Copper Sulfate Solution Research Articles

TLC-densitometric identification of valproic acid

Valproic acid and its derivatives are drugs that have been used in many neurogenic diseases, but are mainly used in epileptic seizures. Due to the fact that valproic acid doesn’t have conjugated double bonds, it isn’t visible under UV light and its detection is difficult. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the suitability of individual visualizing reagents in the chemical qualitative and quantitative detection of valproic acid using the TLC technique. Solutions of various visualizing reagents were prepared, and then the reagents were applied on the previously prepared chromatographic plates with valproic acid by means of an immersion and spraying method in order to detect it. It was shown that all the visualizing reagents used, with the exception of helasol green, bromothymol blue, malachite green, bromocresol green in 2% sodium hydroxide solution and sulphate (VI) solutions of iron (II), nickel and cobalt, allowed for the qualitative detection of valproic acid. It is recommended to use a 1% solution of copper (II) sulphate (VI) for the detection of valproic acid for both qualitative and quantitative purposes, due to the largest areas of the chromatographic bands on most of the chromatographic plates used in the study. There is a potential possibility of examining the identity of valproic acid present in drugs on the basis of the RF value, the characteristic colour of the spot, and a comparative analysis of spectrodensitograms.

Development of methods for assessing the quality of snail meat

The meat of edible snails is considered a delicacy and is part of Ukraine's food exports, but there are no regulations or legislation on its quality. The purpose of this work was to develop methods for determining the degree of freshness of snail meat by the content of ammonia and ammonium salts with Nessler's reagent, peroxidase in meat with copper sulfate solution, and processing a smear-print from meat with a fluorescent dye and to determine the quality of meat by the number of green pixels. During the research, first of all, it was determined the organoleptic characteristics of shellfish meat, which reflect their freshness. Next, research was performed to determine the enzymes and ammonia that are produced during meat storage. The following reagents were used: copper sulfate solution, Nessler's reagent, and fluorescent dye – acridine orange. The equipment used for these reactions was used, namely: a KFK-2-UHL 4.2 photometer and an SMT fluorescence microscope with a working current of 2.5 A. Thus, schemes for establishing reactions for determining the degree of freshness of snail meat were developed and tested: biochemical, photometric, and immunofluorescence methods. The stability of the indicators for determining the degree of freshness was established. It is analysed that the data presented relate only to the research on snail meat. Utility model patents have been granted for each method. The proposed methods for assessing the quality of snail meat are effective, technologically simple and fast, have high reliability of the results obtained and can be used in the work of research and experimental, production and regional laboratories of veterinary medicine

High-resolution ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging with a high-sensitivity sensing coil.

We present high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultra-low field (ULF) with a proton Larmor frequency of around 120 kHz. The key element is a specially designed high-sensitivity sensing coil in the shape of a solenoid with a few millimeter gap between windings to decrease the proximity effect and, hence, increase the coil's quality ( ) factor and sensitivity. External noise is strongly suppressed by enclosing the sensing coil in a copper cylindrical shield, large enough not to negatively affect the coil's factor and sensitivity, measured to be 217 and 0.47 fT/Hz , respectively. To enhance small polarization of proton spins at ULF, a strong pulsed 0.1 T prepolarization field is applied, making the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ULF MRI sufficient for high-quality imaging in a short time. We demonstrate ULF MRI of a copper sulfate solution phantom with a resolution of and SNR of 10. The acquisition time is 6.3 min without averaging. The sensing coil size in the current realization can accommodate imaging objects of 9 cm in size, sufficient for hand, and it can be further increased for human head imaging in the future. Since the in-plane resolution of is typical in anatomical medical imaging, this ULF MRI method can be an alternative low-cost, rapid, portable method for anatomical medical imaging of the human body or animals. This ULF MRI method can supplement other MRI methods, especially when such methods are restricted due to high cost, portability requirement, imaging artifacts, and other factors.

Antimicrobial Properties of a Copper/Silicone Composite Membrane Prepared Using a Two-Step Immersion Process in Iodine and Copper Sulfate Solutions.

