Copper Chloride Dihydrate Research Articles

Facile preparation of novel Cu–Zn–S film by spray pyrolysis

In this work, novel Cu–Zn–S (CZS) thin film for solar cell was successfully synthesized using a facile preparation method of spray pyrolysis. Copper (II) chloride dihydrate, zinc(II) acetate dihydrate and thiourea were used as reagents. The effect of varying the substrate temperature for the spray in terms of structural, optical, compositional, morphological and photovoltaic properties of the fabricated CZS film was investigated via X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible-infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and J–V tester, respectively. As observed from the results, our novel CZS thin films have good crystallinity phase with bandgap of 2.21 eV and a conversion efficiency of 0.84% under optimal condition.

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF COPPER(II)CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE AGAINST DENGUE VIRUS TYPE-2 IN VERO CELL

Infection of dengue virus (DENV) was number of globally significant emerging pathogen. Antiviral dengue therapies ar importantly needed to control emerging dengue. Dengue virus (DENV) is mosquito-borne arboviruses responsible for causing acute systemic diseases and grievous health conditions in humans. To date, there is no clinically approved dengue vaccine or antiviral for humans, even though there have been great efforts towards this end. Copper and copper compounds have more effective in inactivation viruses, likes an influenza virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Purpose in this project was investigated of Copper(II)chloride Dihydrate antiviral compound were further tested for inhibitory effect on the replication of DENV-2 in cell culture. DENV replication was measures by Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with selectivity index value (SI) was determined as the ratio of cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) to inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) for compound. The maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Copper(II)chloride Dihydrate against dengue virus type-2 was 0.13 μg/ml. The cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of compound against Vero cell was 5.03 μg/ml. The SI values for Copper(II)chloride Dihydrate 38.69. Result of this study suggest that Copper(II)chloride Dihydrate demonstated significant anti-DENV-2 inhibitory activities and not toxic in the Vero cells. Copper mechanisms play an important role in the prevention of copper toxicity, exposure to excessive levels of copper can result in a number of adverse health effects, as a result increased reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage to lipid, DNA, and proteins have been observed in human cell culture models or clinical syndromes of severe copper deficiency and inhibition was attributed to released cupric ions which react with cysteine residues on the surface of the protease.

Double Carbonylation Using Glyoxal (HCOCOH): A Practical Copper‐Promoted Synthesis of Isatins from Primary and Secondary Anilines

AbstractA novel double carbonylation process has been demonstrated with easily available HCOCOH (glyoxal) as the double carbonylation reagent. Simple CuCl2⋅2H2O (copper(II) chloride dihydrate) was used as the oxidant for this transformation. Under optimized reaction conditions, various primary and secondary anilines were double‐carbonylated to afford their corresponding isatins (26 examples, up to 80% yields).magnified image

Efficient Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals through Hydrochloric Acid Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Inorganic Chlorides under Hydrothermal Conditions

Four inorganic chlorides were introduced into hydrochloric acid hydrolysis to extract cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from microcrystalline celluloses (MCC) under hydrothermal conditions. The as-prepared CNCs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The role of inorganic chlorides including ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2·2H2O), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O) in the extraction and properties of high quality CNCs was determined. It is observed that the introduction of inorganic chlorides obviously enhanced the hydrolysis process through faster degradation of the disordered region of cellulose. Compared with those for pure hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, smaller diameter and a larger length to diameter ratio of CNCs could be obtained through salt-catalyzed hydrolysis, which could contribute to greater enhancemen...

Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic property of a stepped tetranuclear copper(II) complex of 3,5-diisopropylpyrazole-1-methoxide

Reaction of copper(II) chloride dihydrate in methanol with deprotonated 3,5-diisopropylpyrazole-1-methanol (dippmOH) led to the tetranuclear copper(II) complex [(dippmO)CuCl]4 (1). The crystal structure of 1 indicates that two copper(II) ions connect via the oxygen atoms of dippmO− ligands each other in which two dimeric units are formed. Furthermore, one of the coordinated oxygen atoms in a dimer is bonded to an adjacent copper(II) ion positioned other dimer, which gives rise to a stepped tetranuclear structure. 1 shows strong antiferromagnetic interactions through the oxo groups within the dimeric units (J1=−239cm−1) and weak antiferromagnetic couplings between the dimers (J2=−15cm−1).

Coordination polymers with adjustable dimensionality based on CuII and bis-imidazolyl bridging ligand

1,4-Bis(imidazol-1-yl)butane was synthesized from imidazole and 1,4-dibromobutane in an alkaline medium. A variation of the molar ratio of reagents in the system copper(II) chloride dihydrate and 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-yl)butane (bImB) upon heating in N,N-dimethylformamide resulted in the synthesis of two new coordination polymers [Cu(bImB)Cl2] (1) and [Cu(bImB)2Cl2] (2), which were structurally characterized. Product 1 was found to possess a chain structure, while structure 2 is built of neutral layers, with the dimensionality of the extended coordination structures being determined by the reaction conditions. The new compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction data.

Syntheses and crystal structures of three copper(II) complexes with bulky Schiff bases derived from rimantadine

The reactions of copper(II) chloride dihydrate and three bulky Schiff base ligands derived from rimantadine and salicylaldehyde (or methoxy-substituted salicylaldehydes), generated C38H48CuN2O2 (1), C40H52CuN2O4 (2), and C40H52CuN2O4 (3), respectively. These complexes were characterized by infrared spectra, UV–vis, elemental analysis and molar conductance. X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis reveals that 1 has two different spatial configurations, 1a and 1b. For 1a, each asymmetric unit consists of one mononuclear copper(II) molecule. For 1b, each asymmetric unit consists of two copper(II) mononuclear molecules. All the complexes crystallize in the monoclinic system, P21/c space group for 1a and 2; P21/n space group for 1b; C2/c space group for 3. Each complex for 1–3 consists of one copper(II) and two corresponding deprotonated ligands. The central copper(II) in all complexes is four-coordinate via two nitrogens and two oxygens from the corresponding Schiff base ligands. The geometry around copper in 1a, 1b, and 2 is distorted square planar, but square planar in 3.

Formation of a new copper(II) dimer through heterocyclic ligand ring opening reaction: Supramolecular features and magnetic properties

Two new compounds were synthesized and characterized in this work: the heterocycle (Z)-1-(4-(hydroxyimino)-3,5-dimethyl-1-(methylcarbamothioyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-methylthiosemicarbazide and a copper(II) thiosemicarbazonato dimeric complex. Green prismatic single crystals of the dimer were obtained by the reaction of the heterocycle with copper(II) chloride dihydrate. Both compounds were essentially characterized by spectroscopic methods and X-ray diffraction crystallography. The crystal structures revealed molecules connected through supramolecular hydrogen bond interactions and copper(II) centers in a slightly distorted square-pyramidal environment. SQUID magnetometry performed for the dimer revealed both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions in the studied complex, presenting a critical temperature of 19 K.

Aqueous Phase Synthesis of Cu/Pt Core-Shell Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Black By Controlling Cu and Pt Complexes for a PEFC Cathode Catalyst

