Conventional Building Research Articles

Fire Egress System Optimization of High-Rise Teaching Building Based on Simulation and Machine Learning

A fire egress system is one of the most critical aspects of fire emergency evacuation, which is the cornerstone technology of building fire safety. The high-rise teaching buildings on campus, where vast crowds of people gather, need to be qualified for rapid evacuation in the event of a fire especially. Conventional teaching building egress system design places more emphasis on individual elements (e.g., stairwells, evacuation doors, and evacuation walkways) rather than on their co-regulation as a whole. Furthermore, there are not enough holistic and effective optimal design strategies, which is because most of the existing studies rely on experiments or simulations and often suffer from a lack of sufficient data to fully reveal the interactions of individual variables. In this study, the co-effectiveness of stairwells, walkways, and room doors in reducing total evacuation time was investigated by simulation and machine learning. We selected a typical high-rise teaching building as an example and integrated two simulation software, Pyrosim and Pathfinder, to compare the available safe evacuation time (ASET) and required safe evacuation time (RSET). Then, a framework consisting of five factors—stair flight width (SFW), stairwell door width (SDW), corridor width (CW), room door width (RDW), and location of the downward stair flight (LDSF)—was established for the optimization through statistical analysis of big data obtained by the preferred machine learning algorithm. Results indicate that (1) By modifying just one factor (SFW), the total evacuation time (TET) can be reduced by at most 12.1%, with the mortality rate dropping from 26.5% to 9.5%; (2) although ASET could not be achieved either, among 4000 cases of multi-factor combinations, a maximum TET improvement degree, 29.5%, can be achieved for the evacuation optimization compared to baseline model, with a consequent reduction in mortality to 0.15%; (3) it shows that the emphasis of the egress system optimization is on the geometric features of the evacuation stairwell; furthermore, the multi-factor combination approaches have better compromised evacuation performances than the single-factor controlled schemes. The research results can be applied as rational design strategies to mitigate fire evacuation issues in high-rise teaching buildings and, in addition, the methodology suggested in this paper would be suitable to other building types.

Evaluation of the seasonal variation of VOC surface emissions and indoor air concentrations in a public building with bio-based insulation

The use of bio-based insulation materials is widely spreading in buildings. Due to their organic load, they can be an important source of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). This study is among the first that evaluates the spatial and seasonal in-field VOC surface emissions from bio-based and conventional building structures as a whole, in a French public building insulated with wood wool. In addition to surface emissions, measurements of VOC concentrations in indoor air were taken. Results showed that a spatial difference (up to 5 times) in VOC emissions was observed due to the inhomogeneity of the surface. Moreover, the cardinal orientation of building structures with the same constitution induced a difference (up to a factor 30) in emission rates due to the exposure to different hygrothermal conditions. The variation in temperature and relative humidity between seasons led to higher summer VOC emissions and indoor air concentrations. In addition, indoor VOC concentrations were shown to be higher at night compared to daytime due to the decreased ventilation rate. Furthermore, an interesting approach was developed in this study to have a primary overview of the impact of surface emissions on indoor VOC levels. Results confirmed that the three bio-based walls have no significant specific VOC emissions at high rates compared to the floor and the ceiling. Bio-based insulations showed no impact on microbial indoor air concentrations during the two seasons. Moreover, no detected VOCs could be attributed to microbial development as they were also emitted from building materials.

