ABSTRACT The widespread release of recalcitrant heterocyclic azo dyes from the textile industry poses a significant environmental and health hazard. This study demonstrates a facile, green synthesis of a novel bio-hybrid nano-catalyst by immobilising laccase from the white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus onto Cu(II) nanoparticles. The laccase served a dual role as a reducing and capping agent, forming a stable laccase-coated copper ferrite nanoconjugate. Optimisation revealed that 0.3 M CuFe2O4, 1% (v/v) laccase extract, and a 30-minute reaction time yielded the most effective conjugates, as confirmed by a distinct Surface Plasmon Resonance peak at 344 nm. Comprehensive characterisation showed that the laccase-doped copper ferrite nanoconjugate had a hydrodynamic size of 80 nm, a negative zeta potential, and a dense enzyme coating, as observed via scanning electron microscopy, which enhanced colloidal stability and prevented aggregation. The catalytic proficiency of the laccase-doped copper ferrite nanoconjugate was evaluated against Methyl Red and Malachite Green dye. The nanoconjugate exhibited superior degradation efficiency under both fluorescent and photocatalytic light, outperforming free laccase and bare copper-oxide nanoparticles. Notably, for malachite green dye, a 30% laccase-doped copper ferrite nanoconjugate concentration under photocatalytic light reduced absorbance by 93% (from 1.52 to 0.1 AU). Similarly, for Methyl red dye, the same treatment achieved over 80% degradation. The laccase-doped copper ferrite nanoconjugate also demonstrated excellent reusability. This work establishes the immobilised nanoparticles as a potent, sustainable, and synergistic nano-biocatalytic system for the efficient remediation of hazardous dye-laden wastewater.

The dual crises of antimicrobial resistance and cancer demand innovative therapeutic platforms that overcome conventional treatment limitations. This study uniquely combines systematic Box-Behnken optimization of green-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles from Thymus vulgaris with comprehensive evaluation of their synergistic antimicrobial and anticancer activities. HPLC profiling identified quercetin (55.92%), chlorogenic acid (15.33%), and gallic acid (12.28%) as principal phytochemical reducing and capping agents. Statistical optimization (R2 = 0.9886) established copper acetate concentration (F = 670.48, p < 0.0001) and incubation time (F = 124.11, p < 0.0001) as critical synthesis determinants, yielding monodisperse spherical nanoparticles (19-25 nm TEM; Z-average 119.2 nm, PDI 0.22; ζ-potential - 45.8 mV). XRD confirmed a crystalline monoclinic CuO phase, while FTIR validated phytochemical surface functionalization. TE-CuONPs exhibited concentration-dependent bactericidal activity (MIC 250-950 μg/mL; MBC/MIC ≤ 0.58) against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis as well as inhibition of biofilm formation inS. aureusandP. aeruginosa, with BIC₅₀ of 299 and 315 μg/mL, respectively. Critically, checkerboard assays revealed strong synergy with gentamicin (FICI 0.13-0.28), achieving eightfold dose reduction for both agents against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Time-kill kinetics demonstrated accelerated bacterial eradication, with combination therapy achieving ≥ 3-log₁₀ reduction 8-12 h faster than monotherapies, a clinically significant advantage for acute infections. Furthermore, TE-CuONPs showed moderate antiproliferative activity (IC₅₀ = 117.26 μg/mL) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with limited selectivity over normal fibroblasts (SI = 1.85), representing a sixfold enhancement over the crude extract. Additionally, Flow cytometric analysis revealed profound apoptotic induction, with 77.25% of cancer cells undergoing cell death (29.73% early apoptosis, 47.52% late apoptosis/necrosis). DPPH radical scavenging (IC₅₀ = 55 μg/mL) demonstrated a threefold superior antioxidant capacity versus plant extract alone. These findings advance the reproducible botanical nanoparticle synthesis and translational potential of plant-mediated nanomedicine for infectious disease management.

