Background. Port-wine stains are congenital vascular malformations characterized by dilated capillaries in the papillary dermis. Port-wine stains typically appear at birth and tend to become darker and thicker with age. Laser treatments for port-wine stains have proven effective. However, less than 10% of patients are completely cured by pulsed dye laser treatment, and 16–50% relapses after pulsed dye laser treatment. Methods. A series of four clinical cases of hypertrophic resistant port-wine stains treated with the copper vapor laser were presented and discussed. The treatments were performed with a copper vapor laser at a wavelength of 578 nm, an average power of 0.6–0.8 W, an exposure time of 0.2–0.9 s; the diameter of the light spot on the skin was 1 mm. The treatment was carried out in 2–4 sessions with a two-month interval. Results. A good cosmetic effect was achieved without the formation of scars and without relapses during the two-year follow-up period after treatment.

A strontium vapor laser is a type of metal-vapor laser that uses strontium atoms in a high-temperature vapor as the lasing medium. A strontium vapor laser is a pulsed laser that emits light in the visible and near-infrared regions. Like other metal-vapor lasers e.g., copper vapor lasers, it relies on electron transitions in neutral or ionized metal atoms to produce laser light.

Some amplification properties of the copper vapor laser active element GL-202 were studied. The radiation amplification coefficient in the experiments conducted with optimal heating of the active element reached a value of 204 ± 14 units.

Port wine stain (PWS) is presented as a vascular anomaly, light pink to purple in color with various grades of hypertrophy. Facial unilateral upper eyelid and hypertrophic PWS have been reported to be most resistant to pulsed dye laser treatment due to larger vessel diameter and vessel depth.Therefore, it highlights the need for testing new laser modalities for the management of resistant PWS.56-years-old adult II Fitzpatrick phototype female patient, presented with a resistant hypertrophic PWS on the forehead and upper eyelid on the left is presented. Patient was treated with dual-wavelength copper vapor laser (CVL) radiation at 578nm wavelength. The average power was 0.7-0.8W with an exposure time of 0.08 -0.2s.The spot size was1 mm.Patient showed about 75 % lightning of PWS after 2 copper vapor laser treatments. No recurrences were observed during the follow-up period up to 7 years.The variable-pulse copper vapor laser radiation at 578 nm proved to be a minimally invasive, safe and effective treatment for resistant and hypertrophic PWS with a good cosmetic outcome, without side effects (erythema, scarring, depigmentation).

Abstract:- The angle of divergence of output beam are different for Copper Vapour Laser and pulsed laser. The angle of divergence determine the photon flux when the beam is focused using focusing optics. Further the output beam is focused the diverging beam converges and get focused at the same point. In the present work, the analytical expressions are obtained for the peak power output of the CVL without mirror, the intensity of the laser radiation across the laser beam and peak power angle of divergence along the diameter of the discharge tube. The angle of divergence is determined by the absorption coefficients, initial inversion density and the dimensions of the laser plasma column in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the beam. The angle of divergence also increase with the dimensions of the plasma column in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the beam. From the calculation of peak power across the laser beam desired angle of divergence may be obtained. The half peak power angle of divergence for initial inversion density 0.2 and 0.4 are 20mrad and 30mrad respectively in Copper Vapour Laser. Keywords:- Copper Vapour Laser, laser radiation, inversion density, dimensions of the laser plasma.

Abstract:- We have investigation the radial profile at different time during the formation of the laser pulse. It is found that the radial profile of spectral emission is not same at all the times during the formation of the laser pulse. The radial profile go on changing the shape as a function of time. In some case the electron temperature is relatively low, the radial profile are almost Gaussian at all the times, however the peak height goes on changing. For the explanation of the radial and temporal profiles concept of fractional abundance is very much essential. It can be noted that the intensity of the output laser beam is strongly dependent on electron temperature in the discharge tube. The temporal distribution of the laser output at 20,21and 22 KV are identical to those obtained for 2,4and 10eV the initial electron temperature at the axis respectively. Keywords:- Copper Vapour Laser, inversion density, dimensions, laser radiation, of the laser plasma.

