Cooperative Jamming Research Articles

Energy-aware node selection scheme with friendly jamming technique for enhancing the secrecy of wireless powered sensor networks

This work studies the secrecy performance of wireless powered sensor networks (WPSNs) under eavesdropping attacks by proposing an energy-aware node selection algorithm. The non-identical N sensor nodes harvest the required energy from a dedicated power station and use it for data transmission to a certain destination. The nodes selection procedure takes place over two phases. In the first phase, K nodes out of the total number of N nodes are selected under the condition that they succeed to harvest sufficient energy for transmission from the power station. In the second phase, among the selected K nodes from the first phase, two nodes are chosen in each time slot. The node with best channel conditions is selected for data transmission to the base station, while the other node that has the worst channel state acts as a cooperative jammer for the eavesdropper. We derive exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) over Nakagami-m fading channels. Moreover, a power allocation problem is formulated to get the optimal uplink power values by minimizing the exact SOP expression using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Numerical results are obtained to validate our proposed model, followed by the conclusion to show its effectiveness.

Mode Selection and Cooperative Jamming for Covert Communication in D2D Underlaid UAV Networks

The integration of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks and device-to-device (D2D) communications is expected to provide ubiquitous connectivity and high-speed rates for sensitive information transmission in future wireless networks. However, the traditional cryptography and physical layer security techniques still cannot prevent adversaries from knowing the existence of information transmission such that they further launch attacks on transmitters and receivers. Covert communication can offer an even stronger level of security via hiding the information transmission process of wireless networks. In this article, we first integrate D2D communications into UAV networks, and then investigate the fundamental issues of mode selection and cooperative jamming for covert communication in such networks, aiming to provide a powerful security solution to support widespread securi-ty-sensitive applications of such networks. To this end, we propose two promising D2D underlaid UAV network architectures, whereby each UAV acts as either a flying BS or an aerial UE. Then, we propose a covert communication strategy by combining mode selection and cooperative jamming, where mode selection allows each user equipment to adaptively switch between half-du-plex and full-duplex communication modes, and cooperative jamming means that idle D2D pairs inject interference to confuse adversaries. The goal of the proposed strategy is to enhance covert capacity performance (i.e., the maximum channel rate) while maintaining a high detection error probability at adversaries in the promising network architectures. Numerical results are presented to evaluate our strategy of mode selection and cooperative jamming, and to illustrate performance gains in terms of covert capacity and detection error probability in these two network architectures. Finally, a vision is discussed for our future research in D2D underlaid UAV networks.

Analysis of Cooperative Jamming Cancellation With Imperfect Time Synchronization in Physical Layer Security

In physical layer security, imperfect time synchronization results in random mismatch between the received cooperative jamming (CJ) and the reconstructed CJ, leading to performance degradation of CJ cancellation at the authorized receiver. In this letter, the CJ cancellation performance with imperfect time synchronization is analyzed and evaluated by jamming cancellation ratio (JCR). Then, by assuming that the timing error is uniformly distributed within the synchronization accuracy, the expectation and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of JCR are provided. Experimental results confirm the theoretical analysis that imperfect time synchronization causes dramatic performance degradation of CJ cancellation, especially for high jamming-to-noise ratio (JNR).

Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enabled Secure Cooperative Transmission for Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks

In this paper, we propose an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) empowered secure cooperative transmission strategy for satellite-terrestrial integrated networks. In such networks, an IRS is deployed near the satellite user to reflect the common-spectrum friendly interference from the terrestrial network to help protect the satellite downlink transmission from being eavesdropped. We seek to minimize the target signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) at the eavesdropper required to guarantee the reliable communication at the terrestrial network user and to limit the maximum tolerable interference at the satellite user. Then, an alternation optimization scheme is developed. Simulation results verify that the proposed IRS enabled cooperative jamming scheme can reduce the target SINR at the eavesdropper significantly, thus achieving a great secrecy gain.

