Cooperative Transmission Research Articles

A Review of Physical Layer Security in Aerial–Terrestrial Integrated Internet of Things: Emerging Techniques, Potential Applications, and Future Trends

The aerial–terrestrial integrated Internet of Things (ATI-IoT) utilizes both aerial platforms (e.g., drones and high-altitude platform stations) and terrestrial networks to establish comprehensive and seamless connectivity across diverse geographical regions. The integration offers significant advantages, including expanded coverage in remote and underserved areas, enhanced reliability of data transmission, and support for various applications such as emergency communications, vehicular ad hoc networks, and intelligent agriculture. However, due to the inherent openness of wireless channels, ATI-IoT faces potential network threats and attacks, and its security issues cannot be ignored. In this regard, incorporating physical layer security techniques into ATI-IoT is essential to ensure data integrity and confidentiality. Motivated by the aforementioned factors, this review presents the latest advancements in ATI-IoT that facilitate physical layer security. Specifically, we elucidate the endogenous safety and security of wireless communications, upon which we illustrate the current status of aerial–terrestrial integrated architectures along with the functions of their components. Subsequently, various emerging techniques (e.g., intelligent reflective surfaces-assisted networks, device-to-device communications, covert communications, and cooperative transmissions) for ATI-IoT enabling physical layer security are demonstrated and categorized based on their technical principles. Furthermore, given that aerial platforms offer flexible deployment and high re-positioning capabilities, comprehensive discussions on practical applications of ATI-IoT are provided. Finally, several significant unresolved issues pertaining to technical challenges as well as security and sustainability concerns in ATI-IoT enabling physical layer security are outlined.

An integration of random forest regression model in tourism suitability evaluation index system

Analyzing an IoT-enabled smart tourist environment backed by a real-time wireless sensor network is appropriate for the tourism industry. Wireless sensor network nodes are employed as relays, and mutual information accumulation is used in cooperative transmission. Rateless codes allow nodes to collect data in advance to extract the original code of the text. Mobile robot movement makes it possible for predetermined routing patterns to abruptly fail; as a result, a dynamic system for collaborative information gathering and transmission is proposed. Using the neighbor search and chance transmission, to dynamically acquire routing pathways covers both situations of data transfer from the robot to the cloud and from the cloud to the robot. Experimental findings demonstrate the decreased time complexity and latency of a collaborative, dynamic method for exchanging knowledge. Due to the broadcasting nature use, mutual information accumulates through the cooperative transmission strategy of wireless transmission, which enables all neighbor nodes to get a portion moment the transmitter first begins to transmit the data. It uses single-hop broadcasts using rateless codes to improve the possibility of successful transmissions. Using rateless codes is more efficient since waiting for the next neighbor to awaken during a transmission failure requires much time and energy in a low-duty cycle situation. The viability of underground space development is shown by the study area's extensive bearing capabilities and its significant subsurface resource base, which includes sensitive geological bodies, mineral resources, soil, and water environments.

Dynamics of antibiotic resistance in poultry farms via multivector analysis.

Dynamics of antibiotic resistance in poultry farms via multivector analysis.

Multi-cell cooperative transmission for MU-NOMA networks

Multi-cell cooperative transmission for MU-NOMA networks

Cooperative Transmission for Multimedia Video Distribution: Models, Algorithms and Implementation

Cooperative Transmission for Multimedia Video Distribution: Models, Algorithms and Implementation

Cooperative Transmission for Space-air-ground Integrated Networks: A Multi-Agent Cooperation Method

Cooperative Transmission for Space-air-ground Integrated Networks: A Multi-Agent Cooperation Method

Resource Allocation for Fairness Enhancement in Multi-Cell Vehicular VLC System With Optical IRS: A Cooperative Transmission Approach

Resource Allocation for Fairness Enhancement in Multi-Cell Vehicular VLC System With Optical IRS: A Cooperative Transmission Approach

Contamination Characteristics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Multi-Vector Environment in Typical Regional Fattening House.

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging as significant environmental contaminants, posing potential health risks worldwide. Intensive livestock farming, particularly swine production, is a primary contributor to the escalation of ARG pollution. In this study, we employed metagenomic sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to analyze the composition of microorganisms and ARGs across four vectors in a typical swine fattening facility: dung, soil, airborne particulate matter (PM), and fodder. Surprisingly, soil and PM harbored a higher abundance of microorganisms and ARGs than dung. At the same time, fodder was more likely to carry eukaryotes. Proteobacteria exhibited the highest propensity for carrying ARGs, with proportions 9-20 times greater than other microorganisms. Furthermore, a strong interrelation among various ARGs was observed, suggesting the potential for cooperative transmission mechanisms. These findings underscore the importance of recognizing soil and PM as significant reservoirs of ARGs in swine facilities alongside dung. Consequently, targeted measures should be implemented to mitigate their proliferation, mainly focusing on airborne PM, which can rapidly disseminate via air currents. Proteobacteria, given their remarkable carrying capacity for ARGs with the primary resistance mechanism of efflux, represent a promising avenue for developing novel control strategies against antibiotic resistance.

