Copper Propionate Research Articles

Effects of Various Copper Sources and Concentrations on Performance, Skeletal Growth, and Mineral Content of Excreta in Broiler Chickens.

The experiment was designed to study the effect of supplemental sources and concentrations of copper on the performance and development and mineralization of tibia bones in broiler chickens. A 42-day feeding experiment was conducted utilising three copper sources, including copper sulphate (CuS), copper chloride (CuCl), and copper propionate (CuP), each with four different concentrations, i.e. 8, 100, 150, and 200mg/kg. The body weight gain with 200mg Cu/kg food was noticeably higher during the first 4-6weeks of age. Due to the interaction between Cu sources and levels, there was no significant change in the body weight gained. The feed intake during various growing phases did differ significantly neither the main effect nor the interaction between different copper sources and levels. A CuP-supplemented diet (200mg/kg food) considerably (P ≤ 0.05) improved the feed conversion ratio between 4-6 and 0-6weeks. At the end of the experiment, a total of 72 tibia bones, i.e. six for each treatment were collected. A metabolic trial was conducted to look into mineral retention in broiler chickens on the final 3days of the trial (40-42days). Increased tibia bone zinc (Zn) levels were seen with the addition of 8mg Cu/kg of Cu chloride, 100mg Cu/kg of Cu propionate, 8mg Cu/kg of Cu sulphate, and 8mg/kg of Cu propionate to the diet. At higher levels of Cu (150 and 200mg/kg diet), there was a significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced tibia Zn content. Cu sulphate treatment group had higher (P ≤ 0.01) tibia Cu content (8mg Cu/kg diet). Cu sulphate supplemented diet had a greater excreta Zn content (P ≤ 0.01) than Cu chloride supplemented diet, and Cu propionate supplemented diet had the lowest excreta Zn content. Excreta with a higher Fe concentration were found in diets supplemented with copper sulphate and copper chloride (P ≤ 0.05) than in diets supplied with copper propionate. Thus, it may be concluded that feeding dietary Cu concentrations up to 200mg Cu/kg diet, regardless of the different sources, had no negative effects on bone morphometry and mineralization parameters with the exception of a decrease in the tibia's zinc content.

Effect of different sources of copper supplementation on performance, nutrient utilization, blood-biochemicals and plasma mineral status of growing Hariana heifers

Twenty-four, 12-18 months old Hariana heifers were used to determine the effects of organic and inorganic dietary copper (Cu) supplementation on performance, nutrient utilization, blood biochemicals and plasma mineral status. Cu was supplemented (8 mg/kg diet DM) as copper proteinate, copper propionate and copper sulfate (CuSO4. Animals were divided into four treatment groups with 6 animals in each group and were fed basal diet as per NRC (2001) for a period of 120 days. The basal diet contained 8.0 mg of Cu/kg DM. T1 (control) was fed only basal diet with no added copper while in T2: 8 mg/kg DM of copper proteinate; T3: 8 mg/kg DM of copper propionate; T4: 8mg/kg diet CuSO4 was added respectively.The intake, daily gain, feed:gain ratio, BCS and FCR were not affected by Cu supplementation. The TDN intake and ADF digestibility were significantly higher in both the organic Cu supplemented groups. The intake of Cu was significantly higher in Cu supplemented groups. The concentration of plasma ALT, AST enzymes, total cholesterol and total immunoglobulins were not affected by sources of Cu in diet. The antioxidant activity and plasma Cu concentration were significantly higher in Cu supplemented groups, irrespective of sources. Thus, supplementation of 8 mg/kg DM Cu had no beneficial effect on growth performance and blood biochemicals. In conclusion, chelating agents have no effect on bioavailability of copper. Also, the organic copper can be a preferred form to be supplemented for better digestibility in heifers.

Response of Supplementary Sources and Levels of Copper in Diet on the Performance of Broiler Chickens

The response of broiler chickens to dietary supplemental copper sources and levels in terms of growth performance, serum cholesterol level and carcass yield of broiler chicks was studied in a 3×4 factorial design involving three copper sources (copper sulphate, CuS; copper chloride, CuCl and copper propionate, CuP) each at four dietary levels of copper (8, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) during starting (03 wk) and finishing (4–6 wk) phases. Each of the diets was offered ad libitum as mash to three replicated groups of 10 chicks each. Significantly (P 0.05) due to either main effect or interaction between copper sources and levels. The FCR during 4–6 and 0–6 wk was significantly (P<0.05) better in CuP supplemented diet than the other Cu sources. The FCR was also significantly (P<0.05) better at 200 mg/kg diet than at other dietary Cu levels during different growth phases. Serum cholesterol concentration was significantly (P<0.01) lower with 200 mg Cu/kg diet than other Cu levels. Significantly lower heart weight was observed in CuS supplemented group than other copper sources. Dressed weight and eviscerated weight was significantly higher at 150 and 200 mg Cu/kg diet than those recorded at other levels of copper in the diet. It is concluded that a dietary copper concentration of 200 mg/kg through supplementation of organic copper (copper propionate) in broiler diet is more effective in promoting growth, feed conversion efficiency, carcass yield and reducing serum cholesterol concentration.