Response surface methodology based Box-Behnken Design for statistical optimization of Curcuma caesia mediated copper oxide nanoparticles synthesis.

Bioinspired APTES-coated copper oxide nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and optoelectronic potential.

Effect of foliar application of copper oxide nanoparticles enhances plant growth in the black gram [Vigna mungo (Linn) Hepper] variety VBN 11

Toxic Effects of Copper and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Brain Tissue Antioxidant Defense of Male Swiss Albino Mice.

Joint effects of climate-driven temperature changes and sublethal concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles on a freshwater outdoor mesocosm community.

Retraction notice to “Green synthesis and biological applications of Peganum harmala mediated copper oxide nanoparticles” [J. Mol. Struct. 1325 (2025) 140838

Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles from Ixiolirion tataricum:Assessment of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activity

Biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Nerium Oleander: in-vitro antimicrobial potential and photocatalytic studies

Objectives: To assess current knowledge about copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications in prosthetic dental technology. Materials and Methods: On this topic, an electronic systematic review was conducted in various databases (Google Scholar research, Science Direct reports, PubMed studies, and Web of Science data), as well as a hand search of the scientific literature. From 2015 to 2022, published work was collected, analyses, and relevant articles were chosen for inclusion in this review. Copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications in prosthetic dental technology have been reported in several studies. More than 30 papers were chosen for this review based on their applicability. Results: The findings suggest that current knowledge is adequate to recommend copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications in prosthetic dental technology for routine laboratory use, with improvements in each of the current nano materials and procedures for prosthetic dental technology. Conclusion: Because of their physical and chemical properties, copper oxide nanoparticles are suitable for prosthetic restorations; however, careful processing methods, nano materials, laboratory skill, and a strict protocol for prosthetic restoration are required to improve the mechanical and physical properties.

In this study, flexible PVP/SA/Cu 2 O consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium alginate (SA) and copper oxide (Cu 2 O) nanoparticles was fabricated using the solution casting preparation method. Then the PVP/SA/Cu 2 O composites were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The XRD indicates the types of phases and components of the crystalline and amorphous material. The SEM and FTIR show the successful fabrication of PVP/SA/Cu 2 O composites. The dielectric parameters of the composite PVP/SA/Cu 2 O were evaluated at frequencies of 20[Formula: see text]Hz to 6[Formula: see text]MHz. The conductivity increased from [Formula: see text] for PVP/SA to [Formula: see text] for PVP/SA/Cu 2 O, and the dielectric constant increased from 1600 to 5697. In addition, the relaxation time decreased from [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]s for PVP/SA to [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]s for PVP/SA/Cu 2 O. This work focused on preparing eco-friendly flexible PVP/SA/Cu2O composite for dielectric devices. The novelty of this study lies in fabricating composite materials of integration of PVP and SA with Cu 2 O for enhanced dielectric behavior. The results obtained show that the dielectric parameters of the PVP/SA/Cu 2 O were improved, making these materials suitable for application in energy storage uses.

Studying the capabilities of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the discrimination of ionic copper from copper and/or copper oxide nanoparticles.

