Conventional Yarns Research Articles

Coated sisal/PET hybrid braided textiles interface behavior into cementitious matrix

ABSTRACT Intra-ply hybridization of two different braided yarns can enhance flexural and shear strength compared to conventional yarn properties. Hybrid braids offer the potential to reduce costs and boost industrial productivity. An impregnated textile with resin coating exhibits more cohesive behavior, ensuring stress distribution throughout the yarns and preventing a reduction in the composite’s ultimate tensile capacity due to telescopic failure. This study aimed to develop new coated hybrid braided textiles made from sisal/PET for reinforcement employment in cementitious composites and to evaluate their bonding effect with the matrix through pullout tests. Materials were selected for tensile strength properties, thickness, and bonding characteristics. The braided fibers were chosen based on their strength and elongation (549N and 29.2%) and diameter (2.41 mm). They were coated with green epoxy resin and subjected to the pullout method for further evaluation. The results indicated that the best sample of the developed sisal/PET braided textile comprised 43% sisal and 57% PET, due to its higher elongation (29.17%), tenacity (216 cN/Tex), and tensile strength (549 N). The pullout properties demonstrated high energy absorption, reaching 2100.0 N.mm, which is 2.8 times higher than steel, exhibiting a pseudo-ductile behavior. This indicates its potential for use in cementitious composite reinforcement.

Modeling and characterization of the mechanical properties of nanofiber yarn

This study investigates the mechanical properties and unique structural features of nanofiber yarns produced via electrospinning. Through experimental, analytical, and numerical methods, the tensile behavior of the yarns was evaluated. Nanofiber yarns, composed of submicron-diameter fibers, exhibit a significantly larger surface area and stronger fiber interactions compared to conventional yarns. These structural characteristics result in a marked improvement in mechanical properties, with the nanofiber yarns showing a 25% increase in stiffness and a 15% enhancement in damping capacity. A three-element viscoelastic model was applied to accurately describe the nonlinear tensile response of the yarns, with a high correlation to experimental data (R2 > 0.999). Furthermore, nanofiber yarns demonstrated superior thermo-mechanical stability, with a tan δ peak observed at 108 °C, compared to 100 °C for conventional yarns. These findings suggest that nanofiber yarns are promising candidates for applications in tissue engineering, filtration, energy storage, and other high-performance fields. The research provides a solid foundation for further optimization of nanofiber yarns to fully exploit their mechanical potential.

Highly efficient sweat transmission of double-layer variable pore textile for human healthcare and comfort regulation

Healthcare medical textiles require local microclimate control over sweat transmission and evaporation. However, existing strategies mainly focus on complicating the preparation process or sacrificing breathability and comfort. Herein, we design a lightweight and scalable knitted fabric featuring a double-layer structure consisting of hydrophilic ultrafine polyester and hydrophobic conventional yarns to achieve high moisture transport. These fabrics displayed an ideal directional water transport ability (one-way moisture transport capacity 718%) and anti-regurgitation compared with common cotton fabric. By distributing pores within the textile structure, these fabrics additionally exhibited beneficial water evaporation and heat dissipation. Simultaneously, the theoretical calculation verified that while the bottom layer has increased fiber density and looping area, fabrics are conductive to unidirectional moisture transport. These findings highlight the potential of variable pore knitted textile for personal sweat management, healthcare comfort regulation, and the relief of global energy issues.

Circularity in Knitting: The Potential of Re-Using Natural Yarns After Unraveling

ABSTRACT Currently, there is an increasing focus on sustainable textile manufacturing in terms of reducing the waste generated during the production and pre-consumer stages. Knitting companies are exploring the promising direction of unraveling and upcycling yarn to achieve this goal. To assess the knittability of unraveled yarn vis-a-vis conventional yarn, a comprehensive indicator of yarn-breaking force changes was proposed. The purpose of this study is to present a method to evaluate the strength property of unraveled yarn and to investigate the potential of 74-tex cotton and 72-tex wool yarn for future upcycling in knitting. The results of the investigation revealed that cotton yarn has a higher potential for upcycling both at pre- and post-consumer stages, compared to wool yarn. The knittability of unraveled cotton yarn is almost 99% after knitting and dry relaxation and over 95% after repeated washing and drying cycles. However, it is pertinent to note that repeated ironing impacts the cotton yarn’s knittability, and hence, it is recommended to label future upcycling products with a special marking prohibiting ironing. The possibility of unraveling and reusing wool yarn is limited to the post-production and pre-consumer stages when its knittability is near 95%.

