Cooling Tower Research Articles (Page 1)

Mechanical draft cooling towers are among the most critical water-consuming equipment in industries such as thermal power and petrochemicals. Strengthening their water usage performance is therefore crucial for alleviating China’s water resource pressure. To this end, this study employs the makeup water rate indicator to analyze the core factors influencing water-use efficiency in mechanical draft cooling towers, utilizing Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) methods. The results reveal that ambient temperature and inlet pressure exhibit significant negative correlations with the makeup water rate, while blowdown pressure and concentration multiple show significant positive correlations. Gray correlation analysis indicates that blowdown pressure (correlation degree: 0.923) and concentration multiple (correlation degree: 0.897) are the key driving factors. The PLSR-based prediction model for the makeup water rate demonstrates a strong goodness of fit, with explanatory power exceeding 80%. This research provides a modeling foundation for optimizing the operational control of mechanical draft cooling towers, thereby promoting sustainable management of industrial water use.

Correction: Characterization of Corrosion Behavior of ST37-2 Low-Carbon Steel in a Cooling Tower Using Seawater as the Working Media

A Cooling Tower is equipment used to reduce the temperature of hot water or cooling fluids that pass through it, being used in industrial processes or air conditioning systems. Some of the materials used in the construction of heating tower structures include carbon steel, stainless steel, fiberglass-reinforced polymers, hardwood and reinforced concrete. There is still a gap in the literature regarding the use of these materials in terms of tower structural renovations, or even presenting real-world case studies, which ultimately prevents the creation of guidelines or a set of best practices that can assist professionals involved in these types of equipment. This work aims to address some aspects related to the use of reforested wood as a replacement for hardwood in a cooling tower project, based on knowledge gained from a real-world problem.

Characterization of Corrosion Behavior of ST37-2 Low-Carbon Steel in a Cooling Tower Using Seawater as the Working Media

Study on water droplets spectra distribution and related influencing factors in High-level water collecting Cooling Tower

Comparative Analysis of Static Behaviors between Cylinder-Frustum and Hyperbolic Steel Cooling Towers

Indonesia's tropical climate, characterized by high ambient temperatures, intense humidity, and frequent rainfall, presents significant challenges for industrial cooling systems. This research investigates how tropical climate conditions influence the operational performance of a mechanical cooling tower installed at PT. XYZ, located in Cileungsi, West Java, Indonesia. The research offers valuable insights into energy optimization and operational planning under varying weather scenarios. Data collection involved real-time measurements under nine combinations of weather and time conditions (sunny, cloudy, rainy; morning, noon, afternoon), using thermocouples, hygrometers, and an ESP32 microcontroller. Key variables observed include ambient temperature, incoming water temperature, outgoing water temperature, relative humidity, and wet bulb temperature. Multiple linear regression was employed for analysis, supported by correlation analysis, t-tests, and F-tests. The model achieved a high determination coefficient (R²) of 80%, indicating strong predictive accuracy. Partial R² analysis revealed that the outgoing water temperature contributed 77% to the variation in cooling tower efficiency, followed by ambient temperature at 65%, incoming water temperature at 54%, and relative humidity at 36%. The highest efficiency, 67%, was recorded during sunny mornings, while the lowest, 42%, occurred at rainy noon. These findings confirm that tropical environmental factors have a significant and quantifiable impact on cooling tower performance. The results are expected to support the development of adaptive and efficient energy strategies in tropical industrial contexts.

Nowadays, with the advancement of science and technology, equipment manufacturers always provide the market with products serving refrigeration systems with outstanding features. To choose the right equipment for the purpose and cooling needs of each specific system, it is necessary to calculate the most optimal design, ensuring both the cooling coefficient and the safety and reliability of the system, while ensuring the optimal performance of the equipment. Cooling towers are a very important part of cooling the condenser of industrial refrigeration systems. They are used to lower the temperature of the refrigerant by using water to absorb heat from the refrigerant and release it into the environment. To choose the right type of tower for the capacity used inside the system, the user must determine the temperature of the inlet and outlet water and the circulating water flow. Therefore, it is very necessary to apply software to calculate and select a cooling tower suitable for the cooling performance of the business, factory...

