Copper Chloride Dihydrate Research Articles

Synthesis, Spectroscopy and Crystal Structure of a New Copper Complex Built Up by Cationic (Dimethylphosphoryl)methanaminium Ligands

A new transition metal complex of the mono-protonated ligand (dimethylphosphoryl)methanamine (dpmaH+) was obtained by equimolar reaction of copper(II) chloride dihydrate and dpma in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The asymmetric unit of the title structure, [CuCl2(C3H11NOP)4][CuCl4]2, consists of one half of a fourfold charged trans-dichloridotetrakis[(dimethylphosphoryl)methanaminium]copper(II) complex with the copper atom located on an inversion centre and one tetrachloridocuprate(II) dianion found in a general position. The copper centre in the cationic complex shows a tetragonally distorted octahedral environment composed of four oxygen atoms in a square plane and two trans-coordinated chlorido ligands. This 4+2-coordination causes elongated Cu-Cl distances because of the Jahn-Teller effect. The geometry of the tetrachloridocuprate(II) dianion is best described as a seriously distorted tetrahedron. Analysis of the hydrogen bonding scheme by graph-set theory shows three patterns of rings in the title compound. The cationic copper complex reveals intramolecular hydrogen bonds between two aminium groups and the two axial chlorido ligands. Further hydrogen bonding among the cations and anions, more precisely between four aminium groups and the chlorido ligands of four adjacent tetrachloridocuprate(II) anions, lead to a chain-type structure. Comparing the coordination chemistry of the title structure with an analogue cobalt(II) compound only disclose differences in hydrogen bonding pattern resulting in an unusual chain propagation. Besides the crystal structure received spectroscopic data are in accordance with appropriate literature.

One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐[(N‐Alkylanilino)(aryl)methyl]indoles via a Transition Metal Assisted Three‐Component Condensation at Room Temperature

A simple and highly efficient protocol for the one‐pot synthesis of a series of 3‐[(N‐alkylanilino)(aryl)methyl]indoles has been developed based on low‐cost and environmentally benign zirconium oxychloride octahydrate and copper chloride dihydrate catalysts via three‐component condensation between indoles, aromatic aldehydes, and N‐alkylanilines at room temperature under neat condition. Mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, high atom‐economy, good yields in relatively shorter reaction times, use of low‐cost and eco‐friendly catalysts are some of the salient features of this protocol.

Conversion of 2-thiohydantoins and their derivatives to the corresponding hydantoins in the processes of complexation reactions with copper(II) chloride dihydrate

The treatment of 5-pyridylmethylene-substituted 2-thiohydantoins or 2-alkylthio-3,5-dihydro-4Н-imidazole-4-ones with CuCl2.2H2O affords the mononuclear or polymeric copper(II) complexes of the corresponding hydantoins. A presumable mechanism of hydantoin moiety formation involves Lewis acid catalyzed nucleophilic substitution of a sulfur-containing leaving group in the organic ligand by a water molecule from CuCl2.2H2O. The copper complexes Cu(L1-H)Cl(H2O) (7; L1=(Z)-3-allyl-5-(pyridine-2-ylmethylene)imidazole-2,4(4H)-dione) and Cu(L2-H)2 (9; L2=Z)-3-allyl-5-(5′-bromo-pyridine-2-ylmethylene)imidazole-2,4(4H)-dione) were characterized by X-ray diffraction.

Diffusion properties of aqueous slurries in evaporative spray drying of copper (II) chloride dihydrate

This study examines the evaporative heat transfer and diffusive mass transfer of a droplet of CuCl2 solution. The validation of a new predictive model involves comparisons with experimental data from previous studies of different fluids based on non-dimensional analysis. The study provides new insight about the effects of different concentrations of water on the CuCl2 slurry drying at low to moderate air temperatures. Predictive correlations of heat and mass transfer are developed for the aqueous solution, subject to various drying conditions. The analysis is performed for moist air in contact with a sprayed aqueous solution of copper (II) chloride dihydrate [CuCl2·(2H2O)]. Results are presented and discussed for the drying processes.