Silicone (polydimethylsiloxane) materials are widely used in various applications. Due to microbe adherence and biofilm formation at the surface of silicone materials, silicone materials must possess antibacterial properties. To achieve this, we prepared copper (Cu)-silicone composite membranes using a simple two-step process of immersion in iodine and copper sulfate solutions. Subsequent scanning electron microscopy revealed Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) of 10 to 200 nanometers in diameter on the silicone membrane surface, which were identified as copper iodide using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mechanical strength of the material did not change significantly as a result of the two-step immersion treatment and the Cu/silicone membrane showed excellent antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, maintaining R > 2 even after a physical impact such as stomacher treatment. Additionally, the Cu ions eluted from the Cu/silicone membrane remained at very low concentrations, suggesting firm immobilization of CuNPs on the silicone membrane. This proposed antimicrobial treatment method does not require special equipment, can be performed at room temperature, and has the potential for use on silicone materials other than membranes.

(Digital Presentation) Corrosion-Resistance Investigation of Titanium Passive Layer in Acidic Solution

Titanium metal is known to have good corrosion resistance. For the plating of Cu in many industrial applications, Ti metal is commonly used as the cathode for the reduction of Cu. Under an acidic and high temperature environment, the passivation layer on the surface of the titanium metal tends to react with acidic solution. As a result, the corrosion of the active titanium metal was observed. In this study, the corrosion behavior of commercial pure titanium in acid copper sulfate baths was investigated, and several surface treatments were used to improve the corrosion resistance of titanium passive layer. The microstructure of titanium metal after immersion in acid copper sulfate solution was examined by using SEM and FIB. The pitting corrosion of Ti was clearly observed using SEM. The corrosion mechanism of the titanium metal in the sulfuric acid solution was discussed. In addition, the electrochemical characteristics of commercial pure titanium metal in sulfuric acid solution were also analyzed using the three-pole potential measurement method.

Influence of cellulose-containing sorbent preparation method based on linen fiber on its functional properties

The creation of biosorbents based on modified flax fiber is aimed at solving the problem of water pollution from heavy metal ions. A method for obtaining a sorbent on the basis of linen fiber including sequential treatment of polysaccharide material with sodium metaperiodate and sodium bisulfite has been developed. Modification conditions for obtaining an effective sorbent have been selected. Equilibrium and kinetics of copper ions sorption with the use of native and modified linen fiber in comparison with Lewatit S100 cationic exchange resin have been studied. It is established that the time of achieving sorption equilibrium in the heterophase system 'aqueous solution of copper sulfate - a modified sorbent' is reduced by 1.5-2 times while the degree of extraction of copper ions is increased by about 1.5 times as compared to the initial fiber. The influence of solution pH on the sorption of copper ions by native flax fiber has been studied. It has been found that in the pH range of the medium 1-7, along with the sorption of Cu ions, the sorption of H ions is observed, which indicates a competitive mechanism of sorption of heavy metal cations and protons with the participation of the cellulose-containing sorbent. Experimental isotherms of copper ions sorption have been processed in linear coordinates of Langmuir's equation that made it possible to determine the values of maximum sorption capacity of sorbents under study which increase in a series: native flax fiber (0.86 mol/kg) < flax fiber, oxidized and treated with sodium bisulfite (1.69 mol/kg) < Lewatit S100 cationite (1.89 mol/kg). Data from infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis indicate the appearance of new sorption-active groups in the sorbent structure. The sorbent has been tested for purification of aqueous solutions and beverages from heavy metal ions under laboratory conditions. Peculiarities of the sorption of copper (II) ions from juice and white wine have been revealed. It has been found that the obtained modified sorbent on the basis of flax fiber in the purification of beverages is not inferior to the industrial cationic exchange resins in its sorption properties.

An Evaluation of Snail Immobilization and Mortality Effects Using Selected Chemical Treatments for Potential Trapping Apparatuses