Motion Characteristics of Self-Sensing Piezoelectric Actuator for Yarn Micro-Gripper

In order to solve the problem of low response frequency and poor consistency of conventional yarn grippers in weft accumulators, in this study, a piezoelectric yarn gripper is used instead of conventional yarn grippers and the motion characteristics of its actuator are studied. This gripper uses a bimorph piezoelectric bending actuator with a low-cost, well integrated self-sensing method based on charge measurement. The modeling of the piezoelectric micromanipulator is based on the piezoelectric and Euler–Bernoulli beam equations. The static and dynamic characteristics of the piezoelectric actuator as well as the self-sensing capability were experimentally tested. The experimental results show that the maximum output displacement at the end of the piezoelectric actuator is 834 μm, and the maximum output force is 388 μN at 150 V driving voltage. The stability and consistency of its response are also very good, with a response speed of 24 ms. The self-sensing test of the output force also proved the feasibility of the self-sensing method used, with an error of 0.74%. The piezoelectric yarn gripper studied in this paper is promising for practical clamping applications.

Fixed position varying pore structure of weft-knitted seamless fabric and heat/moisture transfer mechanism

In this work, two functional superfine polyester yarns were selected as face yarns, three conventional yarns were selected as ground yarns, and 18 fabrics were designed by using a combination of three different plating structures. Then, through contact angle measurements, moisture management performance, thermal management performance, and breathability tests, we evaluated the effects of raw material, structure, and pore characteristics on the fabric’s hygrothermal comfort, and furthermore assessed the prioritization of the three factors using a range analysis. The results show that fabrics with face yarn of 75 D/288 F have better hydrophilicity, and fabrics with face yarn of 50 D/216 F have a better temperature control effect. The fabric with spandex/polyester covered yarn or spandex/nylon covered yarn has the best moisture transmission, and the unidirectional transfer index can reach 300%. The microstructure has a great influence on air permeability, and the surface porosity is positively correlated with air permeability. Combined with the heat and humidity division of the sports body, the development of efficient zonal positioning of heat and moisture management sports undershirts can provide certain theoretical support for the design of weft-knitted seamless sports products.

Electromechanical Characterization of Commercial Conductive Yarns for E-Textiles

With the development of smart and multi-functional textiles, conductive yarns are widely used in textiles. Conductive yarns can be incorporated into fabrics with traditional textile techniques, such as weaving, knitting and sewing. The electromechanical properties of conductive yarns are very different from conventional yarns, and they also affect the processability during end-product manufacturing processes. However, systematic evaluation of the electromechanical properties of commercial conductive yarns is still elusive. Different conductive materials and production methods for making conductive yarns lead to diverse electromechanical properties. In this work, three types of conductive yarn with different conductive materials and yarn structures were selected for electromechanical characterization. A total of 15 different yarns were analyzed. In addition, the change of resistance with strain was tested to simulate and predict the possible changes in electrical properties of the yarn during weaving, knitting, sewing and other end uses. It was found that Metal-based yarns have good electrical properties but poor mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of Metal-coated yarns are similar to conventional yarns, but their electrical properties are relatively poor. The data shown in this research is instructive for the subsequent processing (weaving, knitting, sewing, etc.) of yarns.

Comparative Geometrical Analysis of In Situ Mechanical Performance of 2-D Woven In-Plane Auxetic Structures

Abstract Recently, the production of auxetic textiles using conventional yarns and equipment has captured the attention of researchers. Yet only uni-stretch 2-D woven auxetic structures and auxetic knitted textiles have been produced using conventional yarns. This paper reports a comparative analysis of auxetic and mechanical performance (tensile strength, tear strength, and stretch and growth %) performance of auxetic foldable and auxetic honeycomb (AHC) structures using common elastic and nonelastic yarns and conventional weaving technologies. For this purpose, five different auxetic weave designs including α-vertical pointed twill (S1), β-vertical pointed twill (S2), α-horizontal pointed twill (S3), β-horizontal pointed twill (S4), and honeycomb structure (S5) were selected, and their corresponding woven fabrics were developed with equal thread density at the weaving stage. Auxeticity of woven structures was measured in both the warp and weft directions. The results showed that when the developed fabrics were stretched along the warp and weft directions, the foldable geometry showed −1 and −0.07 maximum negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR), respectively. Although the AHC structure showed maximum NPR −0.94 and −0.21 along warp and weft directions, respectively. AHC showed better mechanical performance as compared with foldable geometry and has higher dimensional stability. AHC structure showed the highest tensile strength as compared with the others. S3, S4, and S5 remained untorn along the warp direction because these have longer float lengths that produce a bunch having a greater number of yarns, whereas S1 and S2 showed tear strength of 47 and 43.2 N, respectively. In the weft direction, only S1 remained untorn, whereas the other four samples showed the tear strength value.