Examining the use of End-of-Life (EoL) PV panels in housing and sustainability

Solar photovoltaic (PV) installations worldwide continue to grow, and in 2022, global PV installations crossed 1 TW of solar PV. Various factors like extreme weather events, higher temperatures, humidity, and other operational factors bring down the life of PV panels. A poor functional and (or) economic viability leads PV panel to its End-of-Life (EoL). By the end of 2050, 70–80 million tonnes of EoL-PV waste is anticipated. Recycling technology is currently not economically viable. A hitherto untried solution is proposed to use EoL-PV panels as a building material. The rising need for building materials in developing countries is imminent, and EoL-PV would be a low-cost, low embodied energy building material. Our objectives are to evaluate the potential benefits of such strategy in terms of reduction in embodied energy, carbon emission offset, and cost benefit. Following that, projections on number of EoL-PV panels and number of households in demand in every state and union territory of India are made. A projection at this level will show the potential sources of End-of-Life PV panels and number of places where the houses in demand exist. Embodied Energy, Cost, and carbon emissions of a typical EoL-PV integrated building is lower by 30.7%, 38.4% and 33.3% compared to conventional buildings of the same size, respectively. This is a promising result for a preliminary investigation and calls for further assessment. Even if 6.9% of the households (demand) in the country use EoL-PV panels as the choice of building material during 2030-2035, all the EoL-PV panels generated may be fully utilized in India ending the possible landfill option. The avoided carbon emissions, in this case, is around 2% (or 8 million tonnes). This study strongly suggests the use of EoL-PV in buildings by integrating as a building element rather than applying on the wall/roof of the building, simply to enjoy the benefits of cost, embodied energy and emissions. The estimations made in this study may be replicated for the case of other countries where solar PV waste issue is anticipated. This approach makes EoL-PV no longer a liability to the solar power plant but an asset that can be traded for another application.

Strut effectiveness factor and maximum shear strength of Infra Lightweight Concrete (ILC)

Infra Lightweight Concrete (ILC) is a versatile construction material that is characterized by its substantial lightweight (dry density ≤ 800 kg/m3), an excellent heat insulation and a sufficient bearing strength. Given these properties, ILC has been presented as a promising approach for modern building envelops, offering a viable alternative to conventional building façades. This implies that composite exterior walls combining a bearing element and several insulating layers can be efficiently replaced by a single ILC layer. This replacement offers several advantages related to building sustainability and allows architectural innovation. The first realistic mix and the first ILC building date back to less than two decades. Since that time, ILC has built a solid reputation among ecologically aware designers. Therefore, many successful mixes were developed, resulting in a significant improvement of its mechanical properties. Also, several studies have been conducted to understand its structural behaviour, including studies on its bond, compressive, flexural and, most recently, shear behaviour. One of the key challenges revealed by these studies is the ILC high brittleness and moderate strength, both hindering in most cases the full development of reinforcement strength, thereby, limiting the capacity of reinforced ILC sections. This work experimentally handles the shear strength limit of ILC beams with web stirrups. This limitation was frequently set to preclude the compressive failure of inclined struts prior to the development of web stirrups capacity. Five ILC beams made of five ILC mixes were tested in a 4-point bending test, with beams configuration and test setups were adapted to push the failure to the crushing of inclined struts by excessive compression. The equalization of experimental to theoretical strength of inclined strut assisted in obtaining the ILC’ strut effectiveness factor (βs = 0.83). The maximum shear strength was, then, linked to the strut capacity that is directly related to the ILC strength and the estimated βs.

Automated minimum-weight sizing design framework for tall self-standing modular buildings subjected to multiple performance constraints under static and dynamic wind loads

In recent decades, the shortage of affordable housing has become an endemic issue in many cities worldwide due to the ongoing urban population growth. Against this backdrop, volumetric steel modular building systems (MBSs) are becoming an increasingly compelling solution to the above challenge owing to their rapid construction speed and reduced upfront costs. Notwithstanding their success in low- to mid-rise projects, these assembled structures generally rely on a separate lateral load-resisting system (LLRS) for lateral stiffness and resistance to increased wind loads as the building altitude increases. However, additional LLRSs require on-site construction, thereby compromising the productivity boost offered by the MBSs. To this end, this paper proposes a novel optimisation-driven sizing design framework for tall self-standing modular buildings subjected to concurrent drift, floor acceleration, and member strength constraints under static and dynamic wind loads. A computationally efficient solution strategy is devised to facilitate a meaningful sizing solution by decomposing the constrained discrete sizing problem into a convex serviceability limit stage (SLS) and a non-convex ultimate limit stage (ULS), which can be then solved using preferred local and global optimisation methods, separately. The framework is implemented by integrating SAP2000 (for structural analysis) and MATLAB (for optimisation) through SAP2000′s open Application Programming Interface (API), and demonstrated using a 15-storey self-standing steel modular building exposed to three different levels of wind intensity. A comprehensive performance assessment is conducted on the optimally designed case-study building to investigate its elastic instability behaviour, geometric nonlinear effects on wind-induced response, and impacts of global sway imperfections on member utilisation ratios under wind effects. It is concluded that tall self-standing modular buildings can be achieved economically using ordinary corner-supported modules without ad hoc structural provisions, while consuming steel at similar rates to conventional building structural systems. Furthermore, the proposed sizing framework and solution strategy have proven to be useful design tools for reconciling the structural resilience and material efficiency in wind-sensitive self-standing modular buildings.

