Coordination Reaction Research Articles

Superior Hard yet Flexible, Highly Transparent, and Scratch‐Repairable Waterborne Antiadhesive Coatings Enabled by Multi‐Magnitude Dynamic Bonds Synergy Strategy

AbstractWith the advent and proliferation of foldable displays, the demand for hard yet flexible antiadhesive coatings with healability has significantly increased. Unfortunately, reports on such materials are scarce, with existing research generally facing the challenge of reconciling the “trade‐off” effect among hardness, flexibility, and dynamic performance and containing high levels of volatile organic compounds which causes irreversible environmental damage. Herein, this study presents a waterborne antiadhesive coating with ceramic‐like hardness, polymer‐like flexibility, and healability. The coating is fabricated through a multi‐magnitude dynamic bond synergy strategy, wherein the synthesized amino‐rich oligosiloxane with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chains is dynamically linked with the amino‐rich oligosiloxane containing ureidopyrimidinone moieties via coordination reaction between aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) and amino, enabling the coating comprising Al─N coordination bonds and hierarchical hydrogen bonds. The as‐prepared coating exhibits 99.95% self‐healing efficiency while possessing superior hardness (9H), flexibility (2 mm bending radius), and transparency (>99% transmittance). In addition, the incorporation of PDMS endows the coating with excellent antiadhesive properties. More importantly, the coating formulation is entirely waterborne, aligning with environmentally sustainable practices. This research offers valuable insight for advancing the development of waterborne coatings with well‐balanced comprehensive performance, particularly suited for applications in foldable displays and other fields.

Regulating Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of Organic Luminophores Through Stepwise Stabilization by Coordination and In-Situ Precipitation Reaction.

Developing efficiency and long-lived room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials through straightforward methods is highly desired. In this work, a stepwise stabilization strategy was proposed by the coordination and in-situ precipitation reactions among organic precursors, inorganic cation and anions, producing room-temperature phosphorescence materials with high emission efficiency (phosphorescence quantum yield of 45 %). Structural and photophysical characterizations revealed the coordination reaction reduced the energy gaps between singlet and triplet states and stabilized the excited states of the guest molecules. The in-situ precipitation reaction produced a solid matrix, which provided isolated environments for protecting the excitons from quenching. The applications of RTP materials in information encryption were demonstrated. The presented results provided a new clue for producing RTP materials, and extended their applications in wide fields.

Structural optimization of pyridine quinoxaline cobalt (II) catalysts for MMA polymerization based on systematical SCSC transformation study

The Schiff base condensation reaction was adopted to synthesize a series of pyridine-based quinoxaline ligands (L1, L2, L3, L4) using 2-acetylpyridine and 1,2-phenylenediamine aromatic amines with different substituents of –OCH3, –F, -Cl, -Br. Then, four symmetrical dinuclear metal complexes (1–4) were obtained by coordination reaction of the synthesized ligands with CoCl2·6H2O, and six unexpectedly systematic and novel solvent-involved asymmetric mononuclear metal complexes (1A-4A, 3B, 4B) were obtained during single crystals cultivating by solvent diffusion method. The microscopic composition of the complexes were proved by a series of characterizations such as elemental analysis, IR and UV–vis. At the same time, by improving the single crystal culture technology, full crystal sample of compounds was obtained and X-ray single crystal diffraction showed a rare single crystal to single crystal structure transition (SCSC) phenomenon in this study. Furthermore, the catalytic properties of the complexes for MMA polymerization was explored, it was found that the catalytic activity of complexes 1–4 containing different types of substituents on pyridyl quinoxaline ligand was in the order of 1 < 2 <3 < 4, indicating that the complex with an electron-withdrawing substituent showed the higher activity than that of electron-donating substituent. Complexes 1A-4A, 3B and 4B showed higher catalytic activity in MMA polymerization than 1–4, which confirmed that the catalytic activity of mononuclear complexes were generally higher than that of binuclear complexes.

