Cooking Weight Loss Research Articles

Fatty acid profile and carcass traits of feedlot Nellore cattle fed crude glycerin and virginiamycin

Forty-eight bulls with an initial body weight (BW) of 408.4 ± 22.2 kg (age = 21 ± 2 months) were used in a randomized complete block design arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The treatments were diets without virginiamycin (VM−) or with virginiamycin, at 25 mg/kg of dry matter (DM, VM+), and diets without crude glycerin (CG−) or with crude glycerin, at 100 g/kg DM (CG+). The cold carcass weight and cold carcass dressing (P ≤ 0.05) was greater in bulls fed crude glycerin diets. Total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were 6.08% higher, and cooking weight loss was 10% lower in bulls fed CG+ diets, compared to bulls fed CG− diets (P = 0.0081). Crude glycerin at 100 g/kg DM could be a suitable replacement for VM, as it led to a slight increase in UFA deposition in meat. However, simultaneous administration of VM and CG did not positively affect performance and carcass traits of feedlot Nellore cattle.

Sensory and physicochemical quality of ‘frescal’ sausage from young bulls’ meat fed with levels of licuri cake

The study evaluated the quality of ‘frescal’ sausage obtained from bulls fed diets containing various amounts of licuri cake. Thirty-two young Nellore bulls averaging 24 months in age and with an initial body weight of 368 ± 32 kg were housed in individual pens and distributed in a randomised experimental design with four treatments: 0, 7, 14 or 21% licuri cake inclusion in dry matter content of the diet. The inclusion of licuri cake in the diets of the bulls did not affect the chemical composition (p > .05). However, there was a linear increase (p = .033) in the cooking weight loss of the sausage. There were no effect of licuri cake inclusion in young bulls diet on pH (p = .097), lightness L* (p = .602) and yellowness b* (p = .692) of the ‘frescal’ sausage manufactured; however, there was a quadratic effect on the redness a* (p = .035) and chrome C* (p = .033). The panellists preferred the appearance of the sausage without licuri cake inclusion. There was no difference between 0% and 14% levels (DM basis) of licuri cake inclusion (p > .05) on aroma, tenderness, juiciness or overall acceptance in ‘frescal’ sausage. However, all characteristics were best evaluated in diets without including licuri (0%). It is not recommended licuri cake inclusion as an alternative feed source in the diets of young Nellore bulls because of decrease in redness and saturation (chrome) colour indexes and increase in cooking loss resulting in the reduction of appearance, juiciness and overall acceptance for consumption of ‘frescal’ sausage despite without affecting its chemical composition.

Brown rice, selenium yeast and ?-tocopherol acetate in chicken’s diet: effects on meat quality

The effects of diet supplementation with ?-tocopherol acetate (VE) and selenium yeast (SeL) on the water holding capacity (WHC), cooking weight loss (CL), drip loss (DL), pH, colour and selenium concentration of the breast of chickens fed diets based on corn or brown rice were studied. From 21 days of age, a total of 200 birds were housed in 38 floor pens (experimental unit) in a randomised 23 factorial arrangement. The levels of supplementation were VE (0 and 200 mg/kg), organic selenium (0 and 0.3 ppm) and two diets (100% corn and 100% brown rice) in a total of eight treatments: T1) corn + 0 SeL + 0 VE (control); T2) corn + 200 mg/kg VE + 0 SeL; T3) corn + 0 VE + 0.3 ppm SeL; T4) corn + 200 mg/kg VE + 0.3 ppm SeL; T5) brown rice + 0 VE +0 SeL; T6) brown rice + 200 mg/kg VE + 0 SeL; T7) brown rice + 0 VE + 0.3 ppm SeL; T8) brown rice + 200 mg/kg VE + 0.3 ppm SeL. The concentration of selenium in the breast increased with VE supplementation in the diet (P < 0.001). However, a positive interaction between VE and SeL on selenium concentration in the meat was found (P = 0.06). A better WHC with the inclusion of SeL and VE was found only in the rice-based diets. The replacement of corn by brown rice decreased (P < 0.05) the yellowness of the meat. CL and DL were not significantly affected by the treatments. Broilers fed with SeL supplemented diets showed a higher pH in the breast than diets without supplementation. In conclusion, the interaction between VE and SeL increased selenium in meat but improved WHC only in rice-based diets. The replacement of corn by brown rice decreased the yellowness of chicken breast meat.