Preparation and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles via the Liquid Phase Plasma Method

Polycrystalline copper nanoparticles were synthesized from copper chloride dihydrate solution using the liquid phase plasma reduction method. A bipolar pulsed power supply with tungsten electrodes was used to generate discharge in the aqueous solutions. While large size of dendrite-shaped copper nanoparticles were mostly observed in the initial stage and particle size decreased with discharge time. The particles were dispersed with less and less small particles by the addition of CTAB and anisotropic shapes nanoparticles were mostly observed at long time plasma-treated with high concentration of surfactant. Many spots could be seen in the selected area diffraction pattern (SADP) for polycrystalline particles. Keywords: Bipolar pulsed discharge, copper, liquid phase plasma, nanoparticle, surfactant.

Selective Solar Absorber Coatings on Receiver Tubes for CSP – Energy-efficient Production Process by Sol-gel dip-coating and Subsequent Induction Heating

The energy efficiency of production processes for components of solar energy systems is an important issue. Other factors, which are important for the production of black selective solar coatings include production speed, cycle time and homogeneity of the coating, as well as the minimization of the quantity of the needed chemical precursors. In this paper a new energy-efficient low-cost production process is presented for production of optically selective coatings for solar thermal absorbers.The used method to produce such coatings is sol-gel dip-coating for which all the solutions have been synthetized at the Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory of EPFL. The used precursors are tetraethyl orthosilicate, manganese acetate tetrahydrate, copper chloride dihydrate and cobalt chloride hexahydrate. Solutions were obtained by dissolving these precursors in a solution based on a mixture of absolute ethanol, nitric acid and demineralized water.The layers deposited on sheetlike substrates were annealed in a benchtop furnace. For 2 meter long austenitic stainless steel tubes, a novel, fast and energy-efficient process based on induction heating was developed for the thermal annealing. An induction coil passes along the tube. An alternating current flowing in the coil induces a current in the tube. By resistive heating, the temperature of both the metallic tube wall and the deposited film increases. The homogeneity of the temperature distribution of the tube after a single passage of the coil was monitored by infrared imaging.The optical and morphological properties of the Cu-Co-Mn-Si-O based triple layer have been characterized by spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). After optimization of the multilayer design, a solar absorptance of 0.95 and a thermal emissivity of 0.12 at 100°C have been achieved. The intermediate Cu-Co-Mn-Si-O layer was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The likewise obtained images show an agglomeration of crystalline grains with 5-20nm in diameter. Therefore, we can consider that the Cu-Co-Mn-Si-O phase is nanocrystalline.In order to roughly estimate the corrosion resistance of the coating in an acidic environment, a simple corrosion test in harsh conditions confirmed the durability of the novel sol-gel coating. Moreover, the excellent stability at elevated temperatures in ambient air makes the coating an interesting candidate for solar applications involving concentrated solar radiation, such as the generation of solar electricity (concentrated solar power), industrial process heating and solar cooling. For that reason, prototype coatings consisting of stacks of three individual layers were deposited on 2 meter long stainless steel tubes.

Comparison of the efficiency of Cu and silver nanoparticle loaded on supports for the removal of Eosin Y from aqueous solution: Kinetic and isotherm study

In this study, the efficiency of a novel copper containing ionic liquid based nanoporous organosilica (Cu@IL-ONO) and palladium nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon (Pd-NP-AC) for the removal of Eosin Y from aqueous solution was investigated. The Cu@IL-ONO was prepared by hydrolysis and co-condensation of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and 1,3-bis (trimethoxysilylpropyl) imidazolium chloride in the presence of surfactant template following immobilization of copper chloride dihydrate. These materials were characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and subsequently used for the successful removal of Eosin Yellow (EY) from aqueous solution. The effects of pH, contact time, amount of adsorbents, initial dye concentration was optimized and set as following: 0.005g/50mL Cu@IL-ONO and 0.015g/50mL Ag-NP-AC at pH=2 for Cu@IL-ONO and pH=3 for Ag-NP-AC and contact time less than 14min. The experimental removal percentage data at various situations was fitted by conventional isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R). Judgment based on linear regression coefficient (R2) and error analysis show high usability of the Langmuir isotherm for best explanation of experimental data with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities 286 and 250mgg−1 at room temperatures for Cu@IL-ONO and Ag-NP-AC, respectively. Fitting the corresponding data of removal percentage at various experimental conditions shows the suitability of second order and interparticle diffusion model for interpretation of real data.