New Layered Copper Hydroxide with S = 1/2 Two-Dimensional Triangular Lattice Magnetic Network, [Cu7(OH)12(CH3CH2CO2)2]·(CH3CH2CO2H)2·(H2O)6

Abstract We have succeeded in preparing single crystals of the layered copper hydroxide [Cu7(OH)12(CH3CH2CO2)2]·(CH3CH2CO2H)2·(H2O)6 (1) through hydrolysis of a copper propionate solution. X-ray structure analysis showed that this material did not have the botallackite-type structure common in the layered copper hydroxide derivatives, but instead a two-dimensional distorted triangular lattice magnetic network of Cu(II) ions with S = 1/2 was formed. Magnetic measurements revealed dominance of antiferromagnetic interactions between neighboring Cu(II) ions in the copper hydroxide layer, and an antiferromagnetic ordering behavior around 3 K. We also discuss the structural and magnetic differences between 1 and related materials.

Decomposition and Oriented Growth ofYBa2Cu3O7-xFilms Prepared with Low Fluorine TFA-MOD Approach

TFA-MOD approach ofYBa2Cu3O7-x(YBCO) films has been approved to be the most promising method for mass production of low cost high temperature coated conductors. In order to reduce the decomposition time and improve the properties of YBCO films, copper propionate was used as the precursor and certain Lewis-bases were introduced into the precursor solution. The fluorine content of the solution was significantly reduced. High quality oriented YBCO films were prepared on LAO substrates with this low fluorine TFA-MOD approach. The effects of the sintering temperature on the oriented growth and properties of YBCO films were investigated. The preliminary results yielded the critical current density (Jc) of 2 MA/cm2and critical current (Ic) of 120 A/cm width at 77 K and self-field.

Synthesis, crystal structure and thermal decomposition of a new copper propionate [Cu(CH 3CH 2COO) 2]·2H 2O

A new copper propionate complex was synthesised and characterized for application as precursor for CuO based oxide thin films deposition. The FT-IR and X-ray diffraction analyses have revealed the formation of a cooper propionate complex [Cu(CH 3CH 2COO) 2]·2H 2O. The crystal and molecular structure of a new copper propionate complex was determined by XRD on the copper propionate single crystal. The copper propionate complex has a binuclear structure, connected by bridging bidentate carboxylates groups and a Cu⋯Cu bond of 2.6 Å. The thermal decomposition of copper propionate has been investigated by thermal analysis using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential thermal analysis coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry-QMS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. TG and XRD data indicate the reduction of Cu(II)–Cu(I,0) during the decomposition of copper propionate.

Characterization of Vapor Phase Copper Corrosion Products Using Electrochemical Methods

The copper corrosion products originated by the action of formic, acetic and propionic acid vapors at a 100% relative humidity were studied for a period of 21 days. Five formic, acetic and propionic vapor concentrations (10, 50, 100, 200 and 300 ppm) were tested. The corrosion-product layers were characterized using electrochemical methods. Some of the compounds identified were: cuprite (Cu2O), for the three acids; cupric hydroxide monohydrate (Cu(OH)2•H2O) and copper formate tetrahydrate (Cu(HCOO)2•4H2O), for formic acid; copper acetate dihydrate (Cu(CH3COO)2•2H2O) and copper hydroxide acetate dihydrate (Cu4(OH)(CH3COO)7•2H2O), for acetic acid; and copper propionate (Cu4(OH)(CH3CH2COO)7•2H2O) for propionic acid.

