Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid Research Articles

Electrochemical detection of different types of single-base mismatches in DNA using copper-phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid

In this manuscript, an electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensor which exploits long range charge transfer through double stranded DNA (ds-DNA) to copper-phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid – tetra sodium salt (CuPcS 4) is described. Four negative charges of CuPcS 4 make it a good choice to overcome two main problems of the biosensors: direct electron transfer with the electrode surface instead of charge transfer through DNA and positioning of the redox reporter before the mismatch position. The DNA recognition layer consisted of a self assembled monolayer of amino modified single stranded DNA (ss-DNA) on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). A significant increase of the peak current for CuPcS 4 upon the hybridization process is observed. This biosensor can differentiate complementary target from non-complementary and also different types of single-base mismatch targets even thermodynamically stable G–A and G–T targets through diminution of voltammetric signal of CuPcS 4. In addition, the position of the mismatch does not affect on the capability of the biosensor.

Preparation and characterization of mSA/mCS bipolar membranes modified by CuTsPc and CuTAPc

Abstract In this paper, sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS) were modified by copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CuTsPc) and copper tetraaminophthalocyanine (CuTAPc) respectively to prepare the CuTsPc-SA/mCS bipolar membrane (BPM) and the mSA/CuTAPc-CS BPM (here, mCS and mSA indicate the CS anion exchange layer and the SA cation exchange layer modified by glutaraldehyde and Fe 3+ as linking reagents, respectively). Experimental results showed that the ion exchange capacities and the ion transmigration rates of the CuTsPc-SA cation exchange membrane and the CuTAPc-CS anion exchange membrane were increased. In comparison with the mSA/mCS BPM modified by Fe 3+ or ferrocene, the membrane impedance and the IR drop of the CuTsPc-SA/mCS BPM or the mSA/CuTAPc-CS BPM decreased. The CuTsPc-SA/mCS BPM had the lowest cell voltage, which was only 5.6 V at a higher current density of 120 mA cm −2 . When the concentration of CuTsPc or CuTAPc was 5.0 wt%, both of the CuTsPc-SA/mCS BPM and the mSA/CuTAPc-CS BPM were stable in the acid solution ([H + ] −1 ).

Determination of Microamounts of Proteins by Resonance Light Scattering with Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid

Based on the strong enhancement effect of proteins on the resonance light scattering of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid, a method for the determination of microamounts of proteins has been developed. Under the experimental conditions (2.0×10−6 mol/L copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid, pH 2.60, ionic strength 0.001 mol/L NaCl), the linear range of this assay is 0.06–4.0 µg/mL for bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.1–2.0 µg/mL for human serum albumin (HSA), 0.0–2.0 µg/mL for human γ‐IgG, and 0.2–6.0 µg/mL for ovalbumin. The detection limits (3δ) are 16.8 ng/mL for BSA, 23.4 ng/mL for HSA, 37.6 ng/mL for human γ‐IgG, and 48.3 ng/mL for ovalbumin, respectively. This method has been applied to the analysis of total proteins in human serum samples collected from the hospital, and the results were in good agreement with those reported by the hospital.

Improved Structural Order, Stability, and Anion-Exchange Capacity of Cation-Mediated Bridged Hybrid Mesoscopic Materials by Using Chelating Ligands

The anion-exchange property of upgraded metal cation-mediated bridged hybrid mesoscopic material (MBH-S) is greatly improved by replacing initial unidentate ligands with chelating ligands in the framework. Compared to conventional MBH samples, the upgraded MBH-S shows a well-ordered hexagonal mesostructure and a remarkably high anion-exchange capacity. Significantly, the upgraded MBH-S shows a good hydrothermal stability and can keep its anion-exchange capacity unchanged during repeated ion-exchange procedures, which is very important for this type of material to be used in practical application as an anion exchanger. As examples, an anion molecule of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate)aluminum (Al(SQ)3) with strong luminescence can be exchanged into MBH-S, forming composite solid of MBH-S-Al(SQ)3 with very strong green luminescence under the excitation of UV light (λexc = 360 nm). A functional molecule of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CuPcTS) has been employed as a guest to assemble hybrid solid material, MBH-S-CuPcTS.