Since polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) could be miniaturized and operate in low temperature, PEFC is researched and developed vigorously for utilizing to our personal living. Here, it is well known that reaction ratio of cathode is extremely slow than that of anode, and that optimum catalyst material for PEFC cathode is Platinum (Pt) because of its high catalyst ability. However, it is also true that Pt is one of the precious metals, which increase the cost of PEFC. Thus, high cost and low stability are the major problems for the commercial application of PEFC. Therefore, the amount of Pt of the cathode materials must be reduced. To reduce the amount of Pt in PEFC cathode, substitution of the core of Pt nanoparticles with other transition metal is effective, since inside of nanoparticles does not affected to the catalytic reactions. Therefore, in this study, synthesis method of well-dispersed Cu core - Pt shell nanoparticles supported on Ketchen Black (KB) substrate (Cu@Pt/C catalyst) were developed. Especially, we develop the restricted deposition method of nanoparticles onto the surface of KB (thus, nanoparticles were “not” deposited in the micropore of KB). The Cu@Pt/C catalyst was synthesized by utilizing the liquid phase reduction method. Copper(II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2・2H2O) and chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6・6H2O) were used as the precursors. Trisodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7・2H2O) and Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were used as complexing agent and dispersing agent of KB, respectively. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) was selected reducing agent. The surface potential of KB were positive because of the covering with hydrophilic group of CTAB. On the other hand, metal complex estimated by the calculation has negative charge ([(Cu2+)2(OH-)2(cit3-)2]). By utilizing these electrostatic interaction, 41.3% of Copper complex in original solution was successfully absorbed on the surface of KB. Cu nanoparticles with a mean particle diameter of 12.9 nm were synthesized through the reduction of these Cu species, and these were galvanic displaced by Pt according to the following reaction (2Cu + [PtCl6]2- → Pt + 2Cu2+ + 6Cl-). Synthesized materials were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) analysis. XRD results show that peak position of Pt , such as (111), were shifted to higher angle, which means that a part of Pt formed mixed phase with Cu instead of pure Pt and/or Cu metals. These peaks were not disappeared after acid treatment using 13M HNO3. SEM-EDS results indicated that the ratio of Cu:Pt were 27.1 : 72.9. These results suggested that the nanoparticles synthesized were Pt-Cu alloy core with Pt shells or Cu core with Pt-Cu shells. Electrochemical active surface area (EASA) was calculated from the results of CV analysis. Specific Activity (SA) was calculated from Koutechy´–Levich plots which were obtained from linear sweep voltammograms obtained by RDE analysis. The calculated EASA and SA values were 42.0 [m2/g] and 20.4[A/m2@0.8V], respectively. Both values are smaller than that of the commercial catalysts (59.3 [m2/g] and 25.5[A/m2@0.8V] ). It is due to the presence of coarse particles of Cu@Pt catalyst and the inert material on the surface of particles. It is necessary to synthesize nanoparticles with critical radius and dispose the inert material. Another results will be reported in our session.

Elaboration, structural, spectroscopy, DSC investigations and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a one-dimensional self-assembled organic-inorganic hybrid compound

The new organic-inorganic hybrid of the formula [H2mela]Cu2Cl6, where mela = 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, has been synthesized by the reaction of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine and copper(II) chloride dihydrate in the presence of hydrochloric acid. This compound has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and characterized by FT-IR, Raman, NMR characterization, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, dielectric measurements and Hirshfeld surface. 1,3,5-triazinidium-2,4,6-triamine hexachlorodicuprate(II) crystallizes in the monoclinic system with space group P21/c. The final refinement of the structure of the program led to the reliability factors unweighted R1 = 3.53% and weighted WR2 = 8.87%. The observed internal C3N31C1 and C3N23C2 angle (121.5 and 121.4°) at protanated N-atom are significantly greater the other ring angle C1N12C2 (117.1°). The titled compound crystallizes as an organic-inorganic one-dimensional (1D) structure. The crystal structure was stabilized by two types of hydrogen bonding NH⋯Cl and NH⋯N. The infrared spectra was recorded in the 4000–400 cm−1 frequency region and the Raman spectra was recorded in the external region of the anionic sublattice vibration 4000–50 cm−1 at room temperature. Solid-state 13C and 63Cu MAS-NMR spectroscopies are in agreement with the X-ray structure. The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) show the presence of a structural phase transition of the title compound at 338 K. Hirshfeld surface analyses for visually analyzing intermolecular interactions in crystal structures employing molecular surface contours and 2D fingerprint plots have been used to examine molecular shapes.

