Cooperative Institute For Research In Environmental Sciences Research Articles

Towards a more reliable historical reanalysis: Improvements for version 3 of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis system

Historical reanalyses that span more than a century are needed for a wide range of studies, from understanding large‐scale climate trends to diagnosing the impacts of individual historical extreme weather events. The Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) Project is an effort to fill this need. It is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and is facilitated by collaboration with the international Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth initiative. 20CR is the first ensemble of sub‐daily global atmospheric conditions spanning over 100 years. This provides a best estimate of the weather at any given place and time as well as an estimate of its confidence and uncertainty. While extremely useful, version 2c of this dataset (20CRv2c) has several significant issues, including inaccurate estimates of confidence and a global sea level pressure bias in the mid‐19th century. These and other issues can reduce its effectiveness for studies at many spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, the 20CR system underwent a series of developments to generate a significant new version of the reanalysis. The version 3 system (NOAA‐CIRES‐DOE 20CRv3) uses upgraded data assimilation methods including an adaptive inflation algorithm; has a newer, higher‐resolution forecast model that specifies dry air mass; and assimilates a larger set of pressure observations. These changes have improved the ensemble‐based estimates of confidence, removed spin‐up effects in the precipitation fields, and diminished the sea‐level pressure bias. Other improvements include more accurate representations of storm intensity, smaller errors, and large‐scale reductions in model bias. The 20CRv3 system is comprehensively reviewed, focusing on the aspects that have ameliorated issues in 20CRv2c. Despite the many improvements, some challenges remain, including a systematic bias in tropical precipitation and time‐varying biases in southern high‐latitude pressure fields.

Estimation of Surface Air Specific Humidity and Air–Sea Latent Heat Flux Using FY-3C Microwave Observations

Latent heat flux (LHF) plays an important role in the global hydrological cycle and is therefore necessary to understand global climate variability. It has been reported that the near-surface specific humidity is a major source of error for satellite-derived LHF. Here, a new empirical model relating multichannel brightness temperatures ( T B ) obtained from the Fengyun-3 (FY-3C) microwave radiometer and sea surface air specific humidity ( Q a ) is proposed. It is based on the relationship between T B , Q a , sea surface temperature (SST), and water vapor scale height. Compared with in situ data, the new satellite-derived Q a and LHF both exhibit better statistical results than previous estimates. For Q a , the bias, root mean square difference (RMSD), and the correlation coefficient (R2) between satellite and buoy in the mid-latitude region are 0.08 g/kg, 1.76 g/kg, and 0.92, respectively. For LHF, the bias, RMSD, and R2 are 2.40 W/m2, 34.24 W/m2, and 0.87, respectively. The satellite-derived Q a are also compared with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) humidity datasets, with a bias, RMSD, and R2 of 0.02 g/kg, 1.02 g/kg, and 0.98, respectively. The proposed method can also be extended in the future to observations from other space-borne microwave radiometers.

Variability of Arctic Sea Ice (1979–2016)

This study is based on the daily sea ice concentration data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA) from 1979 to 2016. The Arctic sea ice is analyzed from the total sea ice area, first year ice extent, multiyear ice area, and the variability of sea ice concentration in different ranges. The results show that the total sea ice area decreased by 0.0453 × 106 km2·year−1 (−0.55%/year) between 1979 and 2016, and the variability of the sea ice area from 1997 to 2016 is significantly larger than that from 1979 to 1996. The first-year ice extent increased by 0.0199 × 106 km2·year−1 (0.36%/year) from 1997 to 2016. The multiyear ice area decreased by 0.0711 × 106 km2·year−1 (−0.66%/year) from 1979 to 2016, of which in the last 20 years is about 30.8% less than in 1979–1996. In terms of concentration, we have focused on comparing 1979–1996 and 1997–2016 in different ranges. Sea ice concentration between 0.9–1 accounted for about 39.57% from 1979 to 1996, while from 1997–2016, it accounted for only 27.75%. However, the sea ice of concentration between 0.15–0.4 exhibits no significant trend changes.