Pyrolysis preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film and its application to counter electrode in quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

The Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films with uniform and porous surface feature with the pore size of 100-200nm were successfully prepared by pyrolysis procedure using the methanol solution containing copper chloride dihydrate (0.06mol dm−3), zinc chloride (0.03mol dm−3), stannous chloride dihydrate (0.03mol dm−3), thiourea (0.48mol dm−3) and deionized water (1.92mol dm−3) as precursor solution at 380°C in air atmosphere. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was applied to evaluate the electrochemical catalytic activity of the pyrolysis CZTS thin films for redox couple of Sn2-/S2− and the charge transfer resistance was 64.08Ω using the pyrolysis CZTS thin film obtained by repeating the procedure of dipping the FTO substrate into the precursor solution and heating at 380°C for 7 cycles. The assembled quantum dot-sensitized solar cells gave an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.52V, a short-circuit photocurrent density of 12.96mAcm−2, and a fill factor of 0.38, corresponding to the photoelectric conversion efficiency of 2.56%. Because the pyrolysis procedure was a facile, low cost and vacuum-free process, and had the advantage of obtaining various porous microstructure thin films and allowing deposition over large areas, the pyrolysis CZTS thin films can serve as an effective counter electrode for QDSCs.

Resurrection of dead lacquer—Cupric potassium chloride dihydrate (K2CuCl4·2H2O) used as the mimic laccase

Oriental lacquer collected from lacquer trees is widely used as surface coatings for centuries. The lacquer with little activity of laccase is called dead lacquer vividly which cannot be cured automatically. In this study, the cheap copper chloride dihydrate (K2CuCl4·2H2O) was used as a novel catalyst to cure the dead lacquer at room temperature. The redox property of K2CuCl4·2H2O was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The process of oxidative polymerization of urushiol was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV–vis, and electron spin-resonance spectroscopy. At 75% relative humidity, the dead lacquer film with the gloss of 101.0% and hardness of 0.84 (glass value) could be obtained when the K2CuCl4·2H2O content was 0.6wt%. The results of the thermal properties and the chemical resistance tests showed that the dead lacquer film catalyzed by K2CuCl4·2H2O had better thermal stability and chemical resistance than those of the raw lacquer film catalyzed by laccase.

A Facile Non-Aqueous Approach for the Synthesis of Cu Nanowires

A non-aqueous synthetic route has been developed for the preparation of uniform Cu nanowires with length up to tens of micrometers. Unlike commonly used one-pot synthesis approach that usually involve a fast reduction of metal precursors in the presence of reducing agents, a continuous-injection approach has been to utilized to control the speed of reaction and the concentration of Cu nuclei. In this approach, copper (II) chloride dihydrate and nickel (II) acetylacetone which are dissolved in oleylamine solutions have been injected into octadecene by a syringe-pump. The as-prepared samples have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results show that the products are pure Cu nanowires which have preferred <110> growth directions. The formation mechanism and major influencing factors on the synthesis of Cu nanowires have been discussed.

Growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films on transparent conducting glass substrates by the solvothermal method

In this study, a facile solvothermal method was proposed to grow Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films directly on transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. In the solvothermal fabrication process, precursors of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, copper (II) chloride dihydrate, tin (II) chloride dehydrate, zinc (II) chloride, thiourea and ethanol were used. The morphology, crystallographic structure, chemical composition and optical band gap of CZTS thin films were investigated using scanning electronic microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer, respectively. It is revealed that Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films are in kesterite phase, composed of a large number of uniform sphere-like particles with an average diameter of about 530nm. The optical band gap is found to be 1.51eV. It is believed that both the similar tetragonal structure and small lattice mismatch between the FTO substrate and Cu2ZnSnS4 play a key role in promoting the epitaxial nucleation and growth of the Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films on FTO substrates.

Metal-organophosphonate chemistry: Hydrothermal syntheses and structures of copper(II)-xylyldiphosphonates with organonitrogen coligands