Energy-Efficient Cooperative Transmission in Ultra-Dense Millimeter-Wave Network: Multi-Agent Q-Learning Approach.

In beyond fifth-generation networks, millimeter wave (mmWave) is considered a promising technology that can offer high data rates. However, due to inter-cell interference at cell boundaries, it is difficult to achieve a high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) among users in an ultra-dense mmWave network environment (UDmN). In this paper, we solve this problem with the cooperative transmission technique to provide high SINR to users. Using coordinated multi-point transmission (CoMP) with the joint transmission (JT) strategy as a cooperation diversity technique can provide users with higher data rates through multiple desired signals. Nonetheless, cooperative transmissions between multiple base stations (BSs) lead to increased energy consumption. Therefore, we propose a multi-agent Q-learning-based power control scheme in UDmN. To satisfy the quality of service (QoS) requirements of users and decrease the energy consumption of networks, we define a reward function while considering the outage and energy efficiency of each BS. The results show that our scheme can achieve optimal transmission power and significantly improved network energy efficiency compared with conventional algorithms such as no transmit power control and random control. Additionally, we validate that leveraging channel state information to determine the participation of each BS in power control contributes to enhanced overall performance.

Highly secure OFDM scheme based on multi-level masking and performance-enhanced key accompanying transmission.

In this Letter, we propose a highly secure OFDM scheme based on multi-level masking and performance-enhanced key-accompanying transmission. Our scheme exploits a four-dimensional hyperchaotic model and uses subcarriers and symbols to scramble the signal, thereby achieving chaotic encryption and enhancing system security. The dual-mode index technique is employed to conceal the key within the encrypted signal, enabling cooperative transmission of both the key and the signal. We conducted experiments that successfully transmitted a 28 Gb/s dual-mode QPSK (DM-QPSK) signal and a 42 Gb/s dual-mode 8QAM (DM-8QAM) signal over a 2-km stretch of 7-core fiber. The results demonstrated that our proposed key-accompanying transmission scheme did not compromise the system's transmission performance. Moreover, the key space of this scheme is as large as 10135, effectively ensuring system security. Under the received optical power corresponding to the bit error rate of 3.8 × 10-3, the minimum number of key repetitions in DM-8QAM that makes the key bit error rate zero is less than 9 times. This demonstrates that our proposed scheme effectively enhances the transmission performance of the key, achieving high-quality joint transmission of both the key and the signal.

Cooperative Transmission of Energy-Constrained Wireless Devices in IRS-Assisted Wireless Powered Communication Networks

Cooperative Transmission of Energy-Constrained Wireless Devices in IRS-Assisted Wireless Powered Communication Networks

User-Centric Cooperative Transmission in Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted Networks

User-Centric Cooperative Transmission in Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted Networks

HF skywave communication for air-to-ground networks: A cooperative transmission framework

HF skywave communication for air-to-ground networks: A cooperative transmission framework

Highly secure non-orthogonal multiple access with key accompanying transmission based on subcarrier-indexed modulation.

This paper proposes a key-accompanying transmission scheme based on subcarrier indexed modulation (SIM). The key is used to control the activation state of subcarriers, with key masking achieved through the position information of silent subcarriers, which enables the cooperative transmission of both key and primary messages. Meanwhile, a four-dimensional hyperchaotic model is adopted to ensure system security. By utilizing power multiplexing, the scheme realizes the parallel transmission of two signals and disrupts the carrier frequency and symbol of the original signals. The scheme is experimentally demonstrated with a 54.25 Gb/s SIM-chaotic power division multiplexing (CPDM) signal transmission over 2 km of 7-core fiber.. The results indicate that the proposed scheme does not degrade system transmission performance at either high or low power levels. At the limit of forward error correction (FEC)=3.8×10-3, the impact of our scheme on receiver sensitivity is no greater than 0.1 dB. The accuracy and sensitivity of the key are maintained, with the transmission performance of the key remaining excellent. The bit error rate (BER) for the main signal is consistently kept at 0, while the BER for the key rises to around 0.5 if the key is misaligned by one bit. Moreover, the key space can reach 10135, effectively verifying the system's high security.