The shaping of climate science: half a century in personal perspective

Abstract. The paper traces my career as a climatologist from the 1950s and that of most of my graduate students from the late 1960s. These decades were the formative ones in the evolution of climate science. Following a brief account of the history of climatology, a summary of my early training, my initial teaching and research in the UK is discussed. This is followed by new directions at the University of Colorado, Boulder from October 1968. The history of the World Data Center for Glaciology/National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder from 1977 is described and climate-cryosphere initiatives at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES). International activities and links are then reported, followed by a section on national and international committees. I then describe my activities during sabbaticals and research leaves. The paper concludes with discussion of my "retirement" activities and an epilogue. The paper is based on a lecture given at the Roger Barry Symposium: A Chronicle of Distinction: From the Arctic to the Andes, at the University of Colorado, 10 August 2004 and updated to 2014.

Rethinking infiltration in wildfire‐affected soils

Hydrological ProcessesVolume 27, Issue 10 p. 1510-1514 Invited Commentary Rethinking infiltration in wildfire-affected soils Brian A. Ebel, Corresponding Author Brian A. Ebel Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0216 USA Correspondence to: Brian A. Ebel, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, USA. E-mail: brian.ebel@colorado.eduSearch for more papers by this authorJohn A. Moody, John A. Moody U.S. Geological Survey, National Research Program, 3215 Marine St. Ste. E-127, Boulder, CO, 80303 USASearch for more papers by this author Brian A. Ebel, Corresponding Author Brian A. Ebel Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0216 USA Correspondence to: Brian A. Ebel, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, USA. E-mail: brian.ebel@colorado.eduSearch for more papers by this authorJohn A. Moody, John A. Moody U.S. Geological Survey, National Research Program, 3215 Marine St. Ste. E-127, Boulder, CO, 80303 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 December 2012 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9696Citations: 40Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume27, Issue1015 May 2013Pages 1510-1514 This article also appears in:HPToday: Invited Commentaries RelatedInformation

Reconstructing the South Pacific Convergence Zone Position during the Presatellite Era: A La Niña Case Study

Abstract Sixty-four southwest Pacific island meteorological stations were used to develop ENSO-related austral warm season (November–April) rainfall climatologies for 1961–90. Historical data for the same station set were then examined for 1955/56, one of the strongest La Niñas of the twentieth century. The pattern for that event was typical of a well-coupled protracted La Niña, with above-normal rainfall (>150%) observed for 17 stations in the case study. Tropical cyclone tracks were also used to illustrate the proximal effects of historical storms on station rainfall. Several stations that were located along the northern edge of the tropical cyclone swarm, but south of a region of anomalously low rainfall, were selected as possible candidates having been close to the mean South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) location. Linear interpolations between those stations highlighted a likely SPCZ position for the 1955/56 event. The reconstructed SPCZ location indicated a position southwest of normal, consistent with many La Niñas observed during the satellite era. The 1955/56 SPCZ reconstruction compared favorably with NOAA Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) twentieth-century reanalysis (20CR) positions of maximum atmospheric water content and omega (time derivative of pressure that illustrates vertical velocity, and a proxy for convection and SPCZ location) at 500 hPa. Comparisons between Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) warm season rainfall composite plots for several satellite era La Niñas and one well-coupled La Niña event that occurred during 2010/11 to omega at 500 hPa and maximum rainfall amounts suggest that the 1955/56 reconstruction from in situ rainfall measurements captured the SPCZ location. These findings suggest that use of the 20CR could help to identify hemispheric-scale atmospheric circulation features like the SPCZ and improve understanding of ENSO dynamics prior to the satellite era.

Mountain glaciers caught on camera

Many glaciers around the world are melting, and new research is showing some of the dramatic details. Ulyana Horodyskyj, a graduate student at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, set up cameras to take time‐lapse photographs of three lakes on a glacier in Nepal. This allowed her and her colleagues to see the supraglacial lake drain in real time for the first time, making it possible to estimate how much water was involved and how long it took for the lake to drain and refill. Horodyskyj said in a press conference at the AGU Fall Meeting that such observations of supraglacial lakes are valuable because in a warming climate, melting glaciers can lead to formation of supraglacial lakes.