Abstract This study presents a new dopant-engineered nanotherapeutic approach by directly comparing the biological activities of yttrium-doped copper oxide (Y–CuO) and silver-doped zinc oxide (Ag–ZnO) nanoparticles produced through a controlled co-precipitation process. Extensive structural analyses (XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDX) confirmed high crystallinity, purity, and nanoscale sizes (∼10–50 nm). Both nanoparticles showed strong, dose-dependent anticancer and induced apoptosis in human cancer cell lines (HEPG-2, CACO-2, and A549), but they displayed different dopant-specific effects: Y–CuO NPs were more active against hepatocellular carcinoma (IC 50 = 79 μg/mL) and effectively inhibited inflammatory enzymes COX-2 (IC 50 = 4.73 μg/mL) and 5-LOX (IC 50 = 7.28 μg/mL), whereas Ag–ZnO NPs were more cytotoxic toward colon and lung cancers through ROS-driven mitochondrial apoptosis. Incorporating yttrium increased oxygen vacancies and defect density, encouraging cuproptosis-like apoptosis, while silver doping boosted ROS-mediated oxidative damage, revealing a dopant-dependent mechanistic difference. Both nanoparticles significantly increased Caspase-3 levels and decreased BCL-2 levels, confirming the involvement of mitochondrial apoptosis. Overall, these findings demonstrate, for the first time, that rare-earth versus noble-metal doping specifically regulates the balance between oxidative cytotoxicity and inflammation suppression, positioning Y–CuO NPs as a dual-action, redox-regulated nanotherapeutic and Ag–ZnO NPs as a ROS-driven cytotoxic agent. This discovery offers a transformative framework for designing dopant-controlled, multifunctional metal oxide nanomedicines for inflammation-related cancers.

Abstract The present review focuses on the issue of freshwater shortage and growing global request for freshwater, which requires a serious need for original technologies, predominantly solar stills combined to thermoelectric cooling (TEC) to improve desalination competence. The originality of this paper lies in directing a methodical review to analytically inspect design optimizations and performance enhancements in solar stills engaging TEC. Therefore, it goes beyond the prior efforts by resolving the insistent encounters of low productivity and energy inefficiency of conservative systems and discovering the developments made by the combined solar stills and TEC. Similarly, this review emphasizes appraising the helpfulness of different layouts and materials used in these systems through energy and exergy analyses. Important results elucidate that integrated TEC can meaningfully increase freshwater productivity, with reported gains of more than 570%. Effectiveness enhancements are ranged between 11.2 and 76.4%. Furthermore, the incorporation of nanofluids, mainly copper oxide nanoparticles at a 0.08% concentration, has improved freshwater productivity by 81% and exergy efficacy by 112.5%. Further benefits are stated by presenting hybrid designs that incorporate photovoltaic panels, phase change materials (PCMs), and heat pipes. Specifically, the hybrid designs afford the possibility of continuous 24-h operation at reduced freshwater production cost of less than $0.031 per liter. Referring to energy and exergy analyses, it can be assured that TEC can play an essential role in minimizing exergy destruction and maximizing thermal gradients within the system. Thus, it can be determined that TEC-integrated solar stills can offer a wonderful solution for sustainable freshwater production to tackle the progressive water scarcity issue. However, some other barriers are still existed that related to high energy consumption and economic viability that must be resolved. Future investigation should therefore put efforts toward developing optimal designs of TEC-integrated solar stills to ensure a balance between performance, cost, and scalability to enable broader implementation.

Abstract Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) show promise in biomedicine due to their stability and beneficial attributes, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. However, their toxicity raises concerns that require improvements in biocompatibility. Doping with transition metals, like yttrium (Y), effectively addresses these issues while enhancing antioxidant activity. The present study aims to synthesize Y-doped CuO NPs and characterize them using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cytotoxic effect of Y–CuO NPs against human normal fibroblast (BJ-1) was evaluated. Furthermore, the study examines the bioactive properties of Y–CuO NPs, emphasizing their capabilities in antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer’s, anti-arthritic, and anti-diabetic potentials. A monoclinic crystalline structure of Y–CuO NPs was successfully synthesized with a mean size of 10.563 nm ± 2.204. Y–CuO NPs have low cytotoxic potential against BJ-1 cell lines, with an IC 50 of 335.93 ± 6.36 μg mL −1 . Y–CuO NPs (50, 100, 200 μg mL −1 ) show antioxidant activity, reducing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and iron reducing power (IRP) dose-dependently. It shows the highest effect at 200 μg mL −1 , with TAC at 103.27 ± 0.87 mg gallic acid g −1 and IRP at 89.18 ± 1.08 μg mL −1 . Y–CuO NPs scavenge 50 % of DPPH radicals with an IC 50 value of 117.81 ± 0.40 μg mL −1 and 94.61 ± 0.13 μg mL −1 for ABTS. The nanoparticles’ scavenging activity shows an IC 50 of 159.35 ± 0.10 μg mL −1 for nitric oxide, 189.324 ± 0.20 μg mL −1 for OH, and 151.02 ± 0.03 μg mL −1 for H 2 O 2 , respectively. Y–CuO NPs show anti-Alzheimer’s, anti-arthritic, and anti-diabetic activities by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC 50 = 172.19 ± 0.14), proteinase (IC 50 = 155.96 ± 0.11), α-amylase (IC 50 = 103.39 ± 0.07), and (IC 50 = 144.41 ± 0.10) α-glucosidase enzymes, respectively. Y 3+ doping promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies that enhance redox and enzymatic activity in Y–CuO NPs. This study explores the biological potential of synthetically formed Y–CuO NPs for future biomedical uses. The findings are preliminary enzyme-inhibition screens awaiting in vivo confirmation.