A Channel-Sensing-Based Multipath Multihop Cooperative Transmission Mechanism for UE Aggregation in Asymmetric IoE Scenarios

With the continuous progress and development of technology, the Internet of Everything (IoE) is gradually becoming a research hotspot. More companies and research institutes are focusing on the connectivity and transmission between multiple devices in asymmetric networks, such as V2X, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), environmental monitoring, disaster management, agriculture, and so on. The number of devices and business volume of these applications have rapidly increased in recent years, which will lead to a large load of terminals and affect the transmission efficiency of IoE data transmission. To deal with this issue, it has been proposed to perform data transmission via multipath cooperative transmission with multihop transmission. This approach aims to improve transmission latency, energy consumption, reliability, and throughput. This paper designs a channel-sensing-based cooperative transmission mechanism (CSCTM) with hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) for user equipment (UE) aggregation mechanism in future asymmetric IoE scenarios, which ensures that IoE devices data can be transmitted quickly and reliably, and supports real-time data processing and analysis. The main contents of this proposed method include strategies of cooperative transmission and redundancy version (RV) determination, a joint combination of decoding process at the receiving side, and a design of transmission priority through ascending offset sort (AOS) algorithm based on channel sensing. In addition, multihop technology is designed for the multipath cooperative transmission strategy, which enables cooperative nodes (CN) to help UE to transmit data. As a result, it can be obtained that CSCTM provides significant advancements in latency and energy consumption for the whole system. It demonstrates improvements in enhanced coverage, improved reliability, and minimized latency.

Spatial Ultra-Sparse Distributed Antenna Satellite-Ground Cooperative Transmission Architecture: Challenges, Key Technologies, and Trends

Spatial Ultra-Sparse Distributed Antenna Satellite-Ground Cooperative Transmission Architecture: Challenges, Key Technologies, and Trends

A Physical-Layer Security Cooperative Framework for Mitigating Interference and Eavesdropping Attacks in Internet of Things Environments.

Intentional electromagnetic interference attacks (e.g., jamming) against wireless connected devices such as the Internet of Things (IoT) remain a serious challenge, especially as such attacks evolve in complexity. Similarly, eavesdropping on wireless communication channels persists as an inherent vulnerability that is often exploited by adversaries. This article investigates a novel approach to enhancing information security for IoT systems via collaborative strategies that can effectively mitigate attacks targeting availability via interference and confidentiality via eavesdropping. We examine the proposed approach for two use cases. First, we consider an IoT device that experiences an interference attack, causing wireless channel outages and hindering access to transmitted IoT data. A physical-layer-based security (PLS) transmission strategy is proposed in this article to maintain target levels of information availability for devices targeted by adversarial interference. In the proposed strategy, select IoT devices leverage a cooperative transmission approach to mitigate the IoT signal outages under active interference attacks. Second, we consider the case of information confidentiality for IoT devices as they communicate over wireless channels with possible eavesdroppers. In this case, we propose a collaborative transmission strategy where IoT devices create a signal outage for the eavesdropper, preventing it from decoding the signal of the targeted devices. The analytical and numerical results of this article illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed transmission strategy in achieving desired IoT security levels with respect to availability and confidentiality for both use cases.

Multiple Nodes Co-Carrier Cooperative Transmission in LEO Communication Networks: Developing the Diversity Gain of Satellites.

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication (SATCOM) networks have gradually been recognized as an efficient solution to enhance ground-based wireless networks. As one of the main characteristics of LEO SATCOM, the beam-edge area could be covered by multiple satellite nodes. In this case, user terminals (UTs) located at the beam-edge have the chance to connect one or more LEO satellites. To develop the diversity gain of multiple nodes in the overlapping area, we propose two high spectral efficiency cooperative transmission strategies, i.e., directly combining (DC) and selection combining (SC). In the DC scheme, signals arrived at the UT simultaneously could be combined into one enhanced signal. For downlink time division multiplexing, the SC scheme enables the UT to select the strongest signal path. Further, as there exists a significant channel gain difference of the beam-center and beam-edge areas, UTs in these two areas can be allocated in one resource block. In this case, we derive co-carriers based on DC and SC, respectively. To deeply analyze the novel methods, we study the ergodic sum-rate and outage probability while the outage diversity gain is further provided. Simulation results show that the co-carrier-based DC method has the ability to provide a higher ergodic sum-rate while the SC method performs better in terms of the outage probability.

Dynamic Cooperative Communications with Mutual Information Accumulation for Mobile Robots in Industrial Internet of Things.

Mobile robots play an important role in the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT); they need effective mutual communication between the cloud and themselves when they move in a factory. By using the sensor nodes existing in the IIoT environment as relays, mobile robots and the cloud can communicate through multiple hops. However, the mobility and delay sensitivity of mobile robots bring new challenges. In this paper, we propose a dynamic cooperative transmission algorithm with mutual information accumulation to cope with these two challenges. By using rateless coding, nodes can reduce the delay caused by retransmission under poor channel conditions. With the help of mutual information accumulation, nodes can accumulate information faster and reduce delay. We propose a two-step dynamic algorithm, which can obtain the current routing path with low time complexity. The simulation results show that our algorithm is better than the existing heuristic algorithm in terms of delay.

Cooperative transmission of UAV swarm using orthogonal time–frequency space modulation

Cooperative transmission of UAV swarm using orthogonal time–frequency space modulation