Crystal structure of bis-[2,5-bis-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazole-κ(2) N (2),N (3)]bis-(thio-cyanato-κS)copper(II).

The mononuclear title complex, [Cu(SCN)2(C12H8N4S)2], was obtained by the reaction of 2,5-bis-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazole and potassium thio-cyanate with copper(II) chloride dihydrate. The copper cation lies on an inversion centre and displays an elongated octa-hedral coordination geometry. The equatorial positions are occupied by the N atoms of two 2,5-bis-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazole ligands, whereas the axial positions are occupied by the S atoms of two thio-cyanate anions. The thia-diazole and the pyridyl rings linked to the metal are approximately coplanar, with a maximum deviation from the mean plane of 0.190 (2) Å. The cohesion of the crystal structure is ensured by weak C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions between parallel pyridyl rings of neighbouring mol-ecules [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.663 (2) Å], leading to a three-dimensional network.

Corrigendum

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1002/vms3.21.].

Synthesis and Electrical Studies of Quaternary Chalcogenide Semiconductor Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSnSe<sub>4</sub>

Quaternary chalcogenide semiconductor has attracted much attention as absorber-layer materials in solar cells. The absorber-layer material, Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) which is a p-type semiconductor that has high absorption coefficient, had been synthesized by using solvothermal method. The variation of concentrations of the Copper (II) Chloride dihydrate have brought some effects towards producing the stoichiometry and non-stoichiometry copper zinc tin selenide that may lead to the improvement of efficiency of solar cells. The synthesized reaction was conducted at 250°C for 24 hours. Properties of the samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the crystal structure of the sample and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to determine the elemental composition of the sample. The electrical properties such as resistance and conductivity have been studied through Van der Pauw configuration. The CZTSe has been successfully synthesized at concentrations of 0.15 M with no impurities phases existed.

Star-like PtCu nanoparticles supported on graphene with superior activity for methanol electro-oxidation

The synthesis of stars-like PtCu nanoparticles is reported using copper (II) chloride dihydrate(CuCl2·2H2O) instead of copper(II) acetylacetonate [Cu(acac)2] as Cu precursor for the first time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to characterize the stars-like PtCu nanoparticles. Both cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry results demonstrate that these stars-like PtCu nanoparticles exhibit significantly high catalytic activity toward the methanol oxidation reaction in comparison with the Pt catalyst. Furthermore, the stars-like PtCu nanoparticles supported on graphene (rGO) show about 2.3 times higher durability than the Pt/rGO catalyst in the accelerated ageing test. All results suggest the stars-like PtCu nanoparticles supported on rGO is promising for portable applications in direct methanol fuel cells and any other catalysis fields.

The synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles via an open-air solution route: influences of Zn precursor content

In the present work, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoparticles (NPs) for use in low-cost thin film solar cells were successfully synthesized using a facile open-air solution route. Copper(II) chloride dihydrate, zinc(II) acetate dihydrate, tin(II) chloride, and thiourea were used as reagents, and oleylamine was employed as solvent. The effect of varying the Zn content in the precursor solution on the structural, morphological, compositional, and optical properties of the as-synthesized CZTS NPs was investigated via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible–infrared spectroscopy, respectively. As observed, the properties of the as-synthesized NPs improved with increasing Zn precursor contents from 0.75 to 1.5 mmol. For instance, the crystallinity of the as-synthesized NPs improved gradually and the band gap energy was tuned from 1.28 to 1.41 eV. The Zn/Sn ratio increased from 0.51 to 0.86, whereas the Cu/(Zn + Sn) ratio decreased from 0.95 to 0.7 with increasing Zn precursor contents. The results indicated that the obtained CZTS NPs, prepared with a Zn precursor content of 1.5 mmol, are a good light-absorbing layer material for application in thin film solar cells.