Copper(II) Acetate as a Motif for Metal-Assembled Complexes

In this review, a new method for the preparation of metal-assembled complexes based on copper(II) acetate type dinuclear systems has been reported. A variety of coordination modes of carboxylato group were classified into ten types of groups including bis-, tris-, and tetrakis-bridging based on our complexes and discussed in relation to mononuclear, dinuclear, oligonuclear, and polynuclear systems. An interdimer interaction could not be observed in temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibilities at 4.5—300 K region in case of one-dimensional chain systems of copper(II) pivalate with N,N'-bidentate ligands such as pyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Adsorption property for nitrogen gas was found in a chain system of copper(II) benzoate with pyrazine. Mesomorphic properties were also found for chain systems of copper(II) carboxylates with long alkyl chains. By using copper(II) trichloroacetate, a chain molecule consisting of alternated arrangement of tetranuclear cubane and pyrazine was isolated. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional assembled complexes were obtained by reactions of copper(II) trifluoroacetate and copper(II) propionate, respectively, with pyrazine. Bis-adducts of copper(II) propionate with pyridyl nitronyl nitroxides, copper(II) acetate with a stable adamantanyloxyamino radical, and dinuclear copper(II) complexes with 4-carboxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy and 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy were prepared as radical-containing copper(II) acetate systems.

Polynuclear paddle-wheel copper(II) propionate with di-2-pyridylamine or 1,10-phenanthroline: Preparation, characterization and X-ray structure

The synthesis, spectroscopic, magnetic and structural characterization of two new polynuclear copper(II) propionate are described. Both compounds exhibit the typical paddle-wheel type structure. The complex [Cu 4(dpyam) 2(OCOC 2H 5) 2(μ-O 2CC 2H 5) 6(H 2O) 2][Cu 2(μ- O 2CC 2H 5) 4(H 2O) 2] · (DMF) 2 1; where dpyam = di-2-pyridylamine, the “outer” Cu ions, with a CuN 2O 2O′ chromophore, have an intermediate five-coordinate geometry. The “inner” Cu ions, with a CuO 4O′ chromophore, have a square pyramidal geometry. The two Cu(II) ions in the inner unit are bridged by four syn, syn-η 1:η 1:μ propionates, showing the paddle-wheel cage type. The “outer” and “inner” linked by propionate bridges showing syn, anti-η 1:η 1:μ coordination mode. The 1D structure of complex [Cu 6(phen) 2(H 2O) 2(μ-O 2CC 2H 5) 12] n [Cu 2(μ-O 2CC 2H 5) 4(H 2O) 2] 2 n · (H 2O) 0.5 n 2; where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, consists of zig-zag chains of mononuclear Cu(μ-O 2CC 2H 5) 2(H 2O)(phen) repeating units running along the b-axis, which are connected along the unit cell diagonal via Cu 2(μ-O 2CC 2H 5) 4 paddle-wheel dinuclear units. Within mononuclear and dinuclear units, the Cu(II) ions have a square pyramidal geometry. However, the outer sphere of both compounds consists of the Cu 2(μ-O 2CC 2H 5) 4(H 2O) 2 paddle-wheel molecule in which Cu(II) ions involve a square pyramidal geometry.

Spacer Layer Screening Effect: A Novel Fluorescent Film Sensor for Organic Copper(II) Salts

A fluorescent film sensor was prepared by chemical assembly of pyrene on a glass plate surface via a long flexible spacer. It was found that the film is highly selective for some organic Cu2+ salts, such as copper acetate and copper propionate. The presence of inorganic Cu2+ salts and other metal(II) acetates, including Ni2+, Co2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, etc., had little effect upon the sensing behavior of the film for copper acetate or copper propionate. The observation was explained by employing a proposed "two-dimensional solution" model. The quenching by copper acetate of the emission of the film is static in nature due to complexation of the spacers to the metal ions. Furthermore, the response of the film sensor to copper acetate is fully reversible. To the best of our knowledge, this film sensor may be the first one that can differentiate greasy copper salts from inorganic copper salts.

One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Coordination Polymers from Self-Assembling of Trinuclear Triangular Cu(II) Secondary Building Units

