally lightweight with a suitable number of convolutional and max-pooling layers. We also present a fast and accurate testing process with 0.83 seconds for every test. Many empirical experiments have been conducted to ensure the efficiency of the proposed model in terms of accuracy and time. These experiments were done on benchmark datasets and have achieved 100% accuracy.

Copy-move image forgery detection using cuckoo search

Most people face the dilemma of accepting photographs as authentic or not, mainly in the case of forensics, where the images will influence judgment. Research communities are constantly providing methods to identify these kinds of forged images. Attention capture is specifically the cases where a region of the image is copied in the same image (copy-move forgery - CMF). To detect these forged images, a recent approach named scale-invariant features transform (SIFT) has proved its worth and robustness in various geometrical transformations. However, the framework needs to be optimised for numerous parameters involved because a wrong selection of values leads to wrong identifications. To solve this problem, a novel method has been proposed named as cuckoo search-based copy-move forgery detection (CSCMFD) for optimising the parameter values in the SIFT framework. The CSCMFD demonstrates to attain better results by automatically determining the values of different parameters as compared to state of art research work. Experimentation is performed on the Christlein et al. database and MICC-F220 dataset. The experimental results proved that CSCMFD is able to capture small-forged areas as well as regions that are difficult to identify by other methods.

Copy-move image forged information detection and localisation in digital images using deep convolutional network

Image tempering is one of the significant issues in the modern era. The use of powerful tools for image editing with advanced technology and its widespread on social media raised questions on data integrity. Currently, the protection of images is uncertain and a severe concern, mainly when it transfers over the Internet. Thus, it is essential to detect an anomaly in images through artificial intelligence techniques. The simple way of image forgery is called copy-move, where a part of an image is replicated in the same image to hide unwanted content of the image. However, image processing through handcrafted features usually looks for pattern concerns with duplicate content, limiting their employment for huge data classification. On the other side, deep learning approaches achieve promising results, but their performance depends on training data with fine-tuning of hyperparameters. Thus, we proposed a custom convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture with a pre-trained model ResNet101 through a transfer learning approach. For this purpose, both models are trained on five different datasets. In both cases, the impact of the model is evaluated through accuracy, precision, recall, F-score and achieved the highest 98.4% accuracy using the Coverage dataset.

A fast technique to detect copy-move image forgery with reflection and non-affine transformation attacks

Copy-move forgery is one of the most frequently utilized image tampering technique which uses the segment of the same image to produce manipulated image by duplicating or concealing image regions. To remove suspicious traces of forgery, various attacks are applied over the tampered image which make forgery detection process too complicated. We propose a forgery detection technique in which Center Surround Extrema (CenSurE) detector is applied for keypoint detection from images. To compute keypoint descriptors, Local Image Permutation Interval Descriptor (LIPID) is used. Keypoint matching is performed using k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) technique with utilization of k-d tree and Best-Bin-First (BBF) search method. Grouping over keypoints is performed using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering. We apply Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm to remove outliers obtained during forgery detection process. Experimental results show that proposed technique can effectively detect forged images containing reflection and non-affine transformation with geometrical attacks. In addition, proposed approach also shows robustness against erosion, dilation, RGB color addition, zoom motion blur, JPEG compression, spread noise addition, and multiple copy-move attacks. Proposed scheme consumes least time in forgery detection as compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Improving the Accuracy in Copy-Move Image Detection: A Model of Sharpness and Blurriness

Improving the Accuracy in Copy-Move Image Detection: A Model of Sharpness and Blurriness