REVIEW ON GREEN BUILDING

As we know today exist a vast and varied literature on the structural designs of buildings the world over .It would be no exaggeration to say that high tech applications in construction technology have vastly benefitted the mankind today as never before. However the application of green technology to structural designed construction of buildings is only of recent origin. Building have major environmental impacts over their entire life. Cycle. Resources such as ground cover. Forests, water and energy are depleted to construct and operate buildings. A green building is one which use less water, optimizes energy. Efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides heal their space for occupants, as compare to conventional building. Green building has been define as the practice of creating structures and using process that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout a building life building’s life cycle from site to design , construction operation , maintenance ,renovation and deconstruction . A eco friendly building, which puts less strain on the natural resources and function with lesser wastages, better efficiencies, is more habitable and pleasant to live in. In recent year green building has become the most important product for the sustainable development. A green building is a building which is design constructed or operated to reduce or eliminate the negative impact and create a positive impact on our climate and surrounding. Green building construction providers may environmental, economical as own as social benefits. This paper will give us a idea about as well as advantages and disadvantages about green building and we will also discuss about the use of waste aggregates and green concrete in the construction of green building. Key words: Green building Aggregates, Sustainable development , Leeds, Energy efficient building.

Improvement of automatic building region extraction based on deep neural network segmentation

ABSTRACT This work seeks to improve the accuracy of building region extraction, in which each pixel in a scenery image is determined to be part of a building or part of the background. Specifically, UNet++ and MANet, which are state-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNNs) for segmentation, were applied to building extraction. Our experiment using 105 scenery images in the Zurich Buildings Database (ZuBuD) showed that these networks significantly improved the F-measure by at least 1.67% as compared with conventional building extraction. To address the shortcomings of segmentation networks, we also developed a method based on refinement of the building region extracted by a segmentation network. The proposed method demonstrated its effectiveness by significantly increasing the F-measure by at least 1.15%. Overall, the F-measure was improved by 3.58% as compared with conventional building extraction.

Life cycle energy assessments of conventional building: A systematic review

In developing countries, like India, the building construction sector is experiencing rapid growth due to economic growth and urbanization. Every year, thousands of residential, commercial, and office buildings are constructed. Buildings are estimated to be responsible for 30–40% of primary energy consumption and 40% of greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming, due to their construction, operation, and maintenance on a worldwide scale. The life cycle analysis of a building consists of initial embodied energy, recurrent embodied energy, and operational energy. Statistics show that operational energy covers about 85% of energy consumption during the lifecycle of the building developed by conventional methods. Embodied energy is generally consumed from raw materials extraction, manufacturing, transportation to the construction site, installation, and demolition. Operational energy is the energy consumed during the in-use phase of a building's life. The embodied energy of a building increases with the adoption of newer methods to reduce operational energy. Building life cycle energy evaluation is required not only to evaluate the energy performance of existing buildings but also to set a meaningful target for the construction industry to construct new buildings with lower energy demand. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the embodied energy of residential buildings, revealing its considerable significance and estimation. This research can act as a reliable foundation for further studies in this domain, enabling better strategies and solutions to be developed.

Enhancing smartness and interoperability of building management systems in non-residential buildings

In smart and sustainable cities, smartness of buildings is expected to evolve. A smart building should enhance its users’ productivity and minimize its environmental impact. Although these objectives are seemingly common, the development of the smartness of buildings is actualized in the form of an incoherent combination of standards and solutions. The emergence of the IoT (Internet of Things) is expected to bring major improvements in the development of smartness, but at the same time, it may even worsen non-systematicity. Such inconsistency creates barriers to the commercialization of innovations and poses challenges to technical building management. Here, we clarify the situation between the conventional building management system approach and the IoT-based entrants. We analyze the different approaches to building automation systems’ interoperability by means of a literature review, professional interviews and smart readiness indicator impact evaluation. The study forms a general view based on the presented information and suggests approaches for specifying technical building systems, which are expected to improve their schematic clarity and reduce performance gaps of buildings. This study can be used as a practical tool by technical building managers, and it discusses issues needing consideration to the benefit of policymakers, industry and academia.