In‐Situ Self‐Respiratory Solid‐to‐Hydrogel Electrolyte Interface Evoked Well‐Distributed Deposition on Zinc Anode for Highly Reversible Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThe aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIB) have emerged as a promising technology in the realm of electrochemical energy storage. Despite its potential advantages in terms of safety, cost‐effectiveness, and inherent safety, AZIB faces significant challenges. Issues attributed to unsupported thermodynamics and non‐uniform potential distribution and deposition, present formidable obstacles that necessitate resolution. To tackle these challenges, a novel strategy adapting hybrid organic–inorganic in situ derived solid‐to‐hydrogel electrolyte interface (StHEI) has been developed from coordination reactions and self‐respiratory process, establishing uniform diffusion channels by ion bridges and accelerating ion transport. Self‐respiratory pattern of StHEI realized through in situ inorganic component conversion further prolongs the protecting duration, which effectively mitigates corrosion and passivation but enhance the mechanical properties of the StHEI measured through Young's modulus. This novel StHEI promotes well‐distributed potential lines within the Helmholtz regions. Zn2+ are finally induced to deposit and nucleate in a compact, fine, and uniform manner. Asymmetrical batteries assembled with the modified Zn electrode and bare Zn exhibit exceptional stability over 3000 h (1 mA cm−2–0.5 mAh cm−2). The asymmetrical Cu//Zn cell achieved an outstanding average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.6 % over 1200 cycles.

In-Situ Self-Respiratory Solid-to-Hydrogel Electrolyte Interface Evoked Well-Distributed Deposition on Zinc Anode for Highly Reversible Zinc-Ion Batteries.

The aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIB) have emerged as a promising technology in the realm of electrochemical energy storage. Despite its potential advantages in terms of safety, cost-effectiveness, and inherent safety, AZIB faces significant challenges. Issues attributed to unsupported thermodynamics and non-uniform potential distribution and deposition, present formidable obstacles that necessitate resolution. To tackle these challenges, a novel strategy adapting hybrid organic-inorganic in situ derived solid-to-hydrogel electrolyte interface (StHEI) has been developed from coordination reactions and self-respiratory process, establishing uniform diffusion channels by ion bridges and accelerating ion transport. Self-respiratory pattern of StHEI realized through in situ inorganic component conversion further prolongs the protecting duration, which effectively mitigates corrosion and passivation but enhance the mechanical properties of the StHEI measured through Young's modulus. This novel StHEI promotes well-distributed potential lines within the Helmholtz regions. Zn2+ are finally induced to deposit and nucleate in a compact, fine, and uniform manner. Asymmetrical batteries assembled with the modified Zn electrode and bare Zn exhibit exceptional stability over 3000 h (1 mA cm-2-0.5 mAh cm-2). The asymmetrical Cu//Zn cell achieved an outstanding average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.6 % over 1200 cycles.

A d10-Cd Cluster Containing Sandwich-Type Arsenotungstate Exhibiting Fluorescent Recognition of Carcinogenic Dye in Methanol.

A d10-Cd cluster containing sandwich-type arsenotungstate [C3H12N2]6[Cd4Cl2(B-α-AsW9O34)2] was synthesized and its structure characterized through elemental analyses, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray analysis revealed that the molecular unit of the compound consists of a captivating tetra-Cd-substituted sandwich-type polyoxoanion, accompanied by six elegantly protonated 1,2-diaminopropane as counter ions. The further novelty of the tetranuclear cadmium cluster lies in its occupied chlorine atom sites. This makes it highly susceptible to coordinate reactions with nitrogen on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, thereby exhibiting different fluorescent signals that facilitate the identification and detection of these carcinogenic substances in methanol.

A RAPIDLY COLORIMETRIC DETECTION OF ARSENIC AND MERCURY IONS BASED ON SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE ABSORBANCES OF FUNCTIONALIZED AuNPs IN COSMETICS

In this study, a novel colorimetric method is developed for the detection of arsenic and mercury ions, utilizing the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties of AuNPs ([Formula: see text] nanoparticles) functionalized with APT ([Formula: see text]-(3-aminophenyl) tetrazole). Theoretical calculations confirm the findings from UV–Visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses, indicating that APT is electrostatically bound to the surfaces of the AuNPs. The introduction of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ions triggers a coordination reaction with APT, resulting in a reduced interparticle distance among the AuNPs. This change leads to a visible color shift of the solution from wine red to bluish-gray. The detection limits for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are determined to be 0.6 and 0.24 [Formula: see text] g⋅[Formula: see text], respectively, distinguishable to the naked eye. A robust linear correlation is observed between the absorbance ratios and the ion concentrations, with correlation coefficients ([Formula: see text]) of 0.990 for [Formula: see text] and 0.998 for [Formula: see text]. These findings demonstrate that AuNPs functionalized with APT are effective for the quantitative analysis of arsenic and mercury ions. The sensor exhibits high selectivity and excellent resistance to interference, indicating its potential applicability for monitoring [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in tap water and cosmetic products.