Simple and sensitive assay for nucleic acids by use of the resonance light-scattering technique with copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

On the basis of enhancement of resonance light scattering (RLS) of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CuTSPc) by nucleic acids and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) under suitable conditions, a new RLS method for determination of nucleic acids in aqueous solutions has been developed. At pH 9.80-10.95 and ionic strength 0.01 mol L(-1) (NaCl), the interaction of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid with nucleic acids in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide results in enhanced RLS signals at 282.0 nm, 383.6 nm, and 616.2 nm in the enhanced regions. It was found that the enhanced RLS intensity at 383.6 nm was proportional to the concentration of nucleic acids within suitable ranges. The limits of detection were 10.6 ng mL(-1) for fish sperm DNA and 32.4 ng mL(-1) for calf thymus DNA when the concentration of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid was 2.0 x 10(-6) mol L(-1). This method is rapid, simple and sensitive. In addition, the reagents used are relatively inexpensive, stable, and easily synthesised. The method can be applied to the determination of nucleic acids in the presence of coexisting substances, and we have applied it to the determination of DNA in synthetic samples, with satisfactory results.

Ambipolar Organic Thin Film Transistor-like Behavior of Cationic and Anionic Phthalocyanines Fabricated Using Layer-by-Layer Deposition from Aqueous Solution

Organic thin film field effect transistors of water-soluble cationic and anionic phthalocyanine derivatives were successfully prepared using the layer-by-layer deposition technique. The alternating film growth and subsequent transistor properties were studied with a variety of techniques including ellipsometry, UV−vis spectroscopy, polarized UV−vis spectroscopy, AFM, and field effect transistor measurements. A stepwise and regular deposition of copper(II) phthalocyanine tetrakis(methyl pyridinium) chloride and copper(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid, tetrasodium salt multilayers in both pure water and 0.03 M NaCl solution was observed. Differences in linear growth were observed between pure water and 0.03 M NaCl-based solutions. Polarized UV−vis spectra indicated that the conjugated phthalocyanine ring lies almost flat on the substrate surface with a random orientation within the plane of the substrate. Unusual “ambipolar” transistor-like behavior was found for the films that can be attributed to an ...

A new method for surface staining large slices of fixed brain using a copper phthalocyanine dye

Here we describe a method for gross staining of gray matter in slices of formaldehyde-fixed human brain. After protection of white matter with 4% phenol at 60°C for 5 min followed by a cold water wash, the gray matter was stained for 10-15 min at 20-25°C with 1% aqueous copper(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (CPTS). The staining resisted all attempts to be washed from the gray matter. Stained slices can be stored indefinitely in slightly acidified water, or plastinated as permanent dry specimens.

Pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced increase in susceptibility to Streptococcus suis infection.

Eighty 3-week-old crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to six groups (13-14 pigs/group). Group 1 pigs served as uninoculated controls, group 2 pigs were inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with Streptococcus suis serotype 2, group 3 pigs were inoculated i.n. with a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine, group 4 pigs were inoculated i.n. with the same vaccine and with S. suis, group 5 pigs were inoculated i.n. with VR-2385 (a high-virulence strain of PRRSV), and group 6 pigs were inoculated i.n. with VR-2385 and S. suis. Pigs exposed to both PRRSV and S. suis were inoculated with PRRSV 7 days prior to S. suis inoculation. The pigs were 26 days old when inoculated with S. suis. Respiratory disease was significantly more severe in groups 5 and 6. Mortality rate was the highest in group 6 (87.5%). This rate was significantly higher than that observed in all other groups except group 4 (37.5%). The mortality rate in group 2, inoculated with S. suis alone, was 14.3%. No pigs from groups 1, 3, or 5 died prior to the scheduled necropsies at 10 and 28 days postinoculation with PRRSV (DPI). To study the effect of PRRSV and/or S. suis on pulmonary clearance by pulmonary intravascular macrophages, six pigs from each group were intravenously infused with 3% copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid in saline prior to necropsy at 10 DPI. Mean copper levels in the lungs of pigs in groups 2, 5, and 6 were significantly lower than those in control pigs. The mean percentage of lung tissue grossly affected by pneumonia at 10 DPI was 0%, 1%, 0%, 3%, 64%, and 62% for groups 1-6, respectively. Both gross and microscopic interstitial pneumonia lesions were significantly more severe in the VR2385-inoculated groups (5 and 6). PRRSV was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected at necropsy from 100% of the pigs in groups 5 and 6, 71.4% of pigs in group 4, 38.5% of pigs in group 3, and none of the pigs in groups 1 or 2. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 was cultured from the internal tissues of 7.7%, 28.6%, and 78.6% of the pigs in groups 2, 4, and 6, respectively. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 was isolated from whole blood at necropsy from 7.7%, 35.7%, and 78.6% of pigs in groups 2, 4, and 6, respectively. Significantly more pigs in group 6 had S. suis isolated from whole blood and internal tissues. In summary, both high-virulence PRRSV and S. suis decreased copper clearance, and the incidence of isolation of S. suis and PRRSV was higher in dually inoculated pigs. PRRSV-induced suppression of pulmonary intravascular macrophage function may in part explain PRRSV-associated increased susceptibility to S. suis infection.