Представлены результаты исследований энергетических характеристик лазера на парах меди при накачке активной среды генератором Маркса. Приведена схема генератора с описанием особенностей ее работы, поскольку в качестве коммутаторов используются тиратроны. Показано, что генератор Маркса позволяет поднять верхнюю границу устойчивой работы тиратронов (кратно количеству используемых тиратронов - для двух тиратронов до ~ 8-10 кВ обратного напряжения на аноде тиратронов) и, следовательно, обеспечивает параметры накачки активной среды, недостижимые с одним тиратроном. Продемонстрировано, что энергия в импульсе генерации линейно возрастает с увеличением напряжения на ГРТ и уменьшением частоты следования импульсов возбуждения. Лазер на парах меди с накачкой генератором Маркса является перспективным источником излучения для решения задач высотного зондирования атмосферы, создания искусственных опорных звезд в устройствах адаптивной оптики и активных оптических системах и атмосферных бистатических каналах связи. Energy characteristics of a copper vapor laser (CVL) pumped by a Marx generator are studied. The schematic of the generator is provided along with the description of its operational features, since thyratrons are used as switches in the generator. It is shown that the Marx generator allows an increase in the upper limit of stable operation of thyratrons (proportional to the number of thyratrons used, up to ~ 8-10 kV of reverse voltage on the thyratron anodes for two thyratrons) and, accordingly, provides pump parameters for the active medium that are unattainable with a single thyratron. At the same time, the energy per pulse linearly increases with the voltage on the gas discharge tube (GDT) and decreases with the repetition rate of the excitation pulses. A CVL pumped by a Marx generator is a promising radiation source for solving problems of atmospheric altitude sensing, creating artificial guide stars in adaptive optics devices and active optical systems, and atmospheric bistatic communication channels.

A method for fiber-optic recording of Raman spectra has been developed based on the use of fiber-optic cells, photon traps, a copper vapor laser, a small-sized spectrometer, and a data processing system. The Raman spectra of micropowders of a number of aromatic compounds and pharmaceuticals (C15H11NO, C14H12, C9H8O4) were studied. It was established that by using resonator cells and fiber optics technology in micropowders of the studied compounds at room temperature, a Raman opalescence regime can be realised, consisting of a significant increase in the intensity of Raman scattering. It was found that, under the recording conditions used, the intensity of the Raman lines of the compounds studied was comparable to the intensity of the excitation line. Subsequently, such studies will open up broad opportunities for recording and studying weak Raman signals.

Abstract This paper presents analysis and experimental studies to significantly enhance the strain sensitivity of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors by suitably modifying the host structure used for mounting the FBG. The proposed host structure is a novel, compact flexure beam-based design, specially engineered to amplify and convert horizontal strain into vertical strain more effectively. Its unique geometry includes circular sections for hinge connections, resulting in improved displacement amplification and reduced stress across the structure. Using ANSYS calculations and finite element analysis, simulations were conducted to evaluate the vertical deformation, stress, and longevity of the sensor's mechanical structure. Results from these simulations indicate an enhanced strain sensitivity of approximately 15.633 pm/με, a significant improvement over the 1.191 pm/με sensitivity observed with bare FBGs. Experimental tests were carried out on fabricated sensor structures to validate the enhancement in strain sensitivity. FBGs utilized in the experiments were inscribed using a 255 nm UV beam generated from a second harmonic copper vapour laser. The strain sensitivity of FBGs mounted on the optimized structure was found to increase up to 9.95 pm/με. The difference between simulation and experimental results are attributed to the partial absorption of strain by the adhesive used to affix FBGs.

The biological effect of two-frequency laser pulsed radiation produced on copper vapor during pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds of Veles and Leader varieties at early stages of development in extreme stressful environmental conditions has been studied. The copper vapor laser used in the experiment had the following output characteristics: wavelengths of 510.6 nm (green radiation line) and 578.2 nm (yellow radiation line), pulse duration of 15 ns, repetition frequency of 10 kHz, total pulse power of 10 kW, energy-power ratio between the green and yellow radiation lines 3/1 The interaction of laser radiation with wavelengths of 510.6 and 578.2 nm in the nonlinear medium of the seed caused the formation of additional wavelengths: a total wavelength of 271 nm (ultraviolet radiation) and a difference wavelength of 4.37 microns. Exposure to each of the four wavelengths in its spectral range could lead to the initiation of at least four radiation-induced biochemical reactions. It is shown that pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds with two-frequency laser pulsed radiation for 5–20 seconds had a stimulating effect on the growth and development of rice (the greatest effect was when exposed to 5–10 seconds), and also increased its stability when grown in extreme stressful environmental conditions (moisture deficiency, depleted soil) at early stages of development.

An electromechanical shutter for a medical copper vapor laser system

This research introduces an approach to visible spectroscopy leveraging image processing techniques and machine learning (ML) algorithms. The methodology involves calculating the hue value of an image and deriving the corresponding dominant wavelength. Initially, a six-degree polynomial regression supervised machine learning model is trained to establish a relationship between the hue values and dominant wavelengths. Subsequently, the ML model is employed to analyse the visible wavelengths emitted by various sources, including sodium vapour, neon lamps, mercury vapour, copper vapour lasers, and helium vapour. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through error analysis, revealing remarkably low error percentages of 0.04%, 0.01%, 3.7%, 1%, and 0.07% for sodium vapour, neon lamp, copper vapour laser, and helium vapour, respectively. This approach offers a promising avenue for accurate and efficient visible spectroscopy, with potential applications in diverse fields such as material science, environmental monitoring, and biomedical research. This research presents a visible spectroscopy method harnessing image processing and machine learning algorithms. By calculating hue values and identifying dominant wavelengths, the approach demonstrates consistently low error rates across diverse light sources.