A cooling tower is a cooling device often used in industries as a heat exchanger, where water is cooled by coming into direct contact with air. This process causes evaporation, which leads to a reduction in the water's temperature. We conducted an experimental study of the effect of the number of holes (80, 120, 185 and 250) on the cooling tower flat plate with variations of inlet temperature (65°C, 75°C and 85°C). This study aims to determine the heat transfer characteristics and how the number of holes and inlet temperature variations affect the performance of multi-story cooling towers. The cooling tower has an overall height of approximately 2.4 m, with each flat plate measuring 0.7 m x 0.5 m and a 15° slope. The results showed that the highest heat transfer rate occurred at 85°C inlet temperature with 250 holes. The largest heat transfer coefficient value occurred at 75°C inlet temperature with 250 holes. Thus, the number of holes significantly influences the heat transfer rate, convection heat transfer coefficient, and temperature difference in the optimization of the cooling tower performance.

This paper establishes an explicable integrated machine learning model for predicting the discharge water quality in a circulating cooling water system of a power plant. The performance differences between three deep learning models, a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and traditional machine learning models, namely eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGboost) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were evaluated and compared. The TCN model has high fitting accuracy and low error in predicting ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorus in the effluent of a circulating cooling tower. Compared to other traditional machine learning models, the TCN has a larger R2 (maximum 0.911) and lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE, minimum 0.158) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE, minimum 0.118), indicating the TCN has better feature extraction and fitting performance. Although the TCN takes additional time, it is generally less than 1 s, enabling the real-time prediction of drainage water quality. The main water quality indices have the greatest causal inference relationship with those of makeup water, followed by the concentration ratio, indicating that concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, and COD have a more decisive impact. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis further reveals that the concentration ratio has a weaker decisive impact on circulating cooling water drainage quality. The results of this study facilitate the optimization of industrial water resource management and offer a feasible technical pathway for water resource utilization in power plants.

Abstract Saving water usage is very important in industry, and to achieve this, the water that comes out of the condenser will be reused by circulating it into the utility process, where the hot water that has been used will be brought back down so it can be used again. To reduce the hot water temperature, a cooling tower was designed to function as a heat exchanger with air through direct contact. The Arduino Mega 2560-based fuzzy-PID controller in this system controls the suction fan speed to maintain the correct water temperature. This system’s reaction to Simulink Matlab testing satisfies the required performance parameters, including a rising time of 125,142 ms, a settling time of 20 s, an overshoot of 0.004%, an undershoot of 1.518%, and a steady-state error of 0%. The prototype’s test results also attest to the Cooling Tower’s

Development of a Membrane Desalination and Coprecipitation System for Enhanced Reclamation of Cooling Tower Water: Mechanism Evaluation and Pilot-Scale Study

The Possibility of Using Chimney-type Evaporative Cooling Towers at the Kola-2 NPP in Maneuvering Modes

This project uses STAAD to present the seismic analysis of a hyperbolic natural draft cooling tower located in Krishnapatnam Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. As a vital component in industrial and power plant infrastructure, the structural stability of cooling towers under seismic loading is essential— particularly in regions like Krishnapatnam, which lies in Seismic Zone III as per IS 1893:2002. A tower model with realistic dimensions and material properties was analyzed under seismic forces corresponding to Zones II, III, IV, and V. The comparative study highlights the tower's behaviour under varying seismic intensities and evaluates the effect of zone-wise seismic forces on displacement, internal stresses, and support reactions. The findings support the need for zone-specific design modifications to improve seismic resilience. The study underscores the role of STAAD.Pro is an effective tool for evaluating tall, shell-type structures in earthquake-prone areas. Keywords: Hyperbolic Cooling Tower, Seismic Analysis, Equivalent Static Method, Shell structures, Displacement, Base shear, Principal stress, Plate moments, Plate stresses.

This study aims to experimentally analyze the performance of a forced wet cooling tower (WCT) using a multi-level inclined perforated splash fill. The hot water temperature adjusts to 60 °C; Packing has inclination angles of 15o, 20o, 25o and a perforation ratio of 2.6%, consisting of five levels of galvanized plate fill. Water flow rate ± 0.0917 kg/s, five variations of air flow rate are 0.02033, 0.02631, 0.02995, 0.03770, and 0.04261 kg/s. The inlet hot water temperature is 60 °C. In this study, the best WCT performance occurred at an inclination angle of 15o.