This article is a serial study's: Dyestuff Aggregation Observed by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. (Part 1). Evaluation of Size and Shape of Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulphonic Acid Tetra Sodium Salt and C.I. Reactive Blue 19 in Aqueous Solution.

The aggregation of two dyes (1) copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CuPc) and (2) C. I. Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) was observed in aqueous solution by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Two CuPc molecules or six RB19 molecules were found to form the aggregate of a disk shape or an ellipsoidal shape in aqueous solution without salt, respectively. By adding salt, they aggregate further into an inclined cylinder composed of five CuPc molecules or an ellipsoid composed of 18 RB19 molecules. The detail of molecular arrangements in the aggregates was considered by comparing the scattering profiles calculated from the molecular models with the observed SAXS profiles.

This article is a serial study's: Dyestuff Aggregation Observed by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. (Part 2). Interaction between the Dyestuff Aggregates in Aqueous Solution.

The small-angle X-ray scattering from dyestuff in aqueous solution reveals a peak around 0.1 A-1 caused by the electrostatic interaction between the aggregated particles. By assuming that the scattering profile is composed of the product of the particle scattering from an isolated particle and the interference, the interaction between aggregated particles was evaluated in terms of the hybrid of a Gaussian-type and stretched exponential function, The two dyestuffs chosen to demonstrate the present method, were the reactive dye C.I. Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) and the acid dye copper phthalocyanine tetra-sulfonic acid tetra-sodium salt (CuPc); these dyes have the dimensions of a flat molecule and a symmetrical disk, respectively.

Formation of polypeptide-dye multilayers by electrostatic self-assembly technique

To demonstrate the feasibility of preparing ordered multilayers composed of charged macromolecule/dye bilayers, we used an electrostatic self-assembly technique to prepare polypeptide/dye multilayers. We immersed previously protonated silanized glass slides in aqueous solutions (1 mM) of two representative anionic dyes : rod-shaped congo red or plate-shaped copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid sodium salt and cationic polypeptidepoly(L-lysine) solutions (15 mM monomer). Films resulting from up to 100 dipping cycles were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectra, ellipsometry, CD, and FT IR. FT IR spectra of film material embedded in KBr pellets showed an amide I band at 1654 cm -1 , suggesting thin film α-helical conformation. In both systems, the dye absorbance increased with the number of layers. In the copper phthalocyanine system, the absorption spectrum was a combination of phthalocyanine monomer and dimer contributions, with no evidence of higher aggregates. The congo red film dye absorption maximum was a function of the number ofbilayers, suggesting congo red resided in a polar, hydrophilic environment that became less polar with increasing bilayer number. From ellipsometry measurements, the bilayer thickness in both films was determined to be 20 A. The phthalocyanine Q band showed negative-induced CD, while the congo red ππ * band exhibited positive-induced CD. The CD measurements gave evidence for ordered dye-polypeptide complexes in films greater than 100-A thickness. The current work suggested a bilayer structure where monomeric congo red or dimeric copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate were randomly distributed among excess poly(K) monomer bindings sites, giving clear films with no scattering centers.

Preparation of Polypeptide-Dye Multilayers by an Electrostatic Assembly Process

ABSTRACTTo develop novel optical thin films, we have prepared self-assembled polypeptide films by an electrostatic process. The films were placed on a glass slide previously silanized by an amino silane and given a positive charge by immersion in aqueous acid. Subsequent immersion of the slide in aqueous anionic solutions of either poly(L-glutamic acid), congo red, copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid orp-nitroaniline-modified poly(L-glutamic acid) resulted in deposition of the anions on the surface. Following anionic immersion, the slides were dipped into a cationic poly(L-lysine) solution. Alternate dipping into anionic and cationic solutions yielded multilayers. The thin films were characterized by optical absorption and circular dichroism. The optical density increased with dipping cycles. Circular dichroism measurements of the thin films showed induced dichroism of the congo red and phthalocyanine-containing films, suggesting formation of a locally ordered dye-polypeptide complex. Solution circular dichroism measurements of the polypeptides indicated a coil conformation, while poly(Lglutamic acid)/poly(L-lysine) complexes showed circular dichroism spectrum characteristic of a β-sheet.