The hydrothermal reactions of copper(II) acetate monohydrate or copper(II) chloride dihydrate with xylyl-phosphonic acid derivatives in the presence of organonitrogen coligands yielded a series of compounds of the Cu(II)/ligand/xylyl-diphosphonate system. The materials structurally characterized in the study include the parent compound [Cu2(H2O)2(1,4-O3PC8H8PO3)] (1); the o-phenanthroline derivatives: [Cu(H2O)(o-Phen)(1,4-HO3PC8PO3H)]·3H2O (2·3H2O), [Cu2(H2O)2(1,4-O3PC8H8PO3)]·3H2O (3·3H2O), [Cu(o-phen)(1,4-HO3PC8H8PO3H)]·3H2O (4·3H2O), [Cu(o-phen)(1,2-HO3PC8H8PO3H)] (5), and [Cu(o-phen)(1,3-HO3PC8H8PO3H)] (6); the 2,2′-bipyridine derivatives: [Cu2(H2O)2(bpy)2(1,4-HO3PC8H8PO3H2)2(HO3PC8H8PO3H)]·H2O (7·H2O); [Cu(bpy)(1,4-HO3PC8H8PO3H)]·2H2O (8·2H2O), and [Cu(bpy)(1,3-HO3PC8H8PO3H)] (9); the tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine materials: [Cu2(H2O)2(tpypyz)(1,4-HO3PC8H8PO3H)2·(1,4-H2O3PC8H8PO3H2)2·2H2O (10·(H62O3PC8H8PO3H2)2·2H2O), [Cu2(tpypyz)(1,2-HO3PC8H8PO3H)2]·2H2O (11·2H2O), and [Cu4Cl4(tpypyz)2(1,4-H2O3PC8H8PO3H)2]Cl2·H2O3PC8H8O3H2·8H2O (12·H2O3PC8H8O3H2·8H2O); and the di-2,2′-pyridylamine compound [Cu(2,2dpy)(HO3PC8H8PO3H)] (13). The role of the coligand in modifying the overall dimensionality of the ultimate products is apparent. Rather than observing the common pillared layer frameworks characteristic of metal-diphosphonate materials, the o-phenthroline derivatives, compounds 4 and 5 are two-dimensional, 3 and 6 are one-dimensional and 2 is molecular. For the 2,2′-bipyridyl analogues, 8 is two-dimensional while 9 is one-dimensional and 7 is molecular. Similarly, the tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine derivatives provide a one-dimensional material 10 and two molecular species 11 and 12.

Cleavage of the C–S bond with the formation of a binuclear copper complex with 2-thiolato-3-phenyl-5-(pyridine-2-ylmethylene)-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazole-4-one. A new mimic of the active site of N2O reductase

The treatment of the ligands with copper(II) chloride dihydrate led to the formation of a binuclear copper complex with a [Cu(+1.5)Cu(+1.5)] redox state as a result of C-S bond cleavage in the course of the reaction. This complex catalyses the electrochemical reduction of nitrous oxide and triphenyl phosphine oxidation under N2O action.

A novel single step synthesis, high efficiency and cost effective photovoltaic applications of oxidized copper nano particles

Economically viable copper oxide nano particles were prepared via a novel simplistic synthesis method using oleic acid as a solvent, surfactant and capping agent with varying reaction temperature (200°C, 300°C and 400°C) by solvothermal technique to develop a high efficiency solar cell. The influence of calcined temperature on crystalline size, purity, morphology, structural phase transition and stoichiometric formation of copper oxide powders were investigated by using powder X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The band gaps were calculated by optical studies. The luminescence spectra exhibit band to band transition of copper oxide nano particles. From TGA profile the mass reduction was occurred below 300°C. The growth mechanism of Copper oxide nano particles from copper chloride dihydrate with oleic acid (OA) investigated. The maximum overall conversion efficiency of 0.863% has been achieved from I to V characteristic study in favor of copper oxide nano particles calcined at 400°C.

ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct and Site‐Selective Desulfitative Arylation of Indoles with Sodium Sulfinates.

An efficient method was developed for the desulfitative arylation of indoles with sodium sulfinates using palladium as catalyst and copper chloride dihydrate as oxidant. The direct arylation occurred exclusively in the C-2 position of indoles and proceeded well for a range of different substrates.

Speciation of Copper(II) Complexes in an Ionic Liquid Based on Choline Chloride and in Choline Chloride/Water Mixtures