A Fountain-Coding Based Cooperative Jamming Strategy for Secure Service Migration in Edge Computing

In 5G, users can easily enjoy services by accessing the edge devices (EDs) deployed around the base stations. Generally, due to the uneven distribution and mobility of users, one ED is required to serve multiple users simultaneously, that results in the ED overload, seriously affecting the quality of experience (QoE) of the users. By responding to users’ requests, service migration realizes the cross edge device migrations, that dynamically provides services for mobile users, which effectively improves the resource utilization rate of edge servers and the QoE of users. However, during the service migrations, malicious users may deploy pseudo base stations, gateways and other devices to illegally eavesdrop or tamper with user service data, that causes user information loss or disclosure. To prevent these security issues, a fountain-coding based cooperative jamming strategy is proposed in this paper. Specifically, the fountain coding technology is introduced to construct a three-node transmission model, including an original node, a target node and a malicious node, to realize the secure data transmission process in service migration. Besides, a group of relay nodes are employed to carry out cooperative jamming, that deteriorate the illegal eavesdropping quality of malicious nodes on service data. Then secrecy rate and outage probability are utilized to evaluate the security and reliability of the whole service migration. Finally, the theoretical analysis is shown by simulation results.

Enhancing physical layer security via a UAV friendly jammer for NOMA‐based IoT systems with imperfect CSI

AbstractIn this article, we investigate physical layer security in downlink Internet of Things networks under imperfect channel state information (CSI), in which a controller (Alice) intends to serve two user devices (D1 and D2) simultaneously by using nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA). Cooperative jamming (CJ) is introduced as a powerful solution for guaranteeing secure transmission. To be specific, we integrate an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) jammer that generates artificial noise to confuse multiple noncolluding eavesdroppers (Eves). Considering only D1 requires secure transmission, we develop an adaptive power allocation scheme to maximize the secrecy rate at D1 while meeting the desired quality of service (QoS) threshold at D2. Furthermore, a strategy can be utilized to obtain the optimal location of the UAV jammer is derived for further performance enhancement. Besides, we also examine the impact of the channel uncertainties on system performance. Numerical results are provided to confirm the superiority and applicability of the proposed CJ scheme over benchmark schemes in terms of secrecy performance and effective energy efficiency.

Secure Millimeter-Wave Ad Hoc Communications Using Physical Layer Security

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications are highly promising to improve the capacity of modern wireless networks, while the physical layer security (PLS) techniques hold great potential to enhance the critical secrecy performance therein. By carefully exploiting the significant signal difference between the Non-Light-of-Sight (NLoS) and Line-of-Sight (LoS) mmWave links, this paper proposes a Sight-based Cooperative Jamming (SCJ) scheme to improve the PLS performance of mmWave ad hoc communications. In this scheme, each potential jammer that has no LoS link to its nearest receiver but may have LoS links to eavesdroppers is selected with a certain probability to generate artificial noise such that channel advantages at legitimate receivers can be achieved. For performance modeling of the new jamming scheme, novel and efficient theoretical approximation approaches are firstly developed to enable the challenging issue of interference distribution modeling to be tackled, and then a theoretical framework based on stochastic geometry is proposed to capture the secrecy transmission capacity behavior under the SCJ scheme. Finally, extensive numerical results are provided to illustrate the SCJ scheme under various network scenarios.

A Survey of Cooperative Jamming‐Based Secure Transmission for Energy‐Limited Systems

Considering the ongoing development of various devices and rich applications in intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) systems, it is a crucial issue to solve secure transmission of legitimate signals for massive data sharing in the systems. Cooperative jamming‐based physical layer security is explored to be a complement of conventional cryptographic schemes to protect private information. Yet, this method needs to solve a game between energy consumption and signal secure transmission. In this paper, we summarize the basics of cooperative jamming and universal security metrics. Using the metrics, we study a series of typical cooperative jamming strategies from two aspects, including power allocation and energy harvesting. Finally, we propose open issues and challenges of further works on cooperative jamming in an IoT system with energy constraints.