The Knowledge and Skill Readiness of TVET Trainee in Construction Program for Green Construction Project Management

Project management with the concept of green building construction requires competence efficiency compared to conventional building project management. The readiness of prospective workers in the construction field also needs to be identified as it is a requirement. This study was conducted to identify the readiness of TVET trainees from two different TVET institutions in managing green concept construction projects. Readiness identified based on critical knowledge and soft critical skills. The study's objective was to identify the level of critical knowledge and soft critical skills readiness as well as to identify the differences in the readiness of TVET trainees from two different institutions. The study was conducted in a survey using a quantitative approach. The research instrument used was a questionnaire, and the study was conducted in two TVET institutions from different ministries (please stated name of the institutions and ministries. A total of 153 trainees as respondents and a simple random sampling method was used to determine the study sample. The findings show that the level of critical knowledge and soft critical skills are at a high level (both institutions?), and there are differences between these two TVET institutions in terms of critical knowledge, while there is no difference in terms of soft critical skills. Overall, the study shows that the TVET trainees are prepared in knowledge and skills in green concept construction project management. This study can be a part of reference for TVET programs, trainee, and trainers especially in Construction to ensure the aspects of critical knowledge and skills can be improved align with industry need.

Maintenance of National Heritage Anglican Churches in Malaysia

This paper addresses the maintenance of National Heritage Anglican churches in Malaysia. A field survey is presented, describing the current defects of selected Anglican churches in Malaysia and proposing maintenance practices against the identified defects. The neglect in maintaining Anglican churches is alarming. The survey revealed that, aside from routine housekeeping, the majority of the churches surveyed had little to no regular maintenance. As the studied Anglican churches are Malaysian’s National Heritage, the study adopted AHP and ANP to determine the relative importance of building discipline and space type inside a church, ensuring that the maintenance shall not neglect the values of these entities. Collectively, the in-situ survey results, the maintenance practices recommended by past literature, and the relative importance of building discipline and space type were used to propose a maintenance plan. Instead of generalising areas inside a church, different areas within a church are weighted differently in terms of importance levels, especially due to the fact that churches have a substantially different occupancy rate than conventional buildings. With the proposed hierarchy, priority might be given to the most vital areas first. In addition, church assets differ from those of other types of buildings, and their features should not be addressed in the same way. The research gives an improved asset hierarchy for churches based on the findings of multicriteria decision-making analysis. With this hierarchy in place, building custodians or maintenance personnel may find it easier to prioritise maintenance activities at churches, especially when financial is often limited.

Three-dimensional analysis of motile-microorganism and heat transportation of viscoelastic nanofluid with nth order chemical reaction subject to variable thermal conductivity

The most important condition of modern industrial activities is excellent refrigeration performance for conventional buildings. The Buongiorno relation assessment identifies nanofluid's thermal and mass efficiency, which inspires us to specify different properties of random motion and thermophoretic diffusion. Non-Newtonian nanofluids are used in a variety of fields, including thermal exchangers, solar liquid boiler, and heat control in vehicles. Nanoparticles can significantly enhance a fluid's thermal conductivity and heat transfer properties. This makes nanofluids attractive in cooling systems for electronic devices, such as computer chips and LED lights, and in various industrial applications where efficient heat transfer is important. The proposed thermos-electric system depends on nanomaterial heat flow, fractional volume of nanomaterial, density, and motile microorganisms. Because of their numerous applications, ferromagnetic nanoparticles have become extremely popular in biotechnology. Numerous mathematical and technical constraints are considered to generate more useful data. Using the shooting scheme, evaluating numerically by MATLAB function bvp4c to transform expressions. Some observations about the bio-convection procedure its different exclusive characteristics are elaborated in the literature. The graphs show how multiple flows influence non-dimensional quantities. The present theoretical model could be applied to engineering methods, heat transfer improvements, and thermal energy.

