Copper-based nanoparticles (Cu-based NPs) represent a major focus in nanomedicine due to their unique physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. In this paper, we present an interdisciplinary study bridging engineering and biomedical sciences by employing a novel synthesis approach to produce highly stable and uniformly dispersed spherical copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), which were subsequently tested for their cytotoxic effects on SKBR3 and MSC human cells. The synthesis of CuNPs was performed in the presence of the complexing agent trisodium citrate (TSC), while starch was used for the chemical reduction step. Characterization of the Cu-based NPs via UV–Vis, FT-IR, Mie theory, DLS and SEM confirmed their nanoscale structure. The obtained CuNPs were subsequently assessed for their biological effects and cytotoxic responses induced in normal and SKBR3 cancer cell lines. The SKBR3 cell line showed a dose-dependent decrease in the cell index and a higher proportion of apoptotic cells compared to normal MSCs, with apoptosis representing the dominant mode of cell death. Although SKBR3 cells appeared to mount an antioxidant response against CuNP oxidative stress, the response was insufficient to counteract the apoptotic progression. In comparison, MSCs showed a greater resilience to CuNP-induced cellular stress. By promoting oxidative stress and disrupting the antioxidant defense system of cancer cells, CuNPs exhibit promising anti-cancer properties.

Oxidative stress induction of mixtures of commercial pesticide formulations with a copper hydroxide nanopesticide in Daphnia magna is mediated by copper speciation.

Although copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) are increasingly explored as food and feed additives, there is still limited evidence on how the commonly consumed dietary fibre matrix modulates their effects on the gut microbiota. This study evaluated whether different dietary fibres (cellulose, pectin, inulin, psyllium) modulate Cu-NP-driven changes in caecal microbiota activity, composition, and bile acid metabolism in rats in a multifactorial design accounting for fibre type, copper dose, and copper form. Wistar male rats (n = 10 per group, 10 groups) were fed semi-purified diets for 6 weeks. Cu-NPs were provided at 6.5 or 13 mg Cu/kg diet and combined with cellulose (control fibre) or with pectin, inulin, or psyllium. Caecal digesta parameters, microbial enzyme activities, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids, and 16S rRNA sequencing were used to assess microbial diversity. Final body weight did not differ among groups, whereas feed intake decreased most consistently with inulin and psyllium. Inulin and psyllium increased caecal digesta and tissue mass, while pectin increased caecal ammonia. Higher Cu-NPs dose reduced several microbial enzyme activities and lowered major SCFAs across most treatments; pectin most strongly preserved/enhanced glycosidase activities and was associated with increased SCFA levels vs. control, with a 32% rise in acetate, a 47% rise in propionate, and a 61% rise in butyrate. Fibre type dominated bile acid outcomes: psyllium reduced total bile acids by 11.8% vs. control, while inulin increased muricholic acids by 216% vs. control. Microbiota alpha and beta diversity separated primarily by fibre type, with distinct clustering particularly in pectin-fed groups. Across comparisons, Mucispirillum was consistently reduced in fibre-supplemented groups vs. cellulose, alongside recurrent changes in selected genera; functional profiling highlighted shared shifts in carbohydrate, fermentation, transport, and stress-response features under Cu-NPs exposure. The gastrointestinal and microbiota responses to Cu-NPs are strongly fibre-dependent; thus, Cu-NP safety and functionality should be evaluated together with the accompanying dietary fibre matrix, not as a standalone exposure. Implications for humans remain indirect and require confirmation in human-relevant models and clinical settings.

Harnessing Nature's Chemistry: Eco-friendly fabrication of copper, iron and silver nanoparticles for an environmental toxin biosensor

Theoretical investigation of the structure, performance and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction of copper nanoparticles supported on carbon-based materials

Highly sensitive detection of diethylstilbestrol based on a dual-mode membrane sensor of molecular imprinted nanozymes.

Correlating the in-situ morphology of copper nanoparticles with reaction activity in water-gas shift reaction

Innovative one-step process for producing carbon-shelled copper nanoparticles enabling enhanced thermal stability and generating semiconductor optical behavior for metals

Cardiovascular diseases include various heart and blood vessel disorders. Arterial stenosis, caused by the buildup of fatty deposits and other materials, narrows arteries and disrupts normal blood flow, leading to increased wall shear stress and flow disturbances. In this study, the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative is applied to analyze blood flow with copper nanoparticles in an inclined stenosed artery. Blood is modeled as a non-Newtonian Casson fluid under a uniform magnetic field and pressure gradient. Using the Laplace and Hankel transform techniques, analytical solutions for blood and magnetic particle velocities are obtained, and the effects of flow parameters, Hartmann number, time, Casson fluid parameter, and fractional order are presented graphically. Validation against limiting cases shows good agreement with previous studies. The results demonstrate that blood and particle velocities increase with fractional order, time, and Casson fluid parameter, but decrease with higher Hartmann number, with blood velocity generally exceeding particle velocity. These findings are useful for designing targeted drug delivery systems by understanding the behavior of non-Newtonian nanofluids in stenosed arteries under magnetic fields.