This study evaluated the immobilization and mortality effects of selected wet and dry chemical treatments on the giant African snail. The chemical treatments used were 5 g and 10 g respectively of sodium chloride, calcium hydroxide and copper sulphate. Distilled water was used as a control in the wet phase evaluation of the study. In the first phase, each treatment was dissolved in 1000 ml of water. A total of ten (10) snails were submerged into each treatment and this was replicated ten (10) times. In the second phase of the study, 5 g and 10 g respectively of each dry treatment was evenly sprinkled over ten (10) snails within a confined area. This was replicated ten (10) times. It was concluded that the submergence effects of the wet treatment resulted in 100 percent immobilization and mortality for both the calcium hydroxide and copper sulphate treatment at six (6) hours post submergence. The dry treatments had no effect on immobilization and mortality up to six (6) hours post treatment. There was no treatment effect of sodium chloride for both the wet and dry treatments. The study concludes that low cost solutions such as calcium hydroxide can have an effect on the immobilization of the giant African snail. This finding can enable the development of trap designs which could eliminate the one-way door design and enable multiple entrances. Although both calcium hydroxide and copper sulphate solutions were effective for the immobilization and death of the snails, calcium hydroxide is the recommended option given its low toxicological profile when compared to copper sulphate.

Effect of Foliar Application with Potassium Nitrate and Copper Sulfate on Fruit Yield and Quality of Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Trees

ABSTRACT Influence of foliar application of potassium nitrate and copper sulfate on the production and quality of Pear cv. Le Conte was carried out at Horticulture Research Farm and Postharvest Laboratory, The University of Agriculture Peshawar-Pakistan, during the year 2018–19. The aim of the study was to get quality pear production with minimal disease incidence. The research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The study contained two factors, i.e., different concentrations of potassium nitrate (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) as Factor A, while different levels of copper sulfate (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%) as factor B and the treatments were applied in spring season at the fruit set stage. The application of 2% potassium nitrate to the pear plants resulted in heaviest fruit (188.30 g), maximum fruit volume (203.80 cm3), fruit yield tree−1 (60.13 kg) with minimum fruit drop (8.52%) and disease incidence (5.28%), while maximum fruit firmness (7.66 kg.cm−2), total soluble solids (12.40 ○Brix), fruit juice pH (5.38), ascorbic acid content (5.56 mg.100 g−1) while minimum Titratable acidity (0.41%) were noted in fruits of plants sprayed with 3% potassium nitrate solution. However, the maximum fruit weight (192.04 g), fruit yield tree−1 (59.06 kg), minimum fruit drop (6.75%), and disease incidences (3.54%) were recorded in pear plants applied with 0.6% foliar copper sulfate solution. However, maximum fruit firmness (7.53 kg.cm−2), total soluble solids (12.38 ○Brix), fruit juice pH (5.31), ascorbic acid content (5.22 mg.100 g−1) with minimum Titratable acidity (0.42%) were noted in the plants sprayed with 0.8% copper sulfate solution. This study will provide a basis for high yield and quality fruit production, which will affect the storability of pear and other important fruit crops. Further studies should be conducted to optimize the dose, timing, and method of application of these fungicides for other pome fruits.

A super absorbent polymer containing copper to control Plenodomus tracheiphilus the causative agent of mal secco disease of lemon.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a Super absorbent polymer (SAP) containing copper (SAP-Cu) in controlling mal secco disease (MSD) of lemon caused by the fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus. Super absorbent polymer containing copper was characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and UV-VIS spectroscopy. In vitro tests were performed to determine the inhibitory effects of SAP-Cu against the pathogen on both potato-dextrose-agar medium and naturally infected lemon cuttings. Super absorbent polymer was able to absorb up to about 200 and 30 times its weight of ionized water and copper (II) sulfate solution (Cu2+ ions at the concentration 236 mM), respectively. The distribution of copper released on twigs after 24 h of contact with SAP-Cu was determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry with time-of-flight analyzer (ToF-SIMS). Super absorbent polymer containing copper significantly inhibited the viability of P. tracheiphilus in lemon twigs. Overall, the results of this study showed that the SAP could be a suitable carrier of antifungal compounds.

Efficiency of the use of chemical preservatives in the process of dew-retting when growing fiber flax

The influence of retted stalks treatment with solutions of copper sulfate and salicylic acid on the process of dew-retting of fiber flax, its microbiological and technological indicators was studied. It was revealed that the use of the investigated preparations allows regulating the course of microbiological processes in ripening rolls and reducing the loss of fiber flax quality. At the same time, salicylic acid treatment can be recommended in cases when it is necessary to speed up the process of retted stalks maturing and quickly organize its harvesting with minimal loss of quality. If, however, a situation has arisen when it is impossible to harvest an almost ready-made retted stalks from the field, it is recommended to restrain the reproduction of fungi on the retted stalks by treating it with a solution of copper sulfate in order to suspend the processes of further decomposition of the fibre and loss of its quality.