The reactions of pyrazole (Hpz) with some copper(II) carboxylates in the presence of water yield trinuclear copper derivatives characterized by the triangular core [Cu3mu3-OH)(mu-pz)3(RCOO)2] (R = H, C2H5, C3H7). Copper(II) formate gives [Cu3(mu3-OH)(mu-pz)3(HCOO)2(Hpz)2] (1), whereas copper propionate and butyrate afford [Cu3(mu3-OH)(mu-pz)3(C2H5COO)2(EtOH)] (2) and [Cu3(mu3-OH)(mu-pz)3(C3H7COO)2(MeOH)(H2O)] (3), respectively, both containing solvent molecules coordinated to copper atoms. Magnetic susceptibilities are consistent with a single unpaired electron for each trinuclear unit of 1-3, and EPR measurements indicate that higher spin states, generated by exchange coupling between copper atoms, may be populated at room temperature. Density-functional calculations provide the description of the electronic structures of 1-3, allowing, at the same time, the assignment of their UV-vis absorption spectra. X-ray molecular structure determinations show that triangular trinuclear units of 1 are connected to each other through single formate bridges, forming one-dimensional (1D) zigzag coordination polymers, whereas in 2 and 3, two oxygen atoms of two carboxylate ions doubly bridge two copper atoms of different triangles, thus generating hexanuclear units. Moreover, in 2, two other propionate ions link together two hexanuclear units yielding a 12-membered cycle and giving rise to 1D coordination polymers. The supramolecular assemblies of 1-3 are compared to that of the previously reported trinuclear triangular copper(II) derivative [Cu3(mu3-OH)(mu-pz)3(CH3COO)2(Hpz)] (A), where a two-dimensional (2D) coordination polymer is present. The reactions of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (Hpz) with copper(II) carboxylates in the same conditions yield 1:2 Cu(RCOO)2/Hpz adducts.

Elucidation of a preparation method for copper ion-exchanged ZSM-5 samples exhibiting extremely efficient N 2-adsorption at room temperature: effect of counter ions in the exchange solution

The adsorption of N 2 on a copper ion-exchanged ZSM-5 sample (CuZSM-5) prepared by ion exchange using an aqueous solution of copper propionate, Cu(C 2H 5COO) 2, was examined at room temperature by measuring the FT-IR spectra, adsorption isotherms and heat of adsorption. This sample was found to be extremely efficient in terms of N 2 adsorption with regard to both the amount and the energy (i.e., heat) of adsorption, compared with samples prepared by a conventional ion-exchange method using an aqueous solution involving Cu 2+ and simple counter ions, Cl − or NO 3 −. To clarify the specificity of the newly-prepared sample, the ion-exchange of ZSM-5 with Cu 2+ was carried out by employing aqueous solutions involving Cu 2+ and various types of counter ions [propionate (C 2H 5COO −), acetate (CH 3COO −), formate (HCOO −), chloride (Cl −) and nitrate (NO 3 −) ions]. When the ion exchange was performed by using a Cu(C 2H 5COO) 2 or Cu(CH 3COO) 2 solution, the Cu 2+ species with propionate or acetate ligand (in the monomer state) were ion-exchanged in ZSM-5, as confirmed by the DR, EPR and FT-IR spectra for CuZSM-5. In contrast, Cu 2+ species were present in the form of aquo-complexes in samples prepared with other solutions. This distinct difference can be ascribed to the difference in the p K a values of the counter ions; carboxylate ions, with a high p K a value, are inclined to form a complex with Cu 2+. Using this newly applied Cu(C 2H 5COO) 2 solution, the present ion-exchange method has the potential to develop new effective materials that possess the specific adsorption and catalytic properties of CuZSM-5.

Copper Corrosion Originated by Propionic Acid Vapors

Copper corrosion originated by propionic acid vapors ranging from 10 to 300 ppm, at 100% relative humidity, was studied. At 300 ppm pollutant level, the copper corrosion rate was day. The cathodic reduction technique showed that the amount of corrosion products grew with both exposure time and pollutant level. Corrosion products were also characterized using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared techniques, and their morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope methodology. The main compounds identified were cuprite copper hydroxide and a copper propionate compound. Important amounts of an organic copper compound were observed at propionic acid vapor concentrations higher than 50 ppm. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

The influence of concentration and anion nature on the support effect

The kinetic of decomposition of copper formate, acetate, propionate and butyrate under non-isothermal conditions was studied. The support materials were carborundum and silica and the concentrations of the supported compounds were 15, 20, 25 and 30 mass%. In order to avoid the effects of thermal gradients and dilution, a series of parallel samples of carboxylate/support mixtures with the same concentration were studied. The support effect was estimated by the difference between the isokinetic temperature of the supported, respectively mixted carboxylate series, and is discussed in connection with the precursor concentration and the nature of the carboxylate anion. The suggestion of considering the thermodynamic activation function instead of the Arrhenius parameters for discussion on compensation effect was argued.