Plant-developed biogenic formulation of nanoparticles (NPs) is increasingly becoming a main trend in science dealing with materials or as specified as sustainable nano-medicines. A large portion of the ongoing nano-science studies are devoted to the bio-evoked eco-friendly bio-material due to their extensive pertinency. To achieve this end, copper oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized according to an environmentally sound approach employing Syzygium aromaticum leaf infusion. Such materials are consumed as the internal reducing agent while not utilizing coarse chemical substances or unusual heat. The derived NPs also get balanced by the bio molecular covering. This synthesis is specified through various analytical tools (including FT-IR, FE-SEM, and so forth as well as UV-Vis spectroscopy. The biological aspects were the focus of a recent study. The MTT test was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of CuO NPs on HUVEC and NCI-H661 cancer cells during a 48-h period. After being exposed to CuO NPs, the cancer cell showed a reduction in viability, with an IC50 value of 96µg/mL. An in-depth experiment of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway exhibited that CuO NPs influence apoptosis and cell proliferation in NCI-H661 cells through the modulation of the pathway. The pathway may play a role in the inhibition of the cell cycle and the induction of apoptosis triggered by CuO NPs. Therefore, CuO nanoparticles may be a useful natural anti-cancer treatment.

Role of Green-Synthesized Silver and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles in Modulating DNA Topoisomerase III Activity and DNA Methyltransferase I Protein Expression Through In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were biogenically synthesized using aqueous extracts from Psidium guajava, Syzygium cumini, and Syzygium aromaticum, which are all members of the Myrtaceae family. Characterization was performed utilizing UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDS, confirming the synthesis of nanoparticles. The CuO nanoparticles exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion method. The extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated nanoparticles demonstrated the highest bioactivity.

Increased levels of oxalic acid are associated with an increased risk of kidney stone formation, which can lead to renal failure. In addition, its high concentration in the blood can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is vital to detect and quantify oxalic acid economically and rapidly. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are gaining importance as colorimetric nanosensors due to their intrinsic color change, cost-effectiveness, and easy synthesis. Paracetamol-mediated CuO NPs were synthesized through a new approach and characterized through various spectroscopic and morphological techniques. UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of CuO NPs through surface plasmon resonance at 225 nm. The peak at 850 cm−1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of CuO NPs. The XRD and SEM characterization techniques confirmed the particle size of 27.51 nm with a spherical morphology. A machine learning-assisted strategy was developed with four prediction models: Random Forest, Linear Regression, XGBoost, and Decision Tree Regression. The intrinsic colorimetric features of CuO NPs were observed through the naked eye and quantified through spectroscopy with the addition of oxalate. The developed platform selectively detected oxalate levels in concentrations ranging from 1 to 120 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.23 µM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.78 µM. The developed biosensor successfully quantified oxalate, crucial for diagnosing hyperoxaluria and preventing calcium oxalate stone formation in the kidneys. The machine learning complementary tools further bolster the accuracy of colorimetric concentration prediction.