Evaluation of cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of copper nanoparticles using green tea and neem formulation

Introduction: Copper nanoparticles are of great interest and have applications in various fields due to their antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anticancer properties. Green synthesis of nanoparticle is currently a new approach which is a non toxic,economical,eco friendly approach. Our study aim was to assess the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of green synthesized copper nanoparticles from green tea and neem formulation. Materials and methodology:20mM of copper sulphate solution is mixed with 40mL of plant extract and 60 mL of distilled water was added and made it into 100 ml solution.The copper nanoparticles derived using green synthesis was assessed for antibiotic activity by free radical scavenging assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH). Cytotoxicity of copper nanoparticles was evaluated using Brine shrimp assay at 5,10,20,40 and 80µL concentrations. Results: The change of colour from green to brown and the peak observed in UV-vis- spectrophotometer indicated the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. The antioxidant property was visually observed by the colour change from green to brown indicating that DPPH has undergone a reduction reaction exhibiting scavenging activity. The cytotoxic effects of green synthesised copper nanoparticles from green tea and neem extract showed that there is a concentration dependent increase in the cytotoxic property of copper nanoparticles.

Development of Copper Nanoparticle Conjugated Chitosan Microparticle as a Stable Source of 2nm Copper Nanoparticle Effective against Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Copper nanoparticle (CuNP) has well-established antimicrobial activity. Instability in an aqueous medium due to aggregation into larger particles, conversion into metal ions, and oxidation into metal oxides are the major limitations of its practical use against bacterial infections. Development of CuNP Conjugated Chitosan Microparticles as a reservoir that will release CuNP effective against notorious bacteria like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. CuNP conjugated chitosan microparticles (CNCCM) were synthesized using a simple twostep process. In the first step, a solution of chitosan in 2% (w/v) ascorbic acid was added dropwise in copper sulphate solution to prepare Cu ion conjugated chitosan beads. In the second step, these beads were soaked in sodium hydroxide solution to get the CNCCM. The dried CNCCM were characterized thoroughly for surface conjugation of CuNP, and the release of CuNP in a suitable medium. The physicochemical properties of release CuNP were further verified with the in silico modelled CuNP. The Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of released CuNp were evaluated against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 2% (w/v) ascorbic acid solution (pH 3.5) was the optimum medium for the release of ~2 nm CuNP from CNCCM. The CuNP had an optical band gap of ~ 2 eV. It inhibited the cell wall synthesis of MRSA. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 200 nM. At 100 nM dose, the CuNP caused ~73% reduction in biofilm development after 24 h of growth. The cytotoxic effect of CuNP on the human cell line (HEK 293) was significantly less than that on MRSA. The 48 h IC50 value against HEK 293 was 3.45-fold higher than the MIC value against MRSA after 24 h treatment. CuNP Conjugated Chitosan Microparticle has been developed. It works as a stable reservoir of ~2 nm CuNP. The CuNP is released in an aqueous medium containing 2% (w/v) ascorbic acid (pH 3.5). The released CuNP has a bacteriostatic effect against MRSA at a concentration safe for human cells.