Dietary Supplementation of Barbatimão (Stryphnodendron Adstringens) and Pacari (Lafoensia Pacari) Extracts on the Oxidative Stability and Quality of Chicken Meat

ABStRACt In order to evaluate the antioxidant effects of barbatimao (BAR) or pacari (PAC) on chicken meat oxidative stability and quality, seven dietary treatments containing in three different BAR and PAC concentrations (200, 400 and 600ppm) plus a negative control (CONT) were fed to 350 broilers from 1 to 41 days of age. Ten birds per treatment were slaughtered to collect breast and thigh meat to evaluate pH, color (L*, a*, b*), cooking weight loss (CWL), and shear force (SF) 24 hours postmortem , and TBARS levels in precooked meatballs stored chilled for 8days. The dietary supplementation with BAR and PAC extracts did not affect pH and color, but reduced (p<0.05) SF in breast meat compared with CONT suggesting improved tenderness. PAC200 increased (p<0.05) L* and protected (p<0.05) yellow pigments (b* values) of thigh meat from degradation compared with the CONT diet. At the end of the chilled storage period, BAR600 and PAC600 significantly reduced (p<0.06) MDA concentrations in breast meatballs compared to the CONT. The dietary supplementation of BAR and PAC improved (p<0.03) oxidative stability of thigh meatballs, except for BAR200. In conclusion, the dietary addition of BAR and PAC extracts may improve meat quality and prevent lipid oxidation in white and dark precooked and chilled chicken meatballs.

Effects of licury cake in young Nellore bull diets: salted sun‐dried meat is preferred rather than fresh meat by consumers despite similar physicochemical characteristics

Salted Sun-dried meat is a traditional process of meat salting that can improve quality and overall acceptance. The present study compared the physicochemical and sensory attributes of fresh and salted sun-dried meat from Nellore Zebu (Bos taurus indicus) bulls (n = 32) and evaluated diets containing different levels (0%, 7%, 14% and 21%) of licury cake in diets provided to Nellore finished in a feedlot. Salted sun-dried meat decreased moisture (P < 0.0001) and ether extract (P = 0.0002) contents but increased ash (P < 0.0001) and protein (P < 0.0001) contents compared to fresh meat. The addition of licury resulted in linear increases in moisture (P = 0.02) and quadratic effects on Warner-Bratzler shear force (P < 0.03) in fresh meat. Cooking weight loss (P < 0.0001) and Warner-Bratzler shear force (P = 0.03) were reduced by the manufacturing process of sun-dried meat. Sun-dried meat presented greater color index L* (P = 0.0032), a* (P < 0.0001) and c* (P < 0.0001) values but a lower index color b* (P < 0.0001) value compared to fresh meat. Salted sun-dried meat presented greater sensory characteristic scores compared to fresh meat (P > 0.05). Licury cake can be used in 21% of dry matter in diets to finish animals in feedlot without lessening the quality fresh meat or sundried meat. Salted sun-dried meat presented a greater overall acceptance. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Lipid Oxidation of Chicken Inner Fillets Subjected to Different Thermal Processing Types

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of thermal processing on the physiochemical characteristics and lipid oxidation of chicken inner fillets. The study was divided into three assays. In the first assay, 50 chicken inner fillets were divided into five treatments, totaling 10 samples per treatment. Treatments consisted in cooking in water bath, electric oven, microwave oven, deep frying, or grilling. The analyzed variables were: cooking weight loss (CWL) and lipid oxidation determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In the second assay, 50 chicken inner fillets were divided into five treatments, totaling 10 samples per treatment. Each treatment consisted of the same cooking methods applied in the first assay, and storage for 48 hours under refrigeration and reheating in a microwave oven. The variable analyzed in the second assay was lipid oxidation (TBARS). In the third assay, 30 samples of chicken inner fillets were subjected to one, four and eight freeze-thaw cycles, after which meat pH, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), water retention capacity (WRC), and lipid oxidation (TBARS) were determined. Chicken inner fillets submitted to deep frying and cooked in a microwave oven presented greater lipid oxidation than the other cooking methods, and deep frying resulted in the highest cooking weight loss. Reheating chicken inner fillets in a microwave oven caused the highest meat lipid oxidation. Increasing the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases the pH, MFI, WRC and TBARS values of chicken inner fillets.