A deep-eutectic solvent with the properties of an ionic liquid is formed when choline chloride is mixed with copper(II) chloride dihydrate in a 1:2 molar ratio. EXAFS and UV-vis-near-IR optical absorption spectroscopy have been used to compare the coordination sphere of the cupric ion in this ionic liquid with that of the cupric ion in solutions of 0.1 M of CuCl(2)·2H(2)O in solvents with varying molar ratios of choline chloride and water. The EXAFS data show that species with three chloride ions and one water molecule coordinated to the cupric ion as well as species with two chloride molecules and two water molecules coordinated to the cupric ion are present in the ionic liquid. On the other hand, a fully hydrated copper(II) ion is formed in an aqueous solution free of choline chloride, and the tetrachlorocuprate(II) complex forms in aqueous choline chloride solutions with more than 50 wt % of choline chloride. In solutions with between 0 and 50 wt % of choline chloride, mixed chloro-aquo complexes occur. Upon standing at room temperature, crystals of CuCl(2)·2H(2)O and of Cu(choline)Cl(3) formed in the ionic liquid. Cu(choline)Cl(3) is the first example of a choline cation coordinating to a transition-metal ion. Crystals of [choline](3)[CuCl(4)][Cl] and of [choline](4)[Cu(4)Cl(10)O] were also synthesized from molecular or ionic liquid solvents, and their crystal structures were determined.

Hydroxylation of phenol catalyzed by different forms of Cu‐alginate with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant

Abstract Copper alginate (dry beads and powder) catalysts were prepared using four concentrations of copper chloride dihydrate and sodium alginate. The resulting catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, ICP-AES, SEM, EDX and nitrogen physisorption measurements. The results of phenol hydroxylation showed that the catalytic activities of these catalysts are related to the Cu (II) content. The highest conversions of phenol were 52.9% and 62.5% over dry beads and powder, respectively, with a catechol-to-hydroquinone ratio of 3:2.

Dakin–West reaction on 1-thyminyl acetic acid for the synthesis of 1,3-bis(1-thyminyl)-2-propanone, a heteroaromatic compound with nucleopeptide-binding properties

This work deals with the Dakin-West synthesis, starting from the nucleoamino acid 1-thyminyl acetic acid, as well the NMR, ESI MS, and X-ray characterization of a heteroaromatic compound denominated by us T(2)CO, comprising two thymine moieties anchored to a 2-propanonic unit, the spectroscopic properties of which were studied by UV as a function of temperature and ionic strength. Preliminary binding-studies with molecules of biomedical interest such as nucleic acids and proteins, performed on samples containing T(2)CO, suggested that this molecule is able to interact very weakly with double-stranded RNA, whereas it does not seem to bind other nucleic acids or proteins. Moreover, by studies with fresh human serum we found that T(2)CO is resistant to enzymatic degradation till 24 h, whereas UV metal binding-studies, performed using solutions of copper (II) chloride dihydrate and nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate, revealed a certain ability of T(2)CO to bind copper (II) cation. Finally, by CD spectroscopy we investigated the influence of T(2)CO on the already described supramolecular networks based on L-serine-containing nucleopeptides. More particularly, we found that T(2)CO is able to increase the level of structuration of the non-covalent supramolecular assembly of the chiral nucleopeptides, which is a feature of remarkable interest for the development of innovative drug delivery tools.

Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct and Site‐Selective Desulfitative Arylation of Indoles with Sodium Sulfinates

AbstractAn efficient method was developed for the desulfitative arylation of indoles with sodium sulfinates using palladium as catalyst and copper chloride dihydrate as oxidant. The direct arylation occurred exclusively in the C‐2 position of indoles and proceeded well for a range of different substrates.

One-pot synthesis of hexagonal and triangular nickel–copper alloy nanoplates and their magnetic and catalytic properties

A facile one-pot route has been developed for the synthesis of hexagonal and triangular Ni–Cu alloy nanoplates. The synthesis was conducted using nickel(II) acetylacetonate and copper(II) chloride dihydrate as metal precursors, trioctylphosphine as a capping agent, and oleylamine as a solvent and reducing agent. Structural analyses from X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicate that the as-synthesized nanoplates have an fcc crystalline structure and their side faces are bound by a mixture of {100} and {111} facets, while their top and bottom faces are bound by {111} facets. The oxidative etching effect of Cu(II) on Ni(0) in the presence of Cl ions plays an important role in the generation of the anisotropic nanoplates. The results of magnetic measurements revealed differences between the hexagonal and triangular nanoplates in their ability to undergo the transition from the ferromagnetic to the superparamagnetic state with increasing temperature. The magnetic properties of the as-synthesized Ni–Cu alloy nanoplates can also be tuned by adjusting the Ni content which correlates closely with reaction temperature. Excellent catalytic properties for the catalytic reduction of methylene blue by NaBH4 in aqueous solution were observed for the as-synthesized nanoplates.