Dope Dyeing of Regenerated Cellulose Fibres with Leucoindigo as Base for Circularity of Denim.

Circularity of cellulose-based pre- and post-consumer wastes requires an integrated approach which has to consider the characteristics of the fibre polymer and the presence of dyes and additives from textile chemical processing as well. Fibre-to-fibre recycling is a condition to avoid downcycling of recycled material. For cellulose fibres regeneration via production of regenerated cellulose fibres is the most promising approach. Textile wastes contain dyes and additives, thus a recycling technique has to be robust enough to process such material. In an ideal case the reuse of colorants can be achieved as well. At present nearly 80% of the regenerated cellulose fibre production utilises the viscose process, therefore this technique was chosen to investigate the recycling of dyed material including the reuse of the colorant. In this work, for the first time, a compilation of all required process steps to a complete circular concept is presented and discussed as a model. Indigo-dyed viscose fibres were used as a model to study cellulose recycling via production of regenerated cellulose fibres to avoid downcycling. Indigo was found compatible to the alkalisation and xanthogenation steps in the viscose process and blue coloured cellulose regenerates were recovered from indigo-dyed cellulose. A supplemental addition of reduced indigo to the cellulose solution was also found feasible to adjust colour depth in the regenerated cellulose to the level required for use as warp material in denim production. By combination of fibre recycling and indigo dyeing the conventional yarn dyeing in denim production can be omitted. Model calculations for the savings in water and chemical consumption demonstrate the potential of the process. The proportion of the substitution will depend on the collection rate of denim wastes and on the efficiency of the fibre regeneration process. Estimates indicate that a substitution of more than 70% of the cotton fibres by regenerated cellulose fibres could be achieved when 80% of the pre- and post-consumer denim wastes are collected. Therefore, the introduction of fibre recycling via regenerated cellulose fibres will also make a substantial impact on the cotton consumption for jeans production.

Qualified nano-composite yarn for hydrophobic fabric via online nano- and micron-fiber composite spinning

The fiber micro-leveled diameter limits the ultimate cohesion between twisted fibers of conventional yarn. Electrospun nanofibers have a large specific surface area, high surface energy and massive active sites. However, the application of nanofibers is limited by their ultra-fine diameter, low absolute strength, and poor wear resistance. To take advantage of the micro and nanofibers, a spinning method of online twisting polyurethane nanofibers and micron cotton fibers together was proposed to form a core-sheath nano-composite yarn. The experimental spinning result and its analysis showed that the composite yarn sheath was wrapped with highly orientated nanofibers, endowing the yarn with super-smooth properties (3 mm hairiness number averaged as only 0.9) and super-hydrophobic function (contact angle 112.1°). Furthermore, other properties of spun yarns were also improved after online nano-composition such as yarn strength (5.53% stronger than conventional yarn) and unevenness (30.36% lower than conventional yarn).

Bond Modification of Carbon Rovings through Profiling.

The load-bearing behavior and the performance of composites depends largely on the bond between the individual components. In reinforced concrete construction, the bond mechanisms are very well researched. In the case of carbon and textile reinforced concrete, however, there is still a need for research, especially since there is a greater number of influencing parameters. Depending on the type of fiber, yarn processing, impregnation, geometry, or concrete, the proportion of adhesive, frictional, and shear bond in the total bond resistance varies. In defined profiling of yarns, we see the possibility to increase the share of the shear bond (form fit) compared to yarns with a relatively smooth surface and, through this, to reliably control the bond resistance. In order to investigate the influence of profiling on the bond and tensile behavior, yarns with various profile characteristics as well as different impregnation and consolidation parameters are studied. A newly developed profiling technique is used for creating a defined tetrahedral profile. In the article, we present this approach and the first results from tensile and bond tests as well as micrographic analysis with profiled yarns. The study shows that bond properties of profiled yarns are superior to conventional yarns without profile, and a defined bond modification through variation of the profile geometry as well as the impregnation and consolidation parameters is possible.