Physical and chemical characteristics of spent hen breast meat aged for 7 days

Consumption of poultry meat is increasing worldwide. However, little is known about the consumption and acceptability of meat from older hens and about the physical and chemical characteristics of this type of meat. This study evaluated the effect of broiler age and aging time on the physical properties, tenderness, chemical composition, and lipid profile of breast meat from broilers slaughtered at 6 (commercial age) and 70 weeks of age (broiler hens). The variables analysed were: colour, pH, water-holding capacity, cooking weight loss, shear force, total collagen, myofibrillar fragmentation index, chemical composition, total cholesterol, lipid oxidation, and fatty acid profile. Compared with commercial broilers, meat from broiler hens had higher shear force (from 33.45 N to 14.91 N after 3 days of aging), higher fat content, and lower cholesterol concentration. Additionally, it had more monounsaturated fatty acids and less polyunsaturated fatty acids than meat from commercial broilers. Collagen, fat, cholesterol levels and myofibrillar fragmentation index decreased with aging. The use of broiler hen meat as a raw material may be beneficial to the poultry industry because it has more fat and less cholesterol, higher intracellular water-holding capacity, and lower cooking loss than meat from commercial broilers. Moreover, because of the lower concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, broiler hen meat is less susceptible to lipid oxidation. Aging breast fillets for 3 days at 2°C is sufficient to tenderise the meat and reduce the amount of fat and cholesterol, suggesting that aging can be used as a technique to add value to poultry meat products.

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A TAMBAQUI SAUSAGE

ABSTRACT In Brazil, fish are sold in retail fresh or frozen, whole, or gutted. To increase consumption, convenient products with good sensory attributes should be offered. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize, through physicochemical, microbiologica, and sensory traits, a fresh sausage of tambaqui fish (Colossoma macropomum). Three formulations, with different percentages of fat (0, 4.5, and 9%) were developed. To determine shelf life, samples of the products were refrigerated at 4 ºC for 12 days and microbiological analyses were performed on days 0, 3, 7, and 12. Analyses of centesimal composition, shear force, cooking weight loss, and water-holding capacity were carried out. The shelf life of the fresh sausages was estimated at 7 days of storage. The sensory attributes evaluated were aroma, color, flavor, succulence, texture, and overall appearance. All treatments showed high acceptance rates, above 80%. The treatment with 9% fat showed the highest mean values in the evaluated attributes, with 86.6%, 83.4%, 92%, 88.2%, 87.2%, and 85.8% for aroma, color, flavor, succulence, texture and overall appearance, respectively. The centesimal composition of the treatments showed the following variations in g.100 g-1: moisture, 72.73 to 68.82; protein, 18.85 to 18.90; lipids, 2.90 to 8.33; and ash, 3.86 to 4.20. Shear force varied from 5.92 to 8.14 N; water-holding capacity varied from 71.83 to 74.71% and cooking weight loss, from 24.21 to 26.59%.

Effects of the Dietary Supplementation of Sucupira (Pterodon Emarginatus Vog.) and Copaiba (Copaifera Langsdorffii) Resinoils on Chicken Breast and Thigh Meat Quality and Oxidative Stability

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of the oil resins ofsucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vog.) and copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) to broiler diets on chicken meat composition, quality, and lipid peroxidation. 350 one-d-old broiler chicks were submitted to seven treatments, consisting of the diets supplemented with copaiba (COP) or sucupira (SUC) resin oils at three different concentrations (500, 900, and 1300 ppm) plus a negative control diet (CONT). At 37 days of age, 10 birds per treatment were selected according to the average weight of the experimental unit and slaughtered to collect breast and thigh meat, which was stored at 4°C for 24 hours to evaluate pH, color (L*, a*, b*), cooking weight loss (CWL), and shear force (SF). Raw meat was vacuum packed and stored frozen until lipid peroxidation analysis. Meat samples were pooled to prepare pre-cooked meatballs (30 ± 0.5g), stored under refrigeration (eight days), and analyzed every two days for TBARS concentration. Results were analyzed using the PROC GLM and MIXED procedures (SAS statistical software). Plant oils increased (p<0.05) breast meat humidity (HU) and crude protein (CP) levels and reduced (p<0.05) total lipid (TLC) and ash (AS) levels when compared with the CONT treatment. Plant oils increased (p<0.05) thigh meat HU when compared with the CONT. High COP dietary levels reduced (p<0.05) breast meat CWL, and increased (p<0.05) thigh meat L* values when compared to CONT, except for SUC500 and SUC900. The dietary inclusion of plant oil resins showed a pro-oxidant effect (p<0.01) on breast meat when compared with the CONT. Low SUC dietary supplementation levels significantly reduced (p<0.01) the concentration of secondary oxidation products in thigh meat.