Realizing Dual-Mode Zinc-Ion Storage of Generic Vanadium-Based Cathodes via Organic Molecule Intercalation.

Intercalation engineering is a promising strategy to promote zinc-ion storage of layered cathodes; however, is impeded by the complex fabrication routes and inert electrochemical behaviors of intercalators. Herein, an organic imidazole intercalation strategy is proposed, where V2O5 and NH4V3O8 (NVO) model materials are adopted to verify the feasibility of the imidazole intercalator in improving the zinc storage capabilities of vanadium-based cathodes. The intercalated imidazole molecules could not only expand interlayer spacing and strengthen structural stability by serving as extra "pillars" but also provide extra coordination sites for zinc storage via the coordination reaction between Zn2+ and the C═N group. This gives rise to a dual-mode ion storage mechanism and favorable electrochemical performances. As a result, imidazole-intercalated V2O5 delivers a capacity of 179.9 mAh g-1 after 5000 cycles at 20 A g-1, while the imidazole-intercalated NVO harvests a high capacity output of 170.2 mAh g-1 after 700 cycles at 2 A g-1. This work is anticipated to boost the application potentials of vanadium-based cathodes in aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

Interfacial Engineering Constructing TFSI- Ion-Sieve Protective Umbrella Guiding Li-Ion Selective Transport and Solid SEI Growth.

A novel strategy is proposed by constructing TFSI- ion-sieve interlayer to guide Li-ion selective transport and solid SEI growth. The uniform MgF2 seeds on the fiber surface reacts rapidly with Li+ in electrolyte to form Mg and LiF dual functional sites for the first charging process. Benefiting from the high affinity of LiF, the TFSI- ions is enriched near the anode forming an ion-sieve interlayer, which acts as a protective umbrella and guides priority penetration of Li+ due to the coordination reaction with Li+ and thus homogenize the Li+ flux. While the Mg sites induce Li nucleation with its strong lithiophilicity and facilitate uniform Li plating on fiber surface. Furthermore, as raw material of LiF, the TFSI- enrichment on anode surface is contribute to increasing LiF content in SEI, achieving the stability enhancement and densification of SEI. Of greater importance, the excess Li+ can spread to the adjacent Mg sites for nucleation by means of ultralow Li+ migration barrier on LiF and Mg. The combination of the ion-sieve homogenization of Li+ flux in electrolyte and the uniformity of Li+ transport in LiF/Mg solid medium achieves the purpose of uniform Li metal plating/stripping.

In‐Situ Construction of Functional Multi‐Dimensional MXene‐based Composites Directly from MAX Phases through Gas‐Solid Reactions

AbstractThe weak bonding of A atoms with MX layers in MAX phases not only enables the selective etching of A layers for MXene preparation but brings about the chance to construct A derivatives/MXene composites via in situ conversion. Here, a facile and general gas‐solid reaction systems are elegantly devised to construct multi‐dimensional MXene based composites including AlF3 nanorods/MXene, AlF3 nanocrystals/MXene, amorphous AlF3/MXene, A filled carbon nanotubes/MXene, layered metal chalcogenides/MXene, MOF/MXene, and so on. The intrinsic effect mechanism of interlayer confinement towards crystal growth, catalytic behavior, van der Waals‐heterostructure construction and coordination reaction are rationally put forward. The tight interface combination and synergistic effect from distinct components make them promising active materials for electrochemical applications. More particularly, the AlF3 nanorods/Nb2C MXene demonstrate bi‐directional catalytic activity toward the conversion between Li2S and lithium polysulfides, which alleviates the shuttle effect in lithium‐sulfur batteries.

In-Situ Construction of Functional Multi-Dimensional MXene-based Composites Directly from MAX Phases through Gas-Solid Reactions.

The weak bonding of A atoms with MX layers in MAX phases not only enables the selective etching of A layers for MXene preparation but brings about the chance to construct A derivatives/MXene composites via in situ conversion. Here, a facile and general gas-solid reaction systems are elegantly devised to construct multi-dimensional MXene based composites including AlF3 nanorods/MXene, AlF3 nanocrystals/MXene, amorphous AlF3/MXene, A filled carbon nanotubes/MXene, layered metal chalcogenides/MXene, MOF/MXene, and so on. The intrinsic effect mechanism of interlayer confinement towards crystal growth, catalytic behavior, van der Waals-heterostructure construction and coordination reaction are rationally put forward. The tight interface combination and synergistic effect from distinct components make them promising active materials for electrochemical applications. More particularly, the AlF3 nanorods/Nb2C MXene demonstrate bi-directional catalytic activity toward the conversion between Li2S and lithium polysulfides, which alleviates the shuttle effect in lithium-sulfur batteries.