Fabrication of Low-Twist and High-Strength Metallic Fibre Hybrid Spun Yarns

Stainless-steel fibre hybrid spun yarns are becoming increasingly popular due to their wide range of applications. In this aspect, the cost-effective and scalable processing of such yarns is highly important. Stainless-steel staple fibres are relatively heavier and weaker compared to conventional textile fibres. As a result, the staple spinning processing of these fibres showing higher tensile strength and productivity both at the same time is quite challenging. In this manuscript, we explored a number of spinning techniques to find the optimised method of producing low-twist and high-strength stainless-steel fibre hybrid spun yarns offering the advantage of both quality and productivity. Conventional ring spinning, folding and twisting, and advanced ring spinning techniques (ARSTs) such as pneumatic compact ring spinning and pneumatic compact SIRO spinning were employed in this study. Additionally, the plain and SIRO yarns were produced in two forms using the compact spinning method, one with pneumatic suction active (compact plain, compact SIRO) and other with pneumatic suction inactive (noncompact plain, noncompact SIRO). The tensile properties of yarns were tested and analysed. The results reveal that the tensile properties of conventional ring-spun and plied yarns can be enhanced to some extent by increasing the twist coefficient (TC) and the number of yarn plies, respectively. In contrast, by finding optimised spinning parameters, a substantially higher tensile strength (up to 16%) of yarns, produced at ARSTs, was observed even at the minimum level of TC used in experiments. The findings of the study are extremely valuable in terms of scaling up the production of high-quality metallic fibre hybrid spun yarns at a higher productivity level.

Different Pattern Designs with Printing Method on Classic Worsted Wool Fabrics

It is a well-known fact that the use of artificial fibers is increasing today. However, some reasons such as the high amount of chemicals, energy, water used in the production of artificial fibers and environmental pollution, allergic reactions on the skin it comes into contact with, and not being destroyed in nature for a long time have caused natural fibers have been preferred again. Among these fibers, which have been most preferred from the past to the present, wool fiber comes after cotton. The products produced from wool fiber provide the comfort features expected for the user in the best way, with their elasticity, drape, brightness, adaptability to the human body's thermal responses, and rapid transfer of heat and water vapor. Nowadays, the emergence of the need for functional and comfortable clothing in business life has necessitated different patterns and construction studies in wool fabrics. For this reason, different searches have emerged in conventional patterning (dobby patterning) techniques made on classical wool fabrics. The need to expand the boundaries of patterning studies created with conventional production techniques, different knitting, and yarn colors has led to the emergence of new patterns with printing techniques. In this study, different printing pattern studies were carried out on woolen dress/uniform fabrics in different constructions and weights. The pattern studies were carried out on woolen fabrics by using colors with different themes. As a result of printing patterns on woolen fabrics, it was aimed to increase the use of wool-based products in daily clothing.

Comparison of the airflow characteristics and yarn properties between conventional and dual-feed-opening rotor spinning units

In order to explore the differences between conventional and dual-feed-opening rotor spinning units (RSUs), this work compares the airflow characteristics of two RSU models utilizing a computational fluid dynamics simulation model with the accuracy verified by airflow behavior observation and air pressure measurement. The effect of two different opening roller speeds on the airflow field distribution of a dual-feed-opening model is also investigated. In addition, the yarn properties of six pure and blended yarns corresponding to the two RSU models are evaluated. The results reveal that the distributions of airflow velocity vector and air pressure in the two RSU models show a strong similarity under the same boundary conditions. However, the dual-feed-opening model possesses a centrosymmetric and more balanced airflow field distribution compared to the conventional model. In addition, the dual-feed-opening yarns show a superior performance in comparison to the conventional yarns. Furthermore, for the dual-feed-opening model, there are equivalent contributions of two separated opening and fiber transmission systems to the airflow field distribution and yarn formation. Compared to the configuration with the same two opening roller speeds, the dual-feed-opening model configured with two different opening roller speeds obtains an improved blended yarn performance with having few effects on the airflow characteristics. This strength of the dual-feed-opening RSU could facilitate the production of blended and fancy yarns employing the fibers with diverse properties. This study could provide some guidelines for the manufacture of rotor-spun yarns and the future design of RSUs.

Engineering of sustainable clothing with improved comfort and thermal properties-A step towards reducing chemical footprint

Clothing is among the basic needs of human and this has led to tremendous growth in the textile sector. However, huge amounts of hazardous chemicals used in the clothing industry have raised concern in recent years. Due to the increasing awareness in regards to environmental pollution and personal health, particularly in the textile manufacturing, there has been a need for sustainable manufacture of clothing with reduced exposure to the toxic chemical. This research presents a new domain of core-spun yarn (hybrid structure), developed to improve fabric handle, comfort and thermal properties without the application of softening chemicals. Fabrics made up of spun over spun hybrid yarns (SSHY) exhibited remarkable reduction in fabric stiffness. There was approximately 50% reduction in fabric bending rigidity in the case of SSHY fabric in comparison with ring-spun conventional yarn (RSCY) fabric. Notably, there were improvements in the fabric tear strength and other physical parameters.