Resource Optimization Framework for Physical Layer Security of Dual-Hop Multi-Carrier Decode and Forward Relay Networks

Physical layer security (PLS) is an emerging area for information security against eavesdroppers (Eve). Information security of any system can also be improved by using friendly jammers that produce interference signals to Eve. Traditional security techniques are limited by the processing power of the wireless nodes, whereas PLS can achieve communication secrecy without requiring computationally expensive cryptographic operations. The relay networks have emerged as a promising technology to enhance the performance of the wireless systems. This paper proposes a joint resource optimization framework for the PLS of dual-hop decode and forward (DF) relay network with and without cooperative jamming. In particular, the proposed framework consists of a base station (BS), multiple users, DF relays, multiple subcarriers, and an Eve. Our objective is to maximize the sum secrecy rate (SR) through optimal power loading over different subcarriers at BS and relay nodes, and efficient subcarrier assignment. We formulate a mixed binary integer programing problem for secrecy optimization and adopt Lagrangian dual method to achieve the efficient solutions. We also provide three benchmark frameworks, i.e., joint power optimization with random subcarrier assignment, equal power allocation with efficient subcarrier assignment and equal power with random subcarrier assignment to guage the performance of our joint resource optimization framework. Simulation results unveil that the proposed joint resource optimization framework under cooperative jamming and without jamming performs significantly better than the benchmark frameworks.

Security-Reliability Trade-Off Analysis for Rateless Codes-Based Relaying Protocols Using NOMA, Cooperative Jamming and Partial Relay Selection

In this paper, we propose secure relaying transmission protocols using rateless codes, where a source sends encoded packets to two intended destinations via help of intermediate relays. Employing non-orthogonal multiple access, two encoded packets can be sent to the destinations at the same time. In addition, two partial relay selection methods are studied to enhance reliability of the data transmission at the first and second hops. For protecting the source-relay and relay-destination transmission against an eavesdropper, cooperative jamming technique is employed. Particularly, in the first phase of each data transmission cycle, the remaining relays (except the selected relay) are used to transmit artificial noise on the eavesdropper, and cooperate with the selected relay to cancel interference components. In the second phase, trusted nodes that are near the destinations are employed to play a role as the cooperative jammers. For a fair performance comparison, we design a simple transmit power allocation for the transmitter and jammer nodes at the first and second phases. We also propose an adaptive power allocation method, where fractions of the transmit power are appropriately allocated to the signals, relying on instantaneous channel gains between the selected relay and the destinations. This paper also derives exact closed-form formulas of outage probability and intercept probability over Rayleigh fading channel. All the performance analysis is then validated by Monte-Carlo simulations. The obtained results clearly show a trade-off between security and reliability that can be enhanced by optimally designing the system parameters.

Robust Secure Design for RIS-Aided NOMA Network Against Internal Near-End Eavesdropping

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) aided non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network is applied to improve spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of wireless systems. Due to the incorporation of NOMA, RIS-aided NOMA system suffers from physical layer security (PLS) problem when an internal near user (NU) is the eavesdropper. In this case, it is difficult to always guarantee positive secrecy rate. Therefore, a scheme of artificial noise (AN) cooperative jamming and beamforming design is proposed against internal eavesdropper for RIS-aided NOMA in this paper. It is proved theoretically that the positive secrecy rate can be guaranteed if providing sufficient power. In addition, the power allocation of base station is further studied to minimize the total power consumption under the constraints of data rate and secrecy rate, and the closed-form solutions are achieved. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is superior to the existing solutions.

Secure Transmission in Multiple Access Wiretap Channel: Cooperative Jamming Without Sharing CSI

This paper investigates the secure transmission in multiple access wiretap channels, where multiple legitimate users transmit private information to an intended receiver in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers. In order to improve security, we propose a novel cooperative jamming scheme, in which users do not share channel state information (CSI) but the legitimate channels will not be degraded by the artificial noise. The basic idea is to make each user exploit its own CSI in two slots to design artificial noise, so that the intended receiver can eliminate all the artificial noise but the eavesdroppers cannot. In this process, the interference between users plays a key role to achieve security, because it guarantees that the artificial noise from different users helps each other. We consider the non-collusion and collusion of eavesdroppers and analyze the secrecy performance for both scenarios. We adopt the secrecy sum-rate as the main metric, and show that positive secrecy sum-rate can be achieved by using the proposed scheme. Especially, we observe that when eavesdroppers collude and their additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) close to zero, the number of users must not be less than twice the number of eavesdroppers to ensure positive secrecy sum-rate. Finally, simulation results are provided to corroborate our theoretical findings.