Pulsed laser ablation in liquids has become a simple, fast, and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of carbon nanostructures since it does not require the use of toxic chemicals. The great advantage of this method is its ability to control the size, shape, and structure of the products by combining parameters of the laser, target material, and liquid. By ablation of two types of synthetic graphite with a high-power copper vapor laser in ethanol and distilled water, spherical graphene was obtained. The composition of the gas phase and the condensation temperature of carbon in the temperature range of 1000–5000 K were determined by means of thermodynamic modeling. The precursors for the formation of spherical graphene during laser ablation in alcohol and water are discussed.

The possibility of using radiation from a two-frequency pulsed copper vapor laser with wavelengths of 510.6 nm and 578.2 nm with an exposure of 30 to 120 s to stimulate the development of coniferous trees (spruce, pine, larch) with a single seed irradiation is shown. The stimulation effect manifests itself at various early stages of development, such as the awakening of seeds in the aquatic environment in the first hours of the experiment (according to electron absorption spectroscopy data), seed germination, and seedling growth under stressful cultivation conditions. Possible causes of light exposure to plant seeds are discussed.

The Magnetic Pulse Compression (MPC) system is a well-established method for generating high-peak-power, short-duration voltage pulses, commonly used in pulse power supplies (PPS). Traditionally designed for a fixed high repetition rate, this paper explores the techniques and outcomes of variable repetition rate operation in an MPC-based PPS used to excite a copper vapor laser (CVL). Specifically, the PPS, initially designed for 9 kHz operation, is tested at three different rates: 8 kHz, 9 kHz, and 10 kHz. A mathematical model is developed, and experimental modifications are presented in this paper. The study investigates the impact of repetition rate variations on CVL parameters, particularly phantom current (Phantom current: 47% at 8 kHz, 54% at 9 kHz, and 51% at 10 kHz). Phantom current reduces at 10 kHz due to improved impedance matching. At 8 kHz, the laser output is 24W, increases to 30W at 9 kHz and 43W at 10 kHz with a plane-plane resonator configuration. This trend extends to the master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) at 10 kHz, resulting in a 50% increase in optical power output compared to 9 kHz. This improvement at 10 kHz applies to various parameters, including optical pulse characteristics, average power, electro-optic efficiency, energy per pulse, reduced jitter, and impedance matching.

Laser micro machining is an advanced manufacturing method found expanded use in automotive, aerospace electronics, telecommunications & medical device industries. Copperbromide (CuBr) lasers with their excellent beam quality offered observable advantages and improvements in high precision and material processing at the microscale .In this paper the application of 8 W copper bromide laser for micro machining has been demonstrated. Micro machining experiments involved laser marking and micro drilling of metals such as copper and aluminum. It has been found that micro machining was greatly influenced by the optical and thermal properties of the materials. The laser marking and drilled holes are fine in aluminum as compared to copper because of its lower absorption and lower thermal conductivity.

Introduction. Xanthelasma palpebrarum is a marked cosmetic defect and leads to reduced quality of life in patients. Non-selective technologies (for example, radiofrequency exposure and the use of ablative lasers) can lead to scarring, eyelash loss and severe functional disorders of the eye (including incomplete eyelid closure) because of insufficient skin thickness. Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of xanthelasma palpebrarum treatment with copper vapor laser radiation under dermatoscopy control. Materials and methods. Treatment of grade I–IV xanthelasma palpebrarum was performed in 47 fair-skinned women and men aged 28–72 years. The procedures were performed using a copper vapor laser at an average power of 0.6–0.8 W, wavelength 578 nm, exposure time 0.2 s, and spot diameter 1 mm. The maximum discoloring to gray of the xanthelasma surface was the criterion for laser pulse energy selection. The treatment was performed in one session under dermatoscopy control of treatment uniformity. Results. Treatment with a copper vapor laser allowed complete removal of xanthelasma palpebrarum areas in all patients, including IV degree, without recurrence within 24 months after the treatment. Conclusion. The use of copper vapor laser radiation at a wavelength of 578 nm provided excellent results for the xanthelasma palpebrarum treatment without side effects. The use of dermatoscopy improved the result of laser application and prevented treatment recurrences.

Surface blackening of titanium alloy by laser nanosecond pulses

Modernization of the pumping generator of a CopperVapor Laser in medical devices

The paper reports on the calculation studies of the influence of the pressure of the analyzed gas mixture on the measuring sensitivity of the concentrations of 127I2, 127I129I and 129I2 in atmospheric air by the laser-fluorescence method using a copper vapor laser with a wavelength of 578.2 nm as a fluorescence excitation source. It is shown that for each of these iodine molecules there are pressures at which the highest fluorescence intensity is achieved, which correspond to the best detection sensitivity of the molecules. The results obtained can be used in the development of methods for real-time detection of molecular iodine in the atmosphere.