Theoretical study of the effects on yarn strength in a modified ring spinning system

A modified ring spinning system using a dynamic twist-resistant device has been employed to produce yarn. The modified device blocks twist to propagate to the spinning triangle, which changes the distribution of twist in the spinning area and increases the height of the spinning triangle. In this paper, two kinds of yarn counts (30 and 40 Ne) are spun in the conventional and modified ring spinning with twist multipliers of 3.2, 3.6, and 4.0. The results show that the yarn spun by the modified ring spinning system possesses a higher strength compared with the conventional yarn except in the higher twist multiplier. The increase in yarn strength was theoretically analyzed according to the model of yarn strength. The yarn strength was calculated by considering the original fiber strain in the yarn and the fiber strain due to yarn strain. In the model, the fiber migration was considered and the fiber entanglement caused by fiber migration was ignored to simplify the calculation. Four potentially important parameters of the spinning triangle, the height of the spinning triangle, the migration coefficient, the inclination angle, and the spinning tension, were proposed and their individual and interaction effects on yarn strength were analyzed. The results demonstrate that yarn strength increased with the increase of height of the spinning triangle and the migration coefficient. The inclination angle and the spinning tension have a relatively small influence on yarn strength when the height of the spinning triangle is higher.

Research on the mechanism of the modified ring-spinning system using a dynamic twist-resistant device and its yarn quality

The spinning triangle is a critical area in the ring-spinning process; the geometry of the spinning triangle influences the distribution of the fiber tension, and affects the qualities of the spun yarn. In this paper, a kind of dynamic twist-resistant device that can affect the geometry of the spinning triangle is employed for improving the conventional ring-spinning system. The yarn twists between the front roller nip and dynamic twist-resistant device were captured in the spinning process using a high-speed camera. Comparing yarn twists of the two types of yarn, the modified yarns have a lower twist angle, indicating that the device can produce resistant torque. Particle Flow Code software was used to simulate the acts of the device on the yarn, and the results verified the existence of resistant torque. The resistant torque on the yarn affects the geometry of the spinning triangle and the distribution of fiber tension. In addition, 19.4 and 14.5 tex cotton yarns with three different twists, 700, 800 and 900 tpm, were produced by the modified and conventional ring spinning. The comparative study revealed that the modified yarns have a better performance in terms of yarn strength and hairiness, and show no significant difference in terms of the yarn evenness when compared with the conventional yarns at the same twist level. The mechanism of the effect of the dynamic twist-resistant device on yarn qualities is discussed by analyzing the distribution of fiber tension.

Bi-stretch auxetic woven fabrics based on foldable geometry

The fabrication of auxetic fabrics by using conventional yarns and machinery has gained extraordinary interest from researchers in recent years. However, to date this approach has only been adopted...

A Novel Needleless Electrospinning System Using a Moving Conventional Yarn as the Spinneret

A novel electrospinning system for the mass production of nanofibers using a moving conventional yarn as the spinneret was designed. In the process of electrospinning, a large number of jets were ejected from the surface of the polymer liquid carried by the yarn. The effects of conductivity, surface structure and fineness of the yarn on the morphology and productivity of the obtained nanofibers were discussed in the research. Results indicate that the productivity of nanofibers can be increased up to 1.17 g/h with our method, which is a more than fourfold enhancement compared to less than 0.3 g/h with the method of single-needle electrospinning. Both issues of needle clogging in needle electrospinning and intense solvent evaporation due to the open solution surface in most needleless electrospinning techniques can be avoided.

Investigating the Effects of Core Spun Yarns on the Quick-Dry Property of Towels

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of core-spun yarn on the quick-dry property of towels. This study focused on five different raw materials (modal, cotton, polyester, bamboo, viscose) which are the most frequently used in towel production. Seven different core yarns and five different conventional yarns were produced with these fibres on a ring spinning machine. These yarns were used in the weft direction of the towels. Samples produced with the same ground and pile warp yarns were subjected to constant dyeing conditions. All samples were tested for strength, softness, hydrophilicity and quick drying. As a result, polyester core yarn on the towels did not negatively affect basic properties such as water absorbency, softness and strength. However, the usage of polyester core yarns provided better quick dry properties than that of conventional yarns.