Coordination Polymers of Copper(II) Propionate with Linkage Ligands

New coordination polymers of copper(II) propionate, [Cu 4 (pro) 4 -(CH 3 O) 4 ] (Hpro = propionic acid) ( 1 ), [Cu 4 (pro) 4 (CH 3 O) 4 (pyz)] n (pyz=pyrazine) ( 2 ), and [Cu 2 (pro) 2 (CH 3 O) 2 (CH 3 OH) 2 (bpy)] n 2 n CH 3 OH (bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine) ( 3 ), have been synthesized and characterized structurally. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 consist of methoxo- and propionato-bridged tetranuclear copper(II) units which are connected by propionato-oxygen atoms of adjacent units or pyrazine molecules to form a two-dimensional network. The crystal structure of 3 shows a one-dimensional chain structure. The magnetic properties of 1 and 2 are antiferromagnetic. coordination polymers copper(II) complexes crystal structures magnetic property

Antiferromagnetic Adducts of Copper(II) Propionate with Pyridyl Nitronyl Nitroxides

Abstract Copper(II) propionate was reacted with 2-(4-pyridyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolyl-1-oxyl 3-oxide (p-nitpy), 2-(3-pyridyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolyl-1-oxyl 3-oxide (m-nitpy), and 2-(2-pyridyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolyl-1-oxyl 3-oxide (o-nitpy) to isolate three complexes, which were characterized by measurements of the infrared and electronic spectra, as well as the magnetic susceptibilities. Single-crystal X-ray analyses reveal that the former two complexes are adducts of dimeric copper(II) propionate, [Cu2(pro)4(p-nitpy)2] (1) (Hpro = C2H5COOH) and [Cu2(pro)4(m-nitpy)2] (2), and that the latter complex is bis(picolinato)copper(II) dihydrate (3·2H2O).

Synthetic Approaches to Mixed-Metal Heteroleptic Derivatives of Late Transition Metals

The approach based on isomorphous substitution permitted preparation of (Co, Ni)4(acac)4(μ3–OMe)4(MeOH)4(I) via interaction of individual M4(acac)4(μ3–OMe)4(MeOH)4 in toluene/methanol media. The oxidation of I in air in solution in MeOH in the presence of NaOAc and aminoalcohols as catalysts gives Co2Ni2-(acac)4(μ3–OMe)4(OAc)2(II). The symmetrization reaction between a complex formed by a hard Pearson acid and a soft Pearson base and that formed by a soft acid and a hard base led to CuNi2(OCOC2H5)3(ORN)3-(RNOH)(III) and Ni(Ni0.25Cu0.75)2(μ3–OH)(μ2–OAc)(OAc)2(μ2, η2-ORN)3(η2-RNOH)(IV) RN = CH(CH3)-CH2NMe2 via interaction of Ni(ORN)2 with copper propionate and copper acetate hydrate respectively in hydrocarbon media.

An Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Crystalline Copper (II) Propionate and Butyrate

Abstract Abstract: The vibrational spectra of crystalline anhydrous copper (II) propionate and butyrate were studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. A detailed assignment of the spectra of both compounds is presented and discussed. It is shown that the presence of two non-equivalent sets of carboxylate ligands within the crystals gives rise to several band splittings, which are particularly evident in those bands ascribable to normal modes involving predominantly the -CβH3 or -CβH2-fragments. In addition, the vibrational assignments made for the studied molecules are shown to be very useful to help understanding the much more complex spectra of long chain copper carboxylates.

Structural study of crystalline and columnar copper (II) soaps

Abstract A homologous series of binuclear copper (II) linear chain alkanoates together with two branched chain and one aromatic substituted copper (II) alkanoates have been synthesized and studied by polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. All of these are crystalline at room temperature, they are mesomorphic in nature above c. 100°C, with the exception of copper propionate which remains crystalline up to its thermal decomposition above 200°C. A systematic study has shown that the linear chain alkanoates, starting from the pentanoic derivative, produce columnar mesophases with hexagonal symmetry. Columns of polar copper carboxylate groups are surrounded by disordered aliphatic chains, and form a two dimensional hexagonal lattice. The repeat unit in a column is a binuclear dicopper tetracarboxylate complex. Two transition regimes have been detected leading from the crystal to the columnar mesophase: one dominated by the interactions between the polar heads, t...

Copper K edge EXAFS spectroscopy of the crystalline and columnar phases of copper (II) carboxylates

EXAFS spectra were obtained at the copper-K edge for a series of binuclear copper (II) complexes of fatty acids with 6,12,18 and 22 carbon atoms, in both their crystalline phase and their columnar mesophase. Curve-fitting analysis, using backscattering phases and amplitudes obtained from the structurally characterized copper (II) acetate and copper (II) propionate, gave comparative information on the coordination spheres of copper in both phases. It appeals that the binuclear structure of the complexes and the five-coordination of copper are maintained in the columnar mesophase, with insignificant changes in bond lengths of the binuclear core.