Shaking up the Lesson Plan

Boil an egg, crack the shell, and what do you have? Voila, plate tectonics! It may not be the first thing that comes to mind for a seismologist, but when it comes to the middle school classroom, keeping it hands-on and fun are key. That was an important lesson learned by SSA member and geophysics professor Anne Sheehan after she partnered with the University of Colorado's Science Explorers program to develop a Natural Hazards middle school curriculum. Science Explorers, a professional development program for Colorado teachers of grades 5–8 and their students, offers activity-based, one-day science workshops throughout the school year. Supported by both university and private funds, Science Explorers tailors its inquiry-based activities for small teams made up of one teacher and five to six students. Workshops cater to about 20 teams per school district and are focused around a specific science theme that changes every year. Past programs have included lessons in chemistry, optics, water resources, and climate change. In total, about 20 district-based workshops are held each year around the state. “After the December 2004 tsunami devastated Indo-Pacific communities, Science Explorers wanted to design classroom activities that would build upon the public's interest in natural hazards and, in particular, tsunamis. They wanted students to learn about earthquakes and plate tectonics, as well as natural hazards that are common in Colorado, like wildfires and avalanches,” said Sheehan, who is a professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder professor and a Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) fellow. Lannie Hagan, then the director of Science …

Modulation of Small-Scale Turbulence by Ducted Gravity Waves in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer

Abstract Constant altitude measurements of temperature and velocity in the residual layer of the nocturnal boundary layer, collected by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Tethered Lifting System (TLS), exhibit fluctuations identified by previous work (Fritts et al.) as the signature of ducted gravity waves. The concurrent high-resolution TLS turbulence measurements (temperature structure constant C2T and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ɛ) reveal the presence of patches of enhanced turbulence activity that are roughly synchronized with the troughs of the temperature and velocity fluctuations. To investigate the potentially dominant role ducted gravity waves might play on the modulation of atmospheric stability and therefore, on turbulence, time series of the wave-modulated gradient Richardson number (Ri) and of the vertical gradient of potential temperature ∂θ/∂z(t) are computed numerically and compared to the TLS small-scale turbulence measurements. The results of this study agree with the predictions of previous theoretical studies (i.e., wave-generated fluctuations of temperature and velocity modulate the gradient Richardson number), resulting in periodic enhancements of turbulence at Ri minima. The patches of turbulence observed in the TLS dataset are subsequently identified as convective instabilities generated locally within the unstable phase of the wave.

The CIRES Tethered Lifting System: a survey of the system, past results and future capabilities

This paper presents a survey of the Tethered Lifting System (TLS) being developed for atmospheric research by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at University of Colorado. Basic elements of the system are described, and examples of both published results and work in progress are presented.

Extreme Gradients in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer: Structure, Evolution, and Potential Causes

During the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study-1999 (CASES-99) campaign in southeastern Kansas in the fall of 1999, the University of Colorado's Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) made a series of vertical profiling measurements using the CIRES tethered lifting system (TLS). The results reported here began during a period when the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) was characterized by a low-level jet (LLJ) peaking at 120 m and a temperature profile that increased smoothly with height to a point slightly above the height of the LLJ peak. Then, within a period of less than 30 min, the character of the NBL changed abruptly, with the breakdown of the well-defined LLJ and the appearance of a surprisingly steep temperature change of some 3.5 K around 180–190 m AGL. Part of this inversion was extremely sharp, with the steepest portion showing a temperature change of 1 K over an altitude range of only 5 cm, corresponding to a vertical temperature gradient in excess of 20 K m−1. The general shape of this steep gradient was maintained—albeit with slightly reduced values—for at least 20 min. It is understood that the magnitude of the steepest portion of this gradient exceeds all previously observed atmospheric gradients by over an order of magnitude, although comparable gradients—albeit under very disparate conditions—have been observed in the ocean. A second surprising feature apparent in these results was the steepness of the gradients in turbulence structure at the top of the NBL and within the residual layer (RL), the region above the NBL that is usually slightly stably stratified and extends upward to the height marked by the vestiges of the previous day's capping inversion. At the NBL top, energy dissipation rates and temperature structure parameters dropped sharply by more than one order of magnitude over a distance of only a few meters. At higher altitudes within the RL, a 60-m-thick region of very weak turbulence was observed. This low-turbulence region also exhibited sharp edges, where energy dissipation rates and temperature structure parameters changed by at least an order of magnitude over vertical distances of only a few meters.