REPEATED WASTE OF HUMATIVES INTO PLAIN METALS IN THE PURIFICATION OF WEAKLY ACID WATER, TO CLEAN Cu2+, Pb2+

Destroyed military and industrial facilities have grave consequences not only for the country's economy, but also for the environment and natural resources. At present, humic acids are quite well known and have been sufficiently studied by the natural sorbent. Due to a wide range of functional groups, they perform accumulative, transport, regulatory, protective and physiological functions. The interaction of metal ions with humates does not have a single clear described mechanism. This is facilitated by the complexity and diversity of the structure of humic acids, as well as various reaction conditions in laboratory and natural conditions. Therefore, ways to increase the efficiency of sorption, improve and search for new properties of these substances still remain relevant.
 In this work, the possibilities of reverse bonding of copper and lead ions in slightly acidic aqueous solutions at pH values of 4,4–6,3 are shown. Humic acids were isolated from peat and brown coal, and potassium humates produced in China were also used. In this study, model solutions of copper (II) sulfate and lead (II) acetate were used with a calculated concentration in terms of copper and lead of about 400 and 1000 mg/dm3, respectively. The regeneration of metal humate complexes was carried out by lowering the pH of the medium to 2,1–2,2. The degree of lead sorption was 97–99 % for Pb2+ solutions with a concentration of 216 mg/dm3. Studies have shown the effectiveness of re-use of regenerated humates with a degree of metal release of 85–91 % in relation to the sorbed amount.
 The metal content in the experiment was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic spectroscopy.
 It was also found that the ratio of the average values of the specific sorption of lead and copper was from 2,8 to 3,1 for various types of humic acids (humates). The proximity of these values with respect to the atomic masses of lead and copper (3,3), in the author's opinion, is associated with the interaction of copper and lead ions with humates in a stoichiometric ratio due to a chemical reaction (reactions). The sorption given in the experiment is described by a linear dependence in the coordinate system: the mass of the sorbed metal (ions) – the mass of humates.

HEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION BY USING COPPER SULPHATE METHOD

The use of the copper sulphate method is based on the idea that when a drop of whole blood is allowed to fall into a solution of copper sulphate, an insoluble copper proteinate is created. Depending on how this one drop of blood behaves in the solution, the donor's blood will either be rejected or accepted. This procedure of Hemoglobin Estimation holds a great relevance in blood banks as it is cheap and gives fast result.
 Purpose: Hemoglobin estimation is done for every donor who presents himself / herself for blood donation to select healthy blood donors.
 Scope: Selection of healthy blood donors provides better post transfusion hemoglobin increment resulting in better oxygen carrying capacity as well as prevents donor to be anemic after donation
 Responsibility: i. Check the quantity of copper sulfate stock solution every day at 5:00 pm, if stock is insufficient; prepare stock solution for next day. Preparation of fresh copper sulfate working solution every day in the morning.ii. Standardization of copper sulfate solution iii. Take 50 ml of solution and change after performing 20 –25 tests.iv. Dispose used solution as biohazardous material because of blood in the container.v. In case of doubtful result confirm by automated sysmex-1000 prior to accepting or deferring the donor.Responsible person: Designated technician and / or Nursing staff.

(Digital Presentation) Anti-Corrosion Investigation of Titanium Electrode for Cu Plating

For the plating of Cu in many industrial applications, Ti metal is commonly used as the cathode for the reduction of Cu. Titanium metal is known to exhibit adequate corrosion resistance due to the formation of a thin passivation layer on the surface. Under an acidic and high temperature environment, the passivation layer on the surface of the titanium metal tends to react with acidic solution. In other words, Ti metal tends to be corroded in an acidic environment. The corrosion behavior of commercial pure titanium in acid copper sulfate baths was investigated in this study. Available surface treatments were applied to suppress the corrosion of titanium passive layer. The microstructure of titanium metal after immersion in acid copper sulfate solution was examined by using SEM and FIB. The pitted and corroded Ti was clearly observed using SEM. The corrosion mechanism of the titanium metal in the sulfuric acid solution was discussed. In addition, the electrochemical characteristics of commercial pure titanium metal in sulfuric acid solution were also analyzed using the three-pole potential measurement method.

Preparation of Films by Irradiation of a Copper Sulfate Aqueous Solution by Infrared Laser Radiation

The methodology, technique, and results of studies of the formation of films on the glass surface during laser irradiation of water solutions of copper sulfate with radiation are presented. The nanosecond radiation of an yttrium-aluminum garnet laser with a generation wavelength λ = 1.06 μm was used. Solutions with different concentrations of copper sulfate were applied. The structure of the films obtained in this case was compared with the structure of the films obtained as a result of drying solutions without exposure to laser radiation. The resulting films have both ordered and disordered structures. The characteristic dimensions of the structural elements of the films are 0.5–10 μm. The transmission of films in the visible spectral region (400–800 nm) was studied. In general, the resulting films are transparent in this area. Their transmission practically does not depend on the wavelength, but is different for different concentrations of the used solutions of copper sulfate.