Physicochemical and sensory traits of meat from Santa Inês lambs slaughtered with different subcutaneous fat thicknesses

Physical (pH, color, tenderness, and cooking weight loss), chemical (moisture, crude protein, ash, and lipids) and sensory (odor, flavor, juiciness, and overall acceptance) characteristics of meat from Santa Ines lambs slaughtered with 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) were evaluated. Samples of the longissimus dorsi muscles were removed from 24 male uncastrated lambs distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and eight replicates. Weightings and ultrasound evaluations were performed every 14 days. No significant differences were observed for pH0h, which averaged 6.24. Lambs slaughtered with 4.0 mm SFT differed from the treatments with 2.0 and 3.0 mm as to the pH24h values. The meat from lambs slaughtered with 3.0 and 4.0 mm SFT showed a greater lightness (L*) value. Meat tenderness (2.21 kgf/cm2), cooking weight loss (13.90%), moisture (74.39%), and crude protein (22.10%) contents were not affected by the SFT. For the total lipid contents of the meat, significant differences were observed between the lambs slaughtered with 2.0 mm and those with 3.0 and 4.0 mm SFT. The sensory traits were not affected by the SFT with which the lambs were slaughtered. Lambs slaughtered with 4.0 mm SFT remained 33 days longer in feedlot and showed similar live weights at slaughter to those with 3.00 mm. It is recommended to slaughter Santa Ines lambs with a subcutaneous fat thickness of 3.00 mm.

PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS OF SOME BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH MEAT AND STUDYING THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHODS OF COOKING ON THEIR DESTRUCTION

The present investigationaimed to evaluate the prevalence of some microorganisms of public health importance (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) in fresh beef and study the growth and survival behavior of these pathogens when subjected to different types of cooking. Our findings showed that out of 100 fresh beef samples analyzed for microbial quality 90 (90%) were contaminated with different kinds of microorganisms namely E.coli (48%), Salmonella spp. (18%), Staphylococcous spp. (16%) and Listeria spp. (8%). The most E.coli isolated was E.coli O111: H4 (43.75%) followed by E.coli O126:H11 (27.08%), E.coli O128:H11 (22.92%) and E.coli O157:H7 (6.25%).Three species of Salmonella were isolated. The highest prevalence of them was S.typhimurium (44.4%), while S.enetertiidis and S. anatum rank as a second (27.8%) for each. Staphylococcous spp was isolated from (16%) of tested samples whereas (75%) of them recorded as Staph. aureus and (18.75%) recorded as Staph. epidermis, while (6.25%) recorded as Staph. gallinarum, all of them were coagulase–positive. Fifty percent of isolated Listeria spp. were characterized as L. monocytogenes, (25%) as L.innocua while the presence of L.welshimeri and L.invanovii was (12.5%) for each. Thermal inactivation of inoculated E.coli O157:H7, S.enetertiidis, Staph. aureus and L.monocytogenes inoculated in fresh beef were evaluated by boiling, frying and roasting treatments. At internal temperature of 65°C using boiling, the log cycles reduction were 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.2 for aforementioned microorganisms, respectively. By frying the reduction values were 1.5, 2.1, 2.3 and 2.1, respectively. The corresponding values by roasting were 2.6, 2, 2.3 and 1.4, respectively. E.coli O157:H7 couldn't be detected at internal temperature of 80, 83 and 74°C by boiling, frying and roasting, respectively. Both S. enetertiidis and Staph aureus couldn't be detected at internal temperature of 80, 80 ad 71°C by the treatments, respectively, while L. monocytogenes couldn't be detected at internal temperature of 80, 80 and 78°C respectively. The sensitivity of the isolated pathogens to heat inactivation was measured by assessing the D-values. These values were calculated from the survival curves. For E.coli O157:H7, they were 1.1, 1.1 and 1.2 minutes by boiling, frying and roasting treatments, respectively. Those recorded for S. enteritidis were 1.1, 1.0 and 1.2 minutes, respectively. In case of Staph aureus they were 1.1, 0.9 and 1.1 minutes, respectively while in case of L. monocytogenes the recorded values were 1.1, 0.8 and 1.1, minutes, respectively. Cooking fresh beef by boiling resulted in cooking weight loss (CWL) ranged from 8.1 to 17.47% according to time of exposure. By roasting the CWL ranged from 4.77 to 23.5% while by frying it was 15 to 23.53%. The increase in the pH value was directly proportional to time of exposure to boiling but not clearly demarked by other cooking methods. This study cleared that fresh beef from fresh beef shops at Assiut City, Egypt can acts as a source of major human pathogens. For safe consumption, such meat must cooked to internal temperature of 83°C when using traditional cooking methods. The D-values recorded in this study may be helpful guide for thermal processing of meat.