The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein facilitates viral entry into host cells by binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. To exploit this mechanism for therapeutic intervention, a liposome fusion-induced membrane exchange (LIME) strategy to generate biomimetic membrane-integrated liposomes (MILs) from ACE2-overexpressing mammalian cells was developed. Using engineered HeLa cells as a model, MILs have been successfully harvested that retained native surface proteins, including ACE2, as confirmed by immunogold TEM and Western blot analysis. These ACE2-presenting MILs were then coated onto copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs), creating biomimetic Cu@MIL nanostructures with dual functions, including selective viral capture via ACE2-mediated binding and neutralization, as well as potent antiviral activity from Cu NP disinfection. This synergistic platform effectively camouflages the nanomaterial with host-mimetic membranes, conferring targeted viral neutralization and disinfection capabilities. Our findings highlight the potential of Cu@MIL nanoparticles as a decoy-plus antiviral therapeutic for SARS-CoV-2, offering a promising strategy to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics of receptor-specific pathogens.

Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, remains one of the most devastating diseases affecting tomato cultivation globally. As concerns over chemical residues and pathogen resistance grow, eco-friendly management strategies utilizing green-synthesized nanoparticles and botanical extracts have gained prominence as viable alternatives to conventional fungicides.The present investigation, conducted during the 2023–24 season, evaluated the efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), neem extracts, and mancozeb in modulating biochemical defense parameters in tomato foliage. The treatments were assessed for their ability to induce systemic resistance by quantifying changes in total soluble protein, total phenol content, salicylic acid levels, and peroxidase (PO) activity at 2, 5, 8, and 11 days after inoculation (DAI). The experimental results revealed that all treatments significantly bolstered the host's biochemical defenses compared to the infected control. Notably, Treatment T3 (AgNPs @ 100 ppm) emerged as the most potent elicitor, achieving peak enhancements at 8 DAI. Under this treatment, total soluble protein, phenol content, salicylic acid levels and peroxidase activity were increased by 93.37, 82.61, 87.13 and 94.96 per cent, respectively relative to the infected control.These findings strongly suggest that green-synthesized silver nanoparticles effectively prime the plant's immune system, triggering a robust defense response that limits the progression of P. infestans. Consequently, the application of AgNPs represents a highly effective and sustainable tool for the integrated management of late blight in tomato crops.

Functionally integrated palindromic hairpin-enabled signal efficient amplification and continuous transduction for one-pot miRNA sensing.

Eco-Friendly Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized from Andrographis paniculata: A Potential Agent Against Breast Cancer

Metal nanoparticles (MNPS) with unique and size-related optical properties that differ greatly from those at the bulk and atomic levels are included in the broad area of nanoscience. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) one of the noble MNPS, have special characteristics for metal interaction. Copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) Nanoparticles can be synthesized by using different methods, including chemical, physical, biological and green synthesis techniques. The synthesis of nanoparticles through the use of plants represents biological method that is both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. We produce two types of nanoparticles: one being silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and the other copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs). The chemical methods of nanoparticles synthesis pose health hazards and environmental risks; the biological method of nanoparticles synthesis is significantly more environmentally friendly and safe for use. Green synthesis, which involves the use of plant extract, bacteria and fungi an eco-friendly approach to nanoparticles production. Controlling the particle size – dependent properties of these nanoparticles enhance their potential application. While silver and gold nanoparticles are wildly studied, copper nanoparticles present a cost- effective alternative with strong antibacterial properties. This review compiles information on the synthesis, properties, stabilizing agent, application of Ag and Cu nanoparticles, their importance in biological and technological fields. Characterization by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), etc. copper nanoparticles generally display a surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) peak within the range of 300-800 nm, with notable peaks occurring around 540-570 nm. Silver nanoparticles usually present a peak within the range of 390-470 nm.

This study reports on the performance of alumina-supported copper-based catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane, with copper dispersed on two distinct commercial aluminium oxide supports made of micro- and nanosized alumina, respectively. The activity and selectivity of the two catalysts was investigated at temperatures between 250 and 550 °C. At a propane-to-O2 ratio of 1:1, Cu/nanoAl2O3 achieves propylene selectivity of 35-48% at low temperatures (250-300 °C), while Cu/Al2O3 only exhibits activity starting at 350 °C with about 40% propylene selectivity. Altering the propylene-to-oxygen ratio to 3:1 enhances selectivity towards propylene in both catalysts, up to about 64% on Cu/Al2O3 at temperatures of 250-350 °C. The switch to the mild oxidant CO2 boosts propylene selectivity to 100%. In case of Cu/nanoAl2O3, the rate of propylene formation doubles that of the obtained with O2 used as oxidant. While with CO2 the Cu/nanoAl2O3 catalyst retains 100% propylene selectivity up to 500 °C, on the less active Cu/Al2O3 cracking sets off already at 400 °C. The different size of copper particles in the two catalysts is seen as a primary factor determining the observed differences in the performance of the studied catalysts.