Aspectos físicos e químicos do pedilúvio de propriedades leiteiras com diferentes sistemas de produção, no município de Arapoti, Paraná

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate copper sulfate solutions at 5% and 10% concentrations in footbaths from three dairy farms (A, B and C) with free stall and compost barn production systems, located in the municipality of Arapoti, Parana, Brazil. Farms A, B and C were composed of 537, 88 and 208 lactating cows, respectively, all conditioned to the use of a footbath. Every seven days, before and after the passage of each batch of cows through the footbath, samples of the solution were collected for the evaluation of pH, temperature, and the volume of the solution measured. Farms A and C had higher pH alkalinization due to the greater number of batch passages, from the third batch onwards, and also a reduction in the volume of the solution. It is concluded that the volume varied both with the number of animals that passed through the footbath and with the deposition of organic matter in the solution. The concentration of 10% copper sulfate solution was not able to inhibit pH changes. Furthermore, there was no standardization in the dimensions of the footbaths on the farms.

Influence of brief immersion in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and/or copper sulphate on the physiological state of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L.)) selects

Abstract The study was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of brief immersions in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and/or copper sulphate (CuSO4) on the physiological state (hematological and blood plasma biochemical indicators) of pikeperch selects (body weight 509.89 ± 99.56 g; body length 33.9 ± 2.0 cm). Immersion was conducted in a water temperature similar to that of spawning (15.1°C). The fish were divided into three experimental groups and one control group: NaCl group (NaCl concentration – 5 g l−1), CuSO4 group (CuSO4 concentration – 1.5 mg l−1), and NaCl+CuSO4 group (NaCl concentration – 5 g l−1; CuSO4 concentration – 1.5 mg l−1). Blood was drawn immediately after immersion (0 h), 24, and 48 h following the conclusion of immersion. Immediately after immersion, elevated values were noted in white and red blood cell counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values were elevated only in the NaCl group 24 and 48 h following the conclusion of immersion. Changes in blood plasma biochemical indicators were noted only immediately after the conclusion of immersion with elevated values of glucose (NaCl, CuSO4, and NaCl+CuSO4 groups), lactate (NaCl and CuSO4 groups), and ammonia, sodium, and chlorine ions (CuSO4 group). Greater aspartate aminotransferase activity was noted in the fish from the CuSO4 group immediately after immersion, while the least significant changes following immersion were noted in specimens from the NaCl+CuSO4 group.

Copper sulphate treatment induces Heterozostera seed germination and improves seedling growth rates

Evidence for seed germination and/or seedling recruitment in wild populations of the Southern Hemisphere seagrass H. nigricaulis are lacking. Additionally, seeds of H. nigricaulis , have proven extremely difficult to store and germinate in laboratories, even when using techniques for germination proven successful in other Zosteraceae. Prior studies reveal Zosteraceae seed and seedling failure may be correlated with oomycete infections. Copper sulphate treatments can reduce oomycete and other seagrass infections in laboratory tests. Here, we tested whether copper sulphate seed treatments promote germination and seedling growth in H. nigricaulis . We found treatment with 2.0 ppm copper sulphate solution induced significant seed germination and led to 3 times more photosynthesizing H. nigricaulis seedlings after 3 months. Thus, in addition to reducing disease, copper sulphate appears to be a novel cue for H. nigricaulis germination and improves seedling development and success in H. nigricaulis. This discovery will improve our opportunities to overcome biogeochemical germination cues and bottlenecks for Zosteraceae and improve seed-based seagrass restoration strategies where copper sulphate treatment is available to pre-treat and cue germination and promote seedling development and growth.

Cementation of copper on zinc in an unsubmerged jet reactor

ABSTRACT Removal of copper by cementation on zinc disc from dilute copper sulfate solution in a recirculating batch reactor which consisted of a horizontal zinc disc impinged by an axial turbulent unsubmerged jet was studied. The effect of different parameters such as initial copper ion concentration, solution velocity, nozzle diameter, and the axial distance between the zinc disc and the unsubmerged jet on the rate of copper ion removal was investigated. The rate of cementation was found to increase with increasing both the solution velocity and the nozzle diameter and decreasing the axial distance between the zinc disc and the unsubmerged jet. The rate of diffusion-controlled cementation of copper ions was expressed in terms of the mass transfer coefficient, the data were correlated by a dimensionless correlation. The high rate of mass transfer of the jet reactor qualifies the reactor for diffusion-controlled heavy metals removal from wastewater and metallic coating by cementation.