Desempenho, medidas corporais, rendimentos de carcaça e cortes, e qualidade de carne em cordeiros alimentados com resíduos da agroindústria processadora de frutas

This research was conducted with the objective to evaluate the use of residue dry matter (DM) from pineapple (Ananas comosus L.), banana (Musa sp.), mango (Mangifera indica) and passion fruit (Passiflora spp.) in feeding of the feedlot on productive performance, carcass yield and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of meat. Twenty-five crossbred lamps with Santa Inês breed and mixed breed were used. The treatments consisted of the replacement of 75% of sorghum silage by respective residue DM, whereas in the control treatment forage had only sorghum silage the diets had a houghageto- concentrate ratio of 40:60 interns of DM being isonitrogenous and isoenergetics. The animals were slaughtered at 32 kg liveweight. Before slaughter were obtained biometric measurements, after the same, was performed the hot carcasses weight and morphometric measurements. After 24 hours in a cold chamber at 4 ° C, was determined the cold carcass weight and yield calculation. The left half carcass was divided into five sections: neck, shoulder, shank, rib and loin, by performing the calculation of income cuts. Analyses meat quality such as pH, color (L, a, b, chroma and Ho), by cooking weight loss, water retention capacity and shear strength were carried out in the Longissimus dorsi sample. The completely randomized design was adapted. The data were interpreted using analysis of variance with the test a Tukey 5% probability. There was no effect of diet (P&gt; 0.05) according to the parameters: growth performance, body measurements, and meat quality of lambs. There was also no effect of the diets (P&gt; 0.05) on the loin eye area assuming that carcasses remained similar muscularity important fact to market acceptance standard. It is concluded that replacing up to 75% of sorghum silage by residues fruit (pineapple, banana, mango and passion fruit) in lambs feeding becomes feasible not to change the productive performance, body measurements, yields carcass and cuts and meat characteristics of feedlot lambs.

Elaboration and Evaluation of Produced Hamburger with Meat of Old Sheep and Pig with Added of Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica)

The objective of this study was to develop some hamburger meat product aimed at harnessing meat of old sheep, of little acceptance in nature, with pork and chia seed. The better acceptance formulation was used to prepare three formulations the relationship being of sheep/pork of 50/50 (w/w) and chia seed concentrations of 0%, 2% and 4%. The results showed significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) acceptability among FA formulations (without chia seed) and FC (4% chia seed) at 120 days and between FC formulation at 90 and 120 days. The chemical composition was significantly affected by the addition of chia seed. The cooking weight loss was ranging from 11.6% (FC) to 19.29% (FA). In the evaluation of TBARS and IP it was verified interference in the formulations by the addition of chia seed. The use of chia seed these burgers can be recommended up to 4%.