The research on Culture Characteristics of Baotou City: Public Art Design and Cultural Space Management in Kundulun District is a study of urban culture and public art that explores the relationship between urban culture and public art and the role of public art in promoting urban culture. It focuses on classifying and exploring local culture, synthesizing artistic symbols and language into new design approaches through public art. The objectives of this research are: 1) to study the historical development and characteristics of Baotou's art and culture; 2) to analyze the identity, value, and meaning of Baotou's art and culture, and and integrate them into the concept of public art design to promote Baotou's image; and 3) to design a set of 3D public art works in the cultural area of Kundulun District, Baotou, using documentary research, field research, and interdisciplinary research. In studying the local culture of Baotou, it changed the direction of urban construction from urban expansion to quality development and promoted cultural and spiritual identity through public art to the integration of local culture and design. The research results showed that Baotou's culture has been positioned as a "steel city with a background of grassland culture". This identity can be used to disseminate the culture of the city by classifying cultural elements into symbols and applying them to the structure of the urban space through public art forms, enhancing the city's cultural identity and increasing its recognizability. The synthesis of the composition was carried out from two perspectives: color and material composition and shape composition. The cooling tower composition is one of the important and prominent structures of the steel mill, and the Mongolian horse is an important vehicle on the grassland as it represents spirit of perseverance and hard work. The “Cooling Tower” element is large, eye-catching and easily recognizable. Therefore, the meaning of "Prairie Horse' is combined and conveyed through the merging of the shape of the Mongolian horse and the shape of the cooling tower. This fusion creates a perfect combination of the elements of grassland culture and the elements that represent iron culture.

ABSTRACTSteel cooling towers, with their lighter weight, greater flexibility, and lower damping, are more susceptible to wind‐induced damage compared to hyperbolic concrete towers. This study investigates the fatigue fracture mechanisms of cylindrical–conical steel cooling towers (CCSCTs) under high wind loads. Large eddy simulation (LES) techniques determine the three‐dimensional (3D) wind load distribution, and a 3D finite element model incorporating elastoplastic material damage is developed in LS‐DYNA to simulate the wind‐induced collapse process. Results reveal a critical wind speed of 52 m/s, with failure mechanisms driven by interlayer translation and cross‐sectional deformation. The stiffening trusses restrict section deformation but concentrate internal forces, while the auxiliary trusses mitigate these forces and provide stability. Key fracture zones include the conical section top (72°, −108°) and tower top (0°) for tension and tower top (±12°) for compression. These findings provide the ultimate limit state (ULS) design criteria for CCSCTs.

Leveraging regulatory monitoring data for quantitative microbial risk assessment of Legionella pneumophila in cooling towers.

Cooling towers are essential industrial heat exchangers that cool water by exposing it to air, promoting evaporation and subsequent temperature reduction. Despite extensive research on performance enhancement, the optimal design configuration remains uncertain. This study examines the impact of hole quantity and shape on the thermal performance of a multi-layered flat-plate cooling tower. Circular holes in three configurations—80, 120, and 185 holes—were tested at inlet temperatures of 65°C and 75°C. The cooling tower has a total height of 2.4 meters, with each plate measuring 0.7 × 0.5 meters and arranged at a 15° angle. Experimental results show that the highest heat transfer rate occurs at 75°C with 185 holes, while the largest heat transfer coefficient is achieved at 65°C with the same configuration. These findings emphasize the significant role of hole quantity and geometry in optimizing cooling tower performance. The results offer valuable insights for industrial applications, particularly in improving cooling efficiency in power plants and manufacturing processes.

The thermodynamic, exergy and carbon reduction potential of seawater shower cooling towers for central air conditioning systems was investigated under various geometric, physical and environmental conditions. A mathematical model of the shower cooling tower was proposed, and the governing equations considering droplet diameter changes were numerically solved during evaporation. The results showed that compared with the downward-spraying tower, the upward-spraying tower achieved 15.59% higher cooling efficiency, 4.89% higher exergy efficiency and 34.58% higher heat dissipation. Increasing droplet diameter significantly weakened the tower’s cooling capacity, with heat dissipation decreasing by 78.11% as the diameter increased from 1 mm to 2.25 mm. The cooling efficiency, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency demonstrated consistent declining trends with increasing droplet diameter. Under high-salinity conditions (105 g/kg), compared with standard salinity (35 g/kg), the average reduction of cooling efficiency was 2.96%, and exergy efficiency decreased by 2.73%. The increase in air velocity from 2.5 m/s to 4.0 m/s led to a 13.76% improvement in cooling efficiency and a 22.44% increase in heat dissipation, and exergy efficiency decreased by less than 2%. Through multi-objective optimization analysis, the cooling efficiency increased by 14.69% and exergy destruction decreased by 37.87%, demonstrating significant potential for energy conservation and carbon emission reduction in central air conditioning applications.