Fine-Scale Measurements Of Turbulence In The Lower Troposphere: An Intercomparison Between A Kite- And Balloon-Borne, And A Helicopter-Borne Measurement System

Two state-of-the-art, high-resolution, in situ turbulence measurement systems, which can be deployed at altitudes well above the atmospheric surface layer, are compared: the Tethered Lifting System (TLS) of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, and the helicopter-borneturbulence measurement system HELIPOD of the Technical UniversityBraunschweig, Germany, and the University of Hanover, Germany. Whilethe CIRES TLS is a fixed-point platform, HELIPOD is a moving platform.On the basis of data taken with the two systems in separate field campaigns,the system capabilities are quantified and discussed. Criteria for instrumentalrequirements are presented. It is shown that both the CIRES TLS and HELIPODare well suited for measuring fine-scale turbulence that is characterized by very small temperature structure parameters 106 K2 m−2/3 and smaller) and very small energy dissipation rates (10-7 m2 s-3 and smaller). The authors are not aware of any other turbulence measurement systems that have similar capabilities and can be deployed at altitudes of up to several kilometres. The HELIPOD is ideal for high-resolution horizontal measurements while the TLS is ideal for high-resolution vertical measurements using multiple sensors attached to a suspended line.

Climate change, flooding in arid environments, and erosion rates

Research Article| December 01, 2001 Climate change, flooding in arid environments, and erosion rates Peter Molnar Peter Molnar 1Department of Geological Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (2001) 29 (12): 1071–1074. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1071:CCFIAE>2.0.CO;2 Article history received: 03 Apr 2001 rev-recd: 15 Jun 2001 accepted: 09 Jul 2001 first online: 02 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Peter Molnar; Climate change, flooding in arid environments, and erosion rates. Geology 2001;; 29 (12): 1071–1074. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1071:CCFIAE>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract Although regional climates throughout much of the world appear to have become more arid in late Cenozoic time, sedimentation rates, and therefore presumably erosion rates, have increased. For sustained erosion of elevated terrain, at least where glaciers are not the major erosive agent, rivers must incise. Therefore bed-load transport by rivers should be a rate-limiting process in erosion. Theories of bed-load transport call for a threshold in either stream power per unit area or shear stress before the bed load can be moved, and most transport should be accomplished during high discharge. The frequency- magnitude distribution of floods shows that the ratio of magnitudes of, for example, 100 yr floods and annual floods is greater in arid than in humid environments. Thus, a shift toward more arid conditions may have increased relative magnitudes of rare floods or, conversely, increased the frequency of large floods. Such a shift, despite a decrease in precipitation and discharge, could have doubled incision rates, particularly in regions already quite arid. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Between‐Species and Temporal Variation inAcacia‐Ant‐Herbivore Interactions1

BiotropicaVolume 30, Issue 1 p. 135-139 Between-Species and Temporal Variation in Acacia-Ant-Herbivore Interactions1 Greg Cronin, Greg Cronin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciences Morehead City, North Carolina 28557 U.S.A. Current address: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado/ NOAA, Boulder, CO 80309, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author Greg Cronin, Greg Cronin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciences Morehead City, North Carolina 28557 U.S.A. Current address: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado/ NOAA, Boulder, CO 80309, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: 15 March 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00377.xCitations: 12 1 Received 22 July 1995; revision accepted 24 September 1996. AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume30, Issue1March 1998Pages 135-139 RelatedInformation

Environmental Research Laboratories Fellowships

The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) offers 1 ‐year visiting fellowships to scientists with research interests in the areas of environmental electromagnetics, solid earth geophysics, atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, and climate dynamics.