Optimal Secure GDoF of Symmetric Gaussian Wiretap Channel With a Helper

We study a symmetric Gaussian wiretap channel with a helper, where a confidential message is sent from a transmitter to a legitimate receiver, in the presence of a helper and an eavesdropper, under a weak notion of secrecy constraint. For this setting, we characterize the optimal secure generalized degrees-of-freedom (GDoF). The result reveals that, adding a helper can significantly increase the secure GDoF of the wiretap channel. The result is supported by a new converse and a new scheme. In the proposed scheme, the helper sends a cooperative jamming signal at a specific power level and direction. In this way, it minimizes the penalty in GDoF incurred by the secrecy constraint. In the secure rate analysis, the techniques of noise removal and signal separation are used.

Secure Resource Allocation for Cooperative OFDMA System With Untrusted AF Relaying

In this paper, we consider a cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, where a source communicates with multiple users with the help of an untrusted relay. Since we assume no direct links between source and users because of the shadowing effect, the positive secrecy rate of the system cannot be obtained directly. Addressing this issue, we employ the user-aided cooperative jamming method to improve the secrecy performance. With the aim of maximizing the weighted sum secrecy rate, we formulate a joint resource allocation problem of power allocation, subcarrier assignment and subcarrier pairing. By using the alternative optimization and the Lagrange dual method, we solve this non-convex problem efficiently. Furthermore, to reduce the calculation complexity, we propose two suboptimal algorithms. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed algorithms compared with the benchmarks on the secrecy performance. Moreover, we show that our proposed algorithms are more sensitive to user priority weights than benchmarks.

Energy Efficient Robust Beamforming and Cooperative Jamming Design for IRS-Assisted MISO Networks

Energy-efficient design and secure communications are of crucial importance in wireless communication networks. However, the energy efficiency achieved by using physical layer security can be limited by the channel conditions. In order to tackle this problem, an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) assisted multiple input single output (MISO) network with independent cooperative jamming is studied. The energy efficiency is maximized by jointly designing the transmit and jamming beamforming and IRS phase-shift matrix under both the perfect channel state information (CSI) and the imperfect CSI. In order to tackle the challenging non-convex fractional problems, an algorithm based on semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation is proposed for solving energy efficiency maximization problem under the perfect CSI case while an alternate optimization algorithm based on <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> -procedure is used for solving the problem under the imperfect CSI case. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design outperforms the benchmark schemes in term of energy efficiency. Moreover, the tradeoff between energy efficiency and the secrecy rate is found in the IRS-assisted MISO network. Furthermore, it is shown that IRS can help improve energy efficiency even with the uncertainty of the CSI.

Impact of cooperative jamming of dual stealth aircraft formation on detection performance of monopulse radar

To effectively test the detection performance of the monopulse radar under cooperative jamming of dual stealth aircraft formation, a blinking jamming model based on the interval of time-varying dual-aircraft formation is established for the first time in this study. By geometric modeling of the blinking jamming mode of the dual-aircraft formation, the authors solved the equivalent time-varying dynamic radar cross section of the penetration operation of the dual-aircraft formation; then, by taking the signal-to-interference ratio of the aircraft fuselage target echo in the actual formation as a parametric variable, we derived the equations for instantaneous detection distance, instantaneous detection probability, and cumulative detection probability of the monopulse radar in the formation projectile, and these equations were applicable to calculation under the actual jamming mode of dual-aircraft formation. Through simulation, the authors concluded for the first time that as the supersonic endurance speed increased, releasing jamming could reduce the radar detection probability considerably by more than 60%, while releasing projectiles could increase the formation’s risk of being detected by the radar by 30.37%. Thus, to effectively reduce the stability of the radar’s detection and tracking performance, the jamming power of the dual stealth aircraft formation should be no smaller than 0.5 kW and the signal gain of the formation should be no less than 20 dB.