Biosynthesis Of Colloidal Copper Hydroxide Nanowires Using Pistachio Leaf Extract

Copper hydroxide nanowires were synthesized from copper chloride dihydrate and sodium hydroxide in the presence of Pistachio leaf extract at room temperature. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited that the copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2 are nanowires in shape and having an average diameter of ca. 10 nm and lengths of up to 500 nm . The Fourier transfor infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results examined the bioactive functional groups , which acts as dispersing, binding and capping agent for the copper hydroxide nanowires. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed the copper hydroxide nanoparticles crystalline in nature. The current research introduces a new, simple, and rapid route for the in - laboratory synthesis of copper hydroxide nanowires. This facile and green approach may provide a useful tool to large scale synthesis other copper nanoparticles that have potential biotechnology. Copyright © 2015 VBRI Press.

Preparation and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized via Chemical Precipitation Method

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were synthesized via chemical precipitation method using copper (II) chloride dihydrate and sodium hydroxide. Then nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The XRD patterns and EDX spectra showed that the prepared CuO-NPs were highly pure, crystalline and nano-sized. The SEM image suggested that nano particles were spherical and there was a tendency of agglomerations. The nanoparticles showed interactions between copper and oxygen atoms supported by FTIR studies.

A highly efficient nonchemical method for isolating live nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) from soil during toxicity assays.

The success of soil toxicity tests using Caenorhabditis elegans may depend in large part on recovering the organisms from the soil. However, it can be difficult to learn the International Organization for Standardization/ASTM International recovery process that uses the colloidal silica flotation method. The present study determined that a soil-agar isolation method provides a highly efficient and less technically demanding alternative to the colloidal silica flotation method. Test soil containing C. elegans was arranged on an agar plate in a donut shape, a linear shape, or a C curve; and microbial food was placed outside the soil to encourage the nematodes to leave the soil. The effects of ventilation and the presence of food on nematode recovery were tested to determine the optimal conditions for recovery. A linear arrangement of soil on an agar plate that was sprinkled with microbial food produced nearly 83% and 90% recovery of live nematodes over a 3-h and a 24-h period, respectively, without subjecting the nematodes to chemical stress. The method was tested using copper (II) chloride dihydrate, and the resulting recovery rate was comparable to that obtained using colloidal silica flotation. The soil-agar isolation method portrayed in the present study enables live nematodes to be isolated with minimal additional physicochemical stress, making it a valuable option for use in subsequent sublethal tests where live nematodes are required.

Oxidative dehydrogenation of 5-(pyridine-2-yl-methyl)-2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinones in complexation reaction with copper(II) chloride

The treatment of 5-(pyridine-2-yl-methyl)-2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinones with copper(II) chloride dihydrate led to the formation of a dinuclear copper complex L2Cu2Cl where L is a dehydrogenated initial organic ligand. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the starting 3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazole-4-ones undergo oxidation in the course of the reaction with the formation of an exocyclic double bond at C5 position.

Growth of nanosheet array and nanosheet microsphere CuInS2 thin films on transparent conducting substrates

CuInS2 (CIS) thin films with controllable nanostructures were directly synthesized on transparent conductive fluorine- doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates through a solvothermal process, using the precursors of copper (II) chloride dihydrate, indium (III) nitrate, thiourea, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), oxalic acid, and ethanol. The morphology, crystallographic structure, chemical composition, and optical properties of the CIS thin films were then investigated. The results indicate that CIS thin films with two types of “nanosheet arrays and nanosheet microspheres” can be synthesized by controlling the deposition process parameters. The nanosheets are well-crystallized single crystals with chalcopyrite structures. They exhibit strong absorption in the UV-visible light region and a band gap of 1.51 eV, rendering them suitable for application as the absorber layer of a thin film solar cell. Based on our experimental observations and analysis, we conclude that differences in nucleation and growth mechanism lead to CIS films with various nanostructures. Open image in new window