Organometallic Polymer Constructed by Active Fe-C12N8 Centers for Boosting Sodium-Ion Storage.

Organic-metal coordination materials with rich structural diversity are considered as promising electrode materials for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. However, the electrochemical performance can be constrained by the limited number of active sites and structural instability under the discharge/charge process. Herein, organometallic polymer microspheres (Fe-PDA-220) with a unique d-π conjugated structure was designed and successfully constructed through a simple synchronous polymerization and coordination reactions. Polymerization of phenylenediamine was initiated by Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions generated synchronously during the polymerization integrated with poly-aminoquinone chains to form Fe-C12N8 active centers. Used as electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries, the distinctive Fe-C bond significantly boosts the structural stability, and the π-d conjugation system could facilitate electron transfer. A high reversible capacity of 345 mAh g-1 was delivered at 0.1 A g-1 and a capacity of 106 mAh g-1 was maintained even after discharged/charged at 1.0 A g-1 for 5000 cycles, outperforming most reported coordination materials. Spectroscopic and electronic analyses revealed that a two-electron reaction occurred per active unit, accompanied by the reversible redox evolution of the C=N groups and Fe ions during the sodiation/desodiation. This work provides a promising and efficient strategy for boosting the electrochemical performance of organic electrode materials by the design of organometallic polymers.

Organometallic Polymer Constructed by Active Fe−C12N8 Centers for Boosting Sodium‐Ion Storage

AbstractOrganic‐metal coordination materials with rich structural diversity are considered as promising electrode materials for rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries. However, the electrochemical performance can be constrained by the limited number of active sites and structural instability under the discharge/charge process. Herein, organometallic polymer microspheres (Fe‐PDA‐220) with a unique d‐π conjugated structure was designed and successfully constructed through a simple synchronous polymerization and coordination reactions. Polymerization of phenylenediamine was initiated by Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions generated synchronously during the polymerization integrated with poly‐aminoquinone chains to form Fe−C12N8 active centers. Used as electrode materials for sodium‐ion batteries, the distinctive Fe−C bond significantly boosts the structural stability, and the π‐d conjugation system could facilitate electron transfer. A high reversible capacity of 345 mAh g−1 was delivered at 0.1 A g−1 and a capacity of 106 mAh g−1 was maintained even after discharged/charged at 1.0 A g−1 for 5000 cycles, outperforming most reported coordination materials. Spectroscopic and electronic analyses revealed that a two‐electron reaction occurred per active unit, accompanied by the reversible redox evolution of the C=N groups and Fe ions during the sodiation/desodiation. This work provides a promising and efficient strategy for boosting the electrochemical performance of organic electrode materials by the design of organometallic polymers.

Solvent assisted mechanochemical synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant studies of Ni2+, Mn2+, Cr&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; , and Cu&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; Metal complexes of some ligands derived from l-histidine and l-alanine

Mechanochemistry enables rapid, quantitative reactions to occur at or close to 27℃. It is a one-step process that allows for reactant homogenization, product nucleation, and particle growth. These processes use little or no solvent, making them less wasteful and more environmentally friendly than solvent-based reactions. Ni2+ , Mn2+, Cr2+and Cu2+ metal ions were synthesized by grinding in an agate mortar with pestle using ligands derived from amino acids (Histidine &amp;Alanine) which were further synthesized to form complexes. The entire experiment was carried out by solvent solvent-assisted mechanochemical process and ethanol was used as liquid liquid-assisted solvent. The complexes were characterized by IR spectroscopy, U-V spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, melting point, solubility test, and conductivity measurement. The Solubility test showed that the complexes are soluble in DMSO, DMF, and ethanol and are insoluble in both hexane and tetrachloromethane. The molar conductivity values are in the range of (6.05-28.56) Ω-1cm2mol-1 ) indicating the complexes behave as non-electrolytes. IR analysis showed a vibrational frequency band observed at (1620-1625) cm-1 which is assigned to the ʋ(C=N) of the azomethine, also the new bands M=N, M=O indicate the coordination reaction between the metal and the ligands. The UV visible analysis shows various transitions, the metal complexes showed adsorption bands at λ of 420 and 575nm respectively because of the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). The XRD analysis showed that there was a change in phase between the starting material and the product which indicate that a reaction occurred, also the nature of the spectra showed that the compounds are all crystalline. The Antimicrobial activity showed that both the complexes and the ligands have good activity against the bacterial isolates. Antioxidant activity was also tested and the compound appeared to have moderate scavenging activities compared to the reference used. The values indicated that the activities are more pronounced when coordinated with metal ions.