CIRES Fellowships

The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) offers 1‐year visiting fellowships to scientists with research interests in the areas of atmospheric science, solid earth science, atmospheric and terrestrial electromagnetic wave propagation, paleomagnetism, and rock magnetism. Recipients of these awards are completely free to pursue their own research programs. Selection is made on the basis of the likelihood of an active exchange of ideas between the visiting fellow and the scientists in CIRES and other local research groups. Stipend is scaled to research experience, and the program is open to scientists of all countries.

CIRES Visiting Fellowship Program

The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) promotes research and teaching in the physical sciences related to the earth and its environment. CIRES is jointly supported by, the University of Colorado and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and serves as a center for multidisciplinary collaboration of research workers from the numerous scientific laboratories in Boulder and elsewhere. Currently, the principal research interests are in the mechanics of the solid earth, earthquakes, the geomagnetic field and paleomagnetism, electrical and electro‐magnetic phenomena within the earth, its atmosphere and the space around it, and the dynamics of the atmosphere.

CIRES visiting Fellowship Program

The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) is intended to promote research and teaching in geophysics, radio propagation, the physics of the upper and lower atmospheres and solar terrestrial relationships, and to serve as a center for multidisciplinary collaboration of research workers. Currently the major emphasis is on solid earth geophysics and micro‐ and meso‐scale atmospheric dynamics.

Paleomagnetism and K-Ar Age of Mafic Dikes from the Wind River Range, Wyoming

Research Article| September 01, 1971 Paleomagnetism and K-Ar Age of Mafic Dikes from the Wind River Range, Wyoming HENRY SPALL HENRY SPALL Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302 AUTHOR'S PRESENT ADDRESS: GEOMAGNETISM LABORATORIES (ERL), NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, BOULDER, COLORADO 80302 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information HENRY SPALL AUTHOR'S PRESENT ADDRESS: GEOMAGNETISM LABORATORIES (ERL), NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, BOULDER, COLORADO 80302 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302 Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 15 Jul 1970 Revision Received: 05 Apr 1971 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Copyright © 1971, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. GSA Bulletin (1971) 82 (9): 2457–2472. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2457:PAKAOM]2.0.CO;2 Article history Received: 15 Jul 1970 Revision Received: 05 Apr 1971 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation HENRY SPALL; Paleomagnetism and K-Ar Age of Mafic Dikes from the Wind River Range, Wyoming. GSA Bulletin 1971;; 82 (9): 2457–2472. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2457:PAKAOM]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Potassium-argon ages have been determined on fresh pyroxenes from three of five dikes in the Louis Lake quadrangle of the Wind River Range, Wyoming. They indicate a minimum apparent age of intrusion at 1880 m.y. This is older than published whole-rock ages from the same dikes, but is consistent with whole-rock ages of up to 2060 m.y. from other dikes in this area. The within-dike dispersion of the directions of natural remanent magnetization decreases during alternating field demagnetization up to 1400 oe. Thermal demagnetization, however, is not effective in removing secondary magnetizations. After structural correction according to overlying Cambrian sediments, an over-all mean paleomagnetic pole from four dikes is obtained at 121° W., 43° N., which is in agreement with poles from Canadian Shield rocks of similar age. There is evidence in two of the dikes for a remagnetization episode, and the equivalent pole positions suggest that this may have occurred at the time of deposition of the Cambrian Flathead Sandstone. Alteration has greatly influenced the magnetic and isotopic properties of the dikes. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

CIRES Visiting Fellowship Program

The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) on the University of Colorado campus is intended to promote research and teaching in solid‐earth geophysics, oceanography , radio propagation, the physics of the upper and lower atmospheres, and solar terrestrial relationships, and to serve as a center for multidisciplinary collaboration of research workers from Boulder and the entire world.The permanent Fellows of CIRES are J.C. Harrison, G.C. Reid, J.R. Wait, and J.W. Warwick.