Identification of Seafood as an Important Dietary Source of Heterocyclic Amines by Chemometry and Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are formed during the cooking of protein-rich foods, are potent mutagens and a risk factor for human cancers. Levels of HCAs have been extensively investigated in meat products but not in fish products. Here, we report levels of HCAs in fried salmon, tuna, hake, sardine, angler fish, cod, sole, swordfish, squid, and cuttlefish. The HCA levels of some of these foods have not been previously analyzed. We employed multivariate factor-analysis tools, including principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression, to study the effects of cooking weight loss and levels of creatine, glucose, and free amino acids on HCA levels. The highest concentrations of mutagenic HCAs, 159.3 ng·g(-1) total, where 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) accounted for 121 ng·g(-1), were found in fried swordfish (cooking loss of 51.8%). These levels are higher than those generally found in fried chicken, which is typically cited as the most contaminated food item. Thus, swordfish is among the richest known sources of HCAs. The other cooked seafood items contained from 0.4 to 35.4 ng·g(-1) HCAs, comparable to concentrations typically reported for meat. Chemometric analysis showed that the fish species is the most influential parameter on the formation of HCAs such as DMIP, PhIP, and norharman. Concentrations of histidine, lysine, creatine, and glucose, as well as weight loss, also influence the yield of HCAs. These results suggest that seafood is an important dietary source of HCAs. The formation of HCAs in fish is influenced by multiple factors, some of which remain unknown.

Qualidade da carne de suínos mestiços comerciais e sem raça definida criados em regime intensivo

A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da criação intensiva em suínos nativos sem raça definida (SRD) de ambos os sexos sobre a qualidade da carne em comparação aos mestiços comerciais. Foram utilizados no experimento 20 suínos sem raça definida, sendo dez fêmeas e dez machos castrados e dez suínos mestiços comerciais. As variáveis analisadas no experimento foram medidas de carcaça, e análises físicas e químicas dos cortes de lombo. Suínos melhorados mostraram área de gordura subcutânea e área de olho de lombo maior. A comparação entre as medidas de área de olho de lombo e área de gordura subcutânea podem ser utilizadas com indicativo da relação carne e gordura. Houve o efeito do sexo nos suínos sem raça definida, onde as fêmeas apresentaram melhores índices de composição tecidual, centesimal e na perda de peso por cozimento. O principal depósito de gordura nos animais machos sem raça definida foi a subcutânea, verificado no corte do lombo. Os resultados deste trabalho permitiram demonstrar que existe uma importante diferença em relação a deposição de gordura entre suínos mestiços comerciais e os SRD, no entanto mantendo aceitáveis os níveis nutricionais da composição centesimal da carne dos SRD. Devem ser realizados novos estudos, com diferentes idades e pesos de abates, incluindo análises sensoriais.

가열처리방법에 따른 쇠고기 등심의 이화학적 특성 변화

To decrease the intake of animal fat and cholesterol, the changes in the physicochemical characteristics of beef loin cooked through different methods (boiling, steaming, baking, and frying) were investigated. The cooking weight loss, moisture drain rate, and cholesterol drain rate were highest during frying, whereas the lipid drain rate was highest during boiling. The pH value increased markedly during steaming, the acid value of meat fat increased remarkedly during boiling, and the refractive index of meat fat increased notably upon frying. The hardness of meat was remarkedly increased by steaming. The gumminess and chewiness of meat were notably increased by frying. The springiness slightly decreased during all the cooking methods, and the cohesiveness was not significantly affected by any cooking process. The CIE (lightness) value increased markedly during boiling, the CIE (redness) value decreased markedly during both boiling and steaming, and the CIE (yellowness) value decreased notably during all the cooking methods. The fatty acid composition did not significantly change after cooking, except when the meat was fried. Therefore, boiling is an effective cooking method for beef loin to decrease the intake of animal fat.

Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during cooking of non-intact beef treated with tenderization/marination and flavoring ingredients

This study examined the effect of tenderizing/marinating and flavoring ingredients on thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a lean ground beef model system, simulating non-intact products. Ground beef (3% fat) was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains; 6–7 log CFU/g), followed by mixing with nothing (control) or solutions of water, a mixture of flavoring agents (FA), 0.23% calcium chloride (CC) + FA, CC + FA + 0.3% acetic acid (AA), 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) + 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), NaCl + STP + FA, NaCl + STP + 1.8% potassium lactate (PL), NaCl + STP + PL + FA, NaCl + STP + PL + AA, and NaCl + STP + PL + AA + FA. Samples (30 g) were extruded into tubes, stored (4 °C) overnight, and cooked to 60 °C (rare) or 65 °C (medium-rare) in a water bath. Cooking weight losses, and fat and moisture contents, water activity, pH, and total bacterial and E. coli O157:H7 populations were determined after inoculation, after storage, and after heating. Reductions of the pathogen at 60 °C in acid (AA)-treated samples were higher than reductions obtained in samples not treated with acid. Surviving pathogen counts at 65 °C in NaCl and STP-treated samples with no acid were higher (P < 0.05) than those of samples of all other tested treatments; however, the counts decreased to 0.7–1.6 log CFU/g when AA was added. Overall, the results of the study indicate that tenderizing/flavoring ingredient formulations combined with 0.3% AA (i.e., CC + FA + AA, NaCl + STP + PL + AA, and NaCl + STP + PL + AA + FA) enhanced destruction of E. coli O157:H7 during cooking of a non-intact beef product.