Organic Dye Molecule Intercalated Prussian Blue for Simultaneously Enhancing Coloration Efficiency and Energy Storage Capacity in Electrochromic Battery.

The dual-functional device combining electrochromic properties and energy storage has gained numerous attentions in the field of energy-saving smart electronics. However, achieving simultaneous optimization of coloration efficiency and energy storage capacity of materials poses a significant challenge. This study presents a novel approach by incorporating methyl orange into Prussian blue channels (PB-MO films) to adjust the internal electronic structure of Prussian blue. This modification allows the active layer to simultaneously improve the electrochromic and energy storage performance. The introduction of methyl orange not only alters the ratio of Fe3+/Fe2+ within the framework through the coordination reaction of Fe3+ with methyl orange, but also improves the reaction kinetics after intercalating organic dye molecules, including charge transfer resistance, diffusion capability of ions and capacitive contribution. The PB-MO films demonstrate remarkable properties: high optical contrast (81.4% at 670nm), excellent coloration efficiency (265 cm2C-1), and significant specific capacity (84 mAh m-2 at 0.05 A m-2), outperforming pure PB films. The PB-MO films are ideally suited for applications in displays and intelligent energy storage fields, boasting both high coloration efficiency and substantial energy storage capacity, thus advancing promote the development of dual-functional electrochromic devices.

Influence of medial longitudinal arch flexibility on lower limb joint coupling coordination and gait impulse

BackgroundA causal link exists between structural differences in the foot and alterations in the lower limb biomechanics, which might predispose an individual to develop characteristic musculoskeletal disorders. Research questionThis study aimed to determine how the foot structural characteristics, as represented by the medial longitudinal arch flexibility, affect lower limb joint coupling coordination and anterior-posterior ground reaction impulses (GRIs) during walking and running. MethodsFollowing the calculation of arch height flexibility, a total of fifty-four physically active males were grouped and completed gait experiments to collect kinematic and kinetic data synchronously. Inter-joint coordination and variability were calculated from the angle-angle plots of knee-hip, ankle-knee, and metatarsophalangeal (MTP)-ankle couplings based on an optimized vector coding technique. ResultsOur results indicate that coupling coordination of interest and its variability, as well as anterior-posterior GRIs, could potentially be influenced due to differences in arch height flexibility. Notably, the individuals with stiff arches exhibited significantly greater coordination variabilities during the early stance for both ankle-knee and MTP-ankle coordination yet significantly smaller for MTP-ankle coordination variabilities during the mid-stance phase. Furthermore, combining the statistical parametric mapping analysis results, the flexible arches experienced a greater proportion of GRIs in the anterior-posterior direction. SignificanceIn conclusion, these observations demonstrated that variations in arch flexibility led to differences in lower limb joint coordination variabilities and GRIs during gait. This fresh insight into inter-joint coordinative function may be useful for enhancing foot motion strategies based on arch structural characteristics.

3D-printed redox-active polymer electrode with high-mass loading for ultra-low temperature proton pseudocapacitor

The stable operation of supercapacitors at extremely low temperatures is crucial for applications in harsh environments. Unfortunately, conventional inorganic electrodes suffer from sluggish diffusion kinetics and poor cycling stability for proton pseudocapacitors. Here, a redox-active polymer poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalene) is developed and synthesized as an ultrafast, high-mass loading, and durable pseudocapacitive anode. The charge storage of poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalene) depends on the reversible coordination reaction of the C=N group with H+, which enables fast kinetics associated with surface-controlled reactions. The 3D-printed organic electrode delivers a remarkable areal capacitance (8.43 F cm–2 at 30.78 mg cm−2) and thickness-independent rate performance. Furthermore, the 3D-printed proton pseudocapacitor exhibits great low-temperature tolerance and delivers a high energy density of 0.44 mWh cm−2 at −60 °C, as well as operates well even at −80 °C. This work signifies that combining organic material design with 3D hierarchical network electrode construction can provide a promising solution for low-temperature-resistant supercapacitors.