Build-up of a new type of ultrathin film of porphyrin and phthalocyanine based on cationic and anionic electrostatic attraction

A new type of self-assembled multilayer film, a molecular deposition (MD) film composed of meso-tetra(4-sulfenyl)porphyrin (tppS4) or copper phthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid, tetrasodium salt (CuTsPc), alternating with a bipolar pyridine salt has been achieved and its structure studied in detail.

Some Special Observations Regarding Visible Transmission Spectra of Inks and an Improved Method for Their Discrimination by Microspectrophotometry

Abstract Various blue and black inks are shown to change their transmission spectra by applying pressure and smearing them as deposits on glass slides. A similar phenomenon is observed with deposits of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetra sodium salt. It is shown that transmission spectra of small samples of inked paper fibers smeared (crushed) on glass slides resemble spectra of smeared ink deposits and are more reproducible than spectra of inked fibers in a mounting medium. This advantage is especially significant in the case of examining ink traces on tinted paper.

Oxidation induced by phthalocyanine dyes causes rapid calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles

The copper containing phthalocyanine dyes, alcian blue, copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid, and Luxol fast blue MBSN are found to induce rapid calcium efflux from actively loaded sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles. Alcian blue (5 μ m), with 1 m m free Mg 2+ triggered Ca 2+ efflux at rates greater than 20 nmol/mg of SR/s. As in the case of Ca 2+ efflux induced by calcium, heavy metals, or SH oxidation with Cu 2+/cysteine, efflux induced by phthalocyanines is also stimulated by adenine containing nucleotides and inhibited by millimolar Mg 2+ and submicromolar ruthenium red (RR). In addition, analogs of RR, such as hexamminecobalt(III) chloride or hexammineruthenium(III) chloride also inhibit Ca 2+ efflux but are effective at somewhat higher concentrations (~50 μ m). Calcium release stimulated by phthalocyanines is specific for SR derived from the terminal cisternae region rather than longitudinal SR. Preincubation of alcian blue with the reducing agents, sodium dithionite, dithiothreitol, or cysteine causes complete loss of Ca 2+ release activity from SR vesicles. Reoxidation of the alcian blue leads to return of the Ca 2+ release activity of the phthalocyanine dye. The copper containing phthalocyanine dyes appear to cause rapid Ca 2+ release from SR vesicles by oxidizing sulfhydryl groups associated with the calcium release channel. Moreover, phthalocyanines appear to act by oxidizing a pair of neighboring sulfhydryls to a disulfide because subsequent additions of the reducing agent dithiothreitol promote the closure of the Ca 2+ channel and calcium re-uptake.

Trapping of Chemical Carcinogens with Magnetic Polyethyleneimine Microcapsules: II. Effect of Membrane and Reactant Structures

Effects of the membrane structure and reactant type on the trapping of carcinogens and other reactive species by semipermeable magnetic polyethyleneimine (PEI) microcapsules are investigated. A series of these microcapsules with poly(hexamethyleneterephthala-mide) membranes was prepared by interfacial polymerization with an 8-fold variation of hexamethylenediamine concentration in the aqueous emulsion phase. Although little change was found in the encapsulation of PEI (within the microcapsule core) and magnetite, the microcapsule membrane showed a 6-fold alteration in regard to mass and associated PEI. All the microcapsule types tested were capable of trapping N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and fluorescein isothiocyanate as covalent-binding probes, and eosin and tetrasodium copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CPTS) as ionic-binding probes. Very rapid penetration and reaction of eosin and CPTS with the membranes was demonstrated, with apparent saturation of membrane binding affecting the overall trapping. Differences in the site and quantity of binding were ascribed to the following factors: (1) the core: membrane distribution of incorporated PEI; (2) the probe molecular weight; (3) the reaction or adsorption of the probes with the microcapsule membrane; (4) the probe stability in aqueous solution; and (5) the amount of probe used. These probes represent the chemical-physical features of many known carcinogens or metabolites; together with previous data, these results indicate the potential usefulness of this type of microcapsule for trapping carcinogens (and their metabolites) as covalently or ionically bound products.