Life Cycle Assessment of a Three-Storey Terrace of Three Timber-Framed Residential Workplace Units

There is an urgent need to evaluate the environmental impacts of both traditional and more recent innovations in sustainable building materials. This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a single three-storey (aboveground) terrace in Ireland composed of three timber-framed residential workplace units. The supply of raw materials, their transport to the manufacturing site, and the manufacturing processes for the materials used in the building account for 58% of the GWP during the production stage. The horizontal elements of the An Corrán building and roof account for the largest contribution (29.3%) to the GWP environmental impact. The LCA results show that the building’s 469 m2 gross internal floor area (GIFA) produced life cycle carbon emissions of 220 t CO2e and has an embodied carbon value of 398 kg CO2e m−2 and 6.63 kg CO2e m−2 a−1 for the building’s 60-year estimated cradle-to-grave life cycle. When compared to conventional (i.e., masonry) and timber-framed buildings in Europe, the An Corrán building shows that substantial GWP savings occurred during the Use Stage with a GWP footprint of 50.5 kg CO2e m2 compared to 375.65 and 386.6 kg CO2e m2 for previously reported masonry and timber-framed houses, respectively.

Challenges of Social and Digital Media Engagement for Established Brands: A Rise of Crowd Culture

The purpose of this article is to take a closer look into the current brand management practices of leading MNCs around the world in a holistic way, specifically in digital and social media. There has been a massive interest from all marketing and advertising agencies to utilize the strength of social media in a conventional manner where the approach was to develop rich content by high-end media professionals and promote those content in the digital media with heavy budgets. But the conventional brand building strategies may not work as expected. The way people used to express their brand preferences has changed with the emergence of social and digital media. It is far easier now for customers to be united under any certain subject matter within a very short period of time by using many established communities. Their opinions and thoughts are well circulated and have a major effect on that specific subject or brand. Thus, the significance of branded content is on the decline. The inception of these crowd-based communities is pretty large, and they are doing a better job attracting followers much more efficiently than bigger brands do. The areas where brands are spending their promotional budget also need to be looked into. The conventional practice of spending only in the awareness stage and buy stage is not helping the brand like it used to do. More emphasis should be put on the stages after the actual purchase has been made, how the customers react, how they advocate for others and so forth. There is a need for a sustainable brand building strategy that will help established brands reap the benefits of digital and social media.

Seismic Behavior of Multi-Storey Structure Using Different Energy Dissipation Devices A-review

Earthquake is a most disaster event, responsible a lot of structural damage and casualties worldwide on the earth’s surface without any early warning. The trends in using dampers in buildings and tall buildings, increasing yearly based on their outstanding feature during an earthquake event. Typically, there are four types of energy dissipation device system such as friction damper, viscous damper, viscoelastic damper and metallic damper. The theoretical and experimental study results indicate that all fourth types of dampers can be able to minimize the structural damages and cracking during an earthquake occurrence event. But only viscous damper device has an acceptable feature against of earthquake forces as compare to other kinds of damper devices in symmetric and asymmetric building plan configurations as well. Based on the reviews, a viscous damper device system plays major role in reducing the lateral displacement of buildings about 30% to 85%, inter-storey drift of building about 60% to 80% and 1487.82KN drop in base shear of structural components in symmetric and asymmetric building plan configurations upward as compared to friction dampers, viscoelastic dampers and metallic dampers. Contradictory, dampers can decrease the construction cost limitation of multi-storey structures economically rather than conventional buildings.

Automated salt model building: From compaction trend to final velocity model using waveform inversion

Conventional seismic velocity model building in complicated salt-affected areas requires the explicit identification of salt boundaries in migrated images and typically involves testing of possible subsurface scenarios through multiple generations. The resulting velocity models are slow to generate and may contain interpreter-driven features that are difficult to verify. We show that it is possible to build a full final velocity model using advanced forms of full-waveform inversion applied directly to raw field data, starting from a model that contains only a simple 1D compaction trend. This approach rapidly generates the final velocity model and migrates processed reflection data at least as accurately as conventionally generated models. We demonstrate this methodology using an ocean-bottom-node data set acquired in deep water over Walker Ridge in the Gulf of Mexico. Our approach does not require exceptionally long offsets or the deployment of special low-frequency sources. We restrict the inversion so it does not use significant energy below 3 Hz or offsets longer than 14 km. We use three advanced forms of waveform inversion to recover the final model. The first is adaptive waveform inversion to proceed from models that begin far from the true model. The second is nonlinear reflection waveform inversion to recover subsalt velocity structure from reflections and their long-period multiples. The third is constrained waveform inversion to produce salt- and sediment-like velocity floods without explicitly identifying salt boundaries or velocities. In combination, these three algorithms successively improve the velocity model so it fully predicts the raw field data and accurately migrates primary reflections, though explicit migration forms no part of the workflow. Thus, model building via waveform inversion is able to proceed from field data to the final model in just a few weeks. It entirely avoids the many cycles of model rebuilding that may otherwise be required.