Secrecy Rate Maximization in Virtual-MIMO Enabled SWIPT for 5G Centric IoT Applications

In 5G centric sensors-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) applications, virtual multiple-input multiple-output (V-MIMO) technique has witnessed significant attention as physical layer security enabler. In IoT, physical layer security is potential due to the vulnerability of wireless broadcasting in low computation capability and limited power source of the sensor nodes. In this regard, this article presents a secure and energy efficient V-MIMO enabled simultaneous wireless information and power transfer framework. The security framework uses beamforming and cooperative jamming signal to maximize the secrecy rate of the IoT systems. An optimization problem is formulated by collectively optimizing the beamforming vector, power splitting ratio, and time switching ratio. Since the maximization problem is nonconvex, to find solution of the problem an iterative algorithm is presented, which inherently uses the penalty function to find the solution. It is evident from simulation results that the secrecy rate optimization of the proposed framework is better as compared to the state-of-the-art techniques considering various metrics.

Can a multi-hop link relying on untrusted amplify-and-forward relays render security?

Cooperative relaying is utilized as an efficient method for data communication in wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, sometimes due to the necessity of multi-hop relaying in such communication networks, it is challenging to guarantee the secrecy of cooperative transmissions when the relays may themselves be eavesdroppers, i.e., we may face with the untrusted relaying scenario where the relays are both necessary helpers and potential adversary. To obviate this issue, a new cooperative jamming scheme is proposed in this paper, in which the data can be confidentially communicated from the source to the destination through multiple untrusted relays. In our proposed secure transmission scheme, all the legitimate nodes contribute to providing secure communication by intelligently injecting artificial noises to the network in different communication phases. For the sake of analysis, we consider a multi-hop untrusted relaying network with two successive intermediate nodes, i.e, a three-hop communications network. Given this system model, a new closed-form expression is presented in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region for the Ergodic secrecy rate (ESR). Furthermore, we evaluate the high SNR slope and power offset of the ESR to gain an insightful comparison of the proposed secure transmission scheme and the state-of-arts. Our numerical results highlight that the proposed secure transmission scheme provides better secrecy rate performance compared with the two-hop untrusted relaying as well as the direct transmission schemes.

Machine Learning-Based Node Selection for Cooperative Non-Orthogonal Multi-Access System Under Physical Layer Security

Cooperative non-orthogonal multi access communication is a promising paradigm for the future wireless networks because of its advantages in terms of energy efficiency, wider coverage, and interference mitigating. In this paper, we study the secrecy performance of a downlink cooperative non-orthogonal multi access (NOMA) communication system under the presence of an eavesdropper node. Smart node selection based on feed forward neural networks (FFNN) is proposed in order to improve the physical layer security (PLS) of a cooperative NOMA network. The selected cooperative relay node is employed to enhance the channel capacity of the legal users, where the selected cooperative jammer is employed to degrade the capacity of the wiretapped channel. Simulations of the secrecy performance metric namely the secrecy capacity (CS ) are presented and compared with the conventional technique based on fuzzy logic node selection technique. Based on our simulations and discussions the proposed technique outperforms the existing technique in terms of the secrecy performance.

NOMA in Cooperative Communication Systems With Energy-Harvesting Nodes and Wireless Secure Transmission

In this paper, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in cooperative relay system is considered, where a source node communicates with a pair of energy harvesting (EH) user equipments through a multiple antennas relay node. A hybrid protocol is adopted at the relay, in which if the relay can successfully decode the signals, decode-and-forward (DF) protocol will be adopted to forward the signals to the users. Otherwise, amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol will be implemented. Assuming that the users adopt maximal ratio combining (MRC) to combine the received signals in the two cooperative phases, new explicit analytical expressions for the average sum-rate are derived when the relay works in, 1) AF mode, and 2) DF mode, in two scenarios when one user is the stronger in both cooperation phases, and when an alternative user is stronger in each phase. Then, the investigation is extended to the case where the relay is an untrusted node, and cooperative jamming technique is proposed to degrade the ability of the relay to decode the signals and enforce the relay to operate always in AF mode. For the untrusted relay scenario, new analytical expression for the average secrecy rate is derived. Monte Carlo simulations are provided to validate the analysis. The simulation results reveal that the location of the relay is the key parameter to achieve the best performance.