This study presents a novel multifunctional Lac@CMC-Cu@Fe3O4 nanocomposite for the efficient immobilization of laccase designed to overcome limitations in enzyme stability, reusability, and catalytic performance. The nanocomposite integrates magnetite (Fe3O4) for rapid magnetic separation, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a biocompatible matrix for covalent enzyme attachment, and copper nanoparticles to enhance catalytic activity. The immobilization achieved an impressive yield of 87%, with comprehensive characterization by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, EDX, BET, and VSM confirming successful synthesis and enzyme attachment. Kinetic analysis revealed a remarkable 37% increase in maximum reaction velocity (Vmax = 111 µmol/min) compared to free laccase (81.3 µmol/min), despite a moderate increase in Km from 1.54 to 3.22 mM. The immobilized biocatalyst demonstrated superior thermal stability, retaining 53% activity at 60 °C versus 17% for the free enzyme, and exhibited a broader pH tolerance, maintaining 41% activity at pH 8.0. Notably, the biocatalyst showed enhanced performance in organic solvents, with 153% activation in acetone. Operational reusability was exceptional, retaining 84% activity after 15 cycles, and storage stability was significantly improved, maintaining 68% activity after 90 days compared to only 11% for free laccase. This magnetically separable nanobiocatalyst represents a promising, scalable platform for sustainable industrial and environmental applications.

The current research first investigates the flow in the fractional order of a vertical artery with atherosclerosis using a Casson-based penta-hybrid nanofluid. Gold (Au), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), magnesium oxide (MgO), and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles are dispersed in blood to make the hybrid nanofluid. It is assumed that the flow is very pulsatile. The mathematical model is constructed by using differential forms of the conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy, and irreversibility analysis. By applying the mild stenosis approximation, the governing equations are transformed into dimensionless form. To generalize the classical model to its fractional counterpart, the Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative (C-FFD) is employed. Closed-form solutions for the velocity and temperature fields are realized by the joint application of the Laplace and Hankel transforms. The impact of essential physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and entropy generation is displayed through figures. The physical significance of enhanced thermal characteristics is shown, emphasizing their potential relevance to thermal regulation, targeted drug delivery, and minimization of irreversible energy losses in biomedical flow systems. The velocity profile elevates with the increase in the Casson parameter, while the temperature drops as the fractional-order parameter rises. Entropy generation is observed to amplify with the increasing values of the thermodynamic parameter in question, whereas an opposite tendency is seen for the Bejan number. The Bejan number decreases as the control parameter becomes higher. The novelty of the present investigation lies in the simultaneous incorporation of Caputo–Fabrizio fractional dynamics, penta-hybrid nanoparticle suspension, and entropy generation analysis in a stenosed arterial configuration. Unlike existing fractional Casson blood flow models that primarily focus on single or hybrid nanofluids, the present framework highlights the synergistic enhancement of thermal transport and irreversibility control achieved through penta-hybrid nanoparticles, which may be relevant for advanced biomedical and targeted therapeutic applications.

Enhancing engine efficiency, augmenting energy production in solar thermal systems, and reducing friction and wear in tribological contexts are key applications of ternary hybrid nanofluids comprising aluminium oxide, copper, and molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil. This study presents a comparative analysis of the induced magnetic field and heat transfer characteristics of Carreau nanofluid flow over a vertical and an inclined stretching cylinder, highlighting the effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and stagnation point flow. The research formulates governing equations based on momentum, magnetic induction, and energy principles, converting them into nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate transformations. The bvp4c solver in MATLAB is used to solve the linearised ordinary differential equations. The results indicate that the heat source/sink, magnetic field, thermal radiation parameter, and Eckert and Biot numbers contribute to enhancing the heat transfer. Ternary hybrid nanofluids excel in heat transfer and fluid motion compared to conventional nanofluids. Skin friction and local Nusselt number are computed and graphically represented for a vertical cylinder in comparison to an inclined cylinder.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), primarily caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) using virulence factors like adhesins, toxins, and biofilms, are common bacterial infections with significant clinical and economic impact; rising antibiotic resistance demands new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review uniquely integrates UTI-specific pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic nanotechnology strategies, while critically evaluating translational barriers. Current diagnostic techniques, including dipstick urinalysis, microscopic urinalysis, and urine culture, have limited sensitivities, specificities, and turnaround times. Nanotechnology offers promising advancements in UTI diagnosis and treatment with higher therapeutic efficacy than traditional methods. Nanoparticle-based biosensors and point-of-care devices facilitate rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of uropathogens and biomarkers. The delivery of antimicrobials using nanoparticles, such as silver, copper, zinc oxide, and selenium nanoparticles, enhances their effectiveness against resistant strains and biofilms, while reducing off-target effects. Additionally, organic nanoparticles, nanodiamonds, and green-synthesized nanoparticles exhibit antibacterial properties and improved drug delivery efficiency. Key challenges remain in nanoparticle characterization, manufacturing scalability, regulation of drug–device combinations, and rigorous renal-focused toxicology and pharmacokinetics. Overall, nanotechnology offers credible pathways for a faster diagnosis and more effective targeted UTI treatment. However, clinical translation requires a standardized evaluation, elucidation of the mechanism, and safety-by-design development.

Toxic Effects of Copper and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Brain Tissue Antioxidant Defense of Male Swiss Albino Mice.