Green buildings model: Impact of rigid polyurethane foam on indoor environment and sustainable development in energy sector

The construction and building industry in the modern world heavily relies on advanced techniques and materials such as polymers. However, with the world's population alarmingly increasing, contributing to the greenhouse effect, and severe weather conditions amplifying, it has become crucial to reduce the heat effects in both new and old buildings. To achieve this, 50–70% more energy is necessary, which highlights the importance of energy-efficient construction practices and materials. Consequently, a comprehensive study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Polyurethane in indoor environments and energy conservation. Current study was performed due to an innovative application of insulation materials as to reduce the heat and energy costs in construction works. Thermal conductivity at mean temperature 35 °C was found 0.0272 (W/m K) with maximum in burnt clay brick (1.43 W/m K) by using hotplate apparatus. Specific heat was also found less 0.85 (KJ/Kg K) at density 32 kg/m3 while results were at par in reinforcement cement concrete and burnt clay brick 0.91, 0.91 (KJ/Kg K) respectively. Similarly, heat transmittance values of different roof sections by using polyurethane insulation showing satisfaction the ECBC in Buildings deviating standard U-value 1.20% to 0.418 (W/m2 K) with its excellent performance. Polyurethane treatments have been found to exert a significant impact on the computation of thermal resistance and overall heat transfer coefficients. In contrast, non-insulated treatments yielded inconclusive results with little to no significance. This highlights the importance of insulation materials in energy-efficient construction practices. Energy consumption in winter and summer also has shown the significant impact by using polyurethane application with cumulative saving of 60–62% electricity. Economic Benefit of polyurethane in RCC and Conventional buildings describes positive and highly significant impact in present study. Application of polyurethane in new and old buildings ultimate enhanced the better quality of life and living standards from people of applied countries and is strongly recommended for future prospects and endeavors as Eco-friendly and energy efficient for sustainable development.

Economic Analysis Between Conventional Building and Green Building

Abstract: Globally, half of the whole energy is produced and consumed by buildings and is liable for an oversized share of Co2, radiation, and gases. Despite a lot of assessments that have been taken throughout the globe to establish smart and sustainable construction, whereas pollution and global warming are rapidly increasing far and wide universally. Climate changes within the previous few years have conjointly been detected due to a surge in greenhouse gases everywhere on the planet. An initiative for world awareness and global climate change has escalated adequately throughout the earth for the depletion of carbon emissions and harmful gases. The developed countries like Australia, Germany, USA square measure already targeted on this sector, and their government has taken demanding rules to realize eco-friendly and sustainable expansion. Countries like Nepal, India, and Bangladesh face an obstacle regarding the shorter information provided to them in achieving and enhancing eco-friendly construction and property development. Lack of perception amongst the individuals regarding the world wide problems is clouded in economically developing nations. This research paper presents the need for sustainable green construction especially in developing countries like India, Bangladesh has maximum population growth, extremely which are living in most populated areas inflicting a threat to the surroundings, and also the living organisms within the future. This study is specially designated for a building that is designed and created as a conventional building. This Analysis understands the selling price of greening existing buildings before upgrading the building into a sustainable building. The upkeep and operational price are conjointly computed. This study targeted the economic edges and environmental edges once the building is remolded into a Green building.

Comparative Study of Analysis and Design of Pre-Engineered- Buildings Using Staad Pro Software

Abstract: The STAAD-PRO offers an even bigger advantage over the manual procedure since it produces results that are more exact and precise. As the members are designed, using PEB construction instead of the Conventional Steel Building (CSB) design idea provides many benefits. With the use of conical IS sections, the PEB structure is designed in