Additive-Free, In Situ Rapid Repair of Vacancies in Fe[Fe(CN)6] Electrodes for Efficient Capacitive Deionization.

Fe[Fe(CN)6] (FeHCF) is considered a promising material for capacitive deionization-desalination of saline wastewater due to its excellent structure. However, additives are usually introduced during the synthesis of FeHCF in order to avoid [Fe(CN)6]3- vacancy defects filled by ligand water, which can result in the appearance of harmful byproducts and additional water treatment costs. In this study, an additive-free in situ vacancy repair strategy is proposed for the rapid synthesis of high-quality FeHCF in a saturated K3Fe(CN)6 solution. During the process of synthesizing FeHCF in solution, a high concentration of [Fe(CN)6]3- is found to facilitate the binding of Fe3+ to [Fe(CN)6]3- and hinder the hydrolysis and coordination reaction of Fe3+. After undergoing repair, FeHCF4 demonstrates an increased capacity and highly reversible electrochemical performance due to the robust structure. When utilized as Faraday cathodes in hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) systems, FeHCF4 exhibits a higher salt removal capacity (65.67 mg g-1) and lower energy consumption (0.68 kWh kg-1-NaCl) compared to unrepaired FeHCF1, while still maintaining excellent cycling performance. This environmentally friendly approach of repairing vacancies serves as a source of inspiration for the advancement of high-performance Prussian Blue analogues as capacitive sodium-removing materials.

Designed Polar Cosolvent-Prepared Zinc Oxide Film for Efficient and Stable Inverted Organic Solar Cells.

Here, a simple method of applying dimethylformamide (DMF) as cosolvent in the sol-gel technology is used to improve the quality of ZnO bulk films. First-principles calculations show that with the addition of polar solvent DMF, the adsorption energy (Eads) between the solvent and Zn(OH)₂ increases from -1.42 to -1.74eV, which can stabilize the existence of Zn(OH)₂, thereby promoting the ZnO synthesis. Besides, the elimination of amine residues in the DMF-ZnO film significantly suppress the photocatalytic activity induced by amine-induced coordination or redox reactions. Inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) based on PM6:Y6 and PM6:BTP-eC9 achieves impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 17.58 and 18.14%, respectively. Furthermore, benefiting from the reduced defects of bulk ZnO, pseudo-bilayer bulk heterojunction (PBHJ) devices based on the optimized ZnO film exhibited superior stability, the PM6:Y6 devices based on DMF-ZnO ETLs can maintain 90.28% of their initial PCE after 1000 h of thermal aging at 85°C, and 80.98% of their initial PCE after 168 h of UV aging. This simple solvent optimization strategy can significantly improve the charge transport of ZnO bulk films, making it a reliable strategy for the preparation of electron transport layers in OSCs.

Metal-phenolic network crosslinked nanogel with prolonged biofilm retention for dihydroartemisinin/NIR synergistically enhanced chemodynamic therapy

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is emerging as a promising treatment for biofilm infections. However, its effectiveness is significantly hindered by several factors: the body’s stable temperature, a limited supply of Fe2+ ions, and inadequate endogenous levels of H2O2 at the infection sites. Herin, our study introduces MPN-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) nanogels as an effective strategy for treating biofilm-associated infections. The DHA@HA-TA/Fe (DHTF) nanogel is synthesized through the coordination reaction between Fe2+ ions and tannic acid (TA)-modified HA, with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) encapsulated within the structure. DHTF exhibits pH-/hyaluronidase-responsiveness in the biofilm infection microenvironment, enabling sustained release of DHA as a substitute for H2O2 and Fe2+ for CDT. The incorporation of Fe2+/TA-based MPN and DHA within the nanogels enables photothermal/DHA dually-enhanced CDT, facilitating efficient disruption of biofilm matrices and bacterial eradication through boosting reactive oxygen species production. In vivo studies demonstrate that DHTF exhibit prolonged retention within biofilms. This ensures a sustained release of therapeutic agents and continuous anti-biofilm activity. Eventually, both in vitro and in vivo evaluations consistently confirm the significant anti-biofilm capacity of DHTF. Our findings highlight the potential of DHTF as a promising nanomedicine for biofilm-related infections, offering efficient treatment strategies that could improve clinical management of these challenging conditions.