Effect of Meat Binding Formulations on Thermal Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Internalized in Beef

This study evaluated the effects of meat binding or restructuring formulations, including salt/phosphate, algin/calcium, ActivaRM, and Fibrimex, with or without 0.27% (wt/wt) lactic acid, on thermal inactivation of internalized Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef, serving as a model system for restructured products. Ground beef batches (700 g; approximately 5% fat) were mechanically mixed with a 5-strain composite of E. coli O157:H7 (7 log CFU/g) and then with the restructuring formulations. Product portions (30 g) were extruded into plastic test tubes (2.5 x 10 cm) and stored at 4 degrees C (18 h), before heating to 60 or 65 degrees C in a circulating water bath to simulate rare or medium-rare doneness of beef, respectively. Cooking to 60 or 65 degrees C reduced (P < 0.05) bacterial counts of control samples by 1.8 and 3.2 log CFU/g, respectively. Thermal destruction at 60 degrees C was not different (P > 0.05) among all treatments and the control. At 65 degrees C, greater (P < 0.05) thermal inactivation of E. coli O157:H7, as compared to the control, was obtained in samples treated with lactic acid alone (reductions of 4.9 log CFU/g), whereas for all other treatments, microbial destruction (reductions of 2.2 to 4.5 log CFU/g) was comparable (P > 0.05) to that of the control. Cooking weight losses were lower (P < 0.05) in salt/phosphate samples (<1%) compared to other formulations and the control (7.4% to 15.9%). Findings indicated that, under the conditions examined, restructuring of beef with salt/phosphate, algin/calcium, ActivaRM, or Fibrimex did not affect inactivation of internalized E. coli O157:H7 in undercooked (60 or 65 degrees C) samples, whereas inclusion of lactic acid (0.27%) in nonintact beef products enhanced pathogen destruction at 65 degrees C.

Meat quality of calves obtained from organic and conventional farming

The aim of this study was to compare meat quality of organically and conventionally raised Simmental calves. Fifteen organic and fourteen conventional carcasses were considered, 8th rib and M. Longissimus thoracis were sampled on each carcass. Different tissues percentage of 8th rib were evaluated and meat colour, chemical and fatty acids composition of M. Longissimus thoracis were analysed. Fat percentage of 8th rib of organic calves was lower (P<0.01) than conventional ones. Cooking weight losses were lower (P<0.001) in organic meat compared to the conventional ones and red index was higher in organic calves due to the high content of heminic iron (P<0.001). Ether extract (P<0.001) and cholesterol content (P<0.05) was lower in organic meat with respect to conventional one. Positive value, from a nutritional point of view, were found in organic veal about n-3 fatty acids, n-6/n-3 ratio and CLA content.

Efeito dos níveis de energia e programas de alimentação sobre a qualidade de carcaça e desempenho de frangos de corte abatidos tardiamente

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of different energy levels and amino acid recommendations on carcass and meat quality of broilers from 42 to 57 days of age. It was used 1,600 one-day old male broilers (Cobb) in a completely randomized design arranged in a factorial scheme 2x4 with 3,200 and 3,600 kcal ME kg-1 and four different feed programs. The experimental period was from 42 to 57 days of age. From 1 to 41 days of age all birds received the same diets based on corn and soybean meal. Data from carcass yield (output carcass, relation weight breast and thigh and overthigh with the carcass weight) and muscle quality (color, pH, cooking weight loss, shearing force, water holding capacity and sensorial analysis) and data from performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and energy conversion) were evaluated. The energy levels and different feed programs did not determine differences on carcass meet quality to justify the choice of amino acid levels and need to consider the energy levels and amino acid recommendations to determine the best cost-benefit. It was observed that 3,600 kcal ME kg-1 resulted in some improvement on performance, and the partition of digestible amino acid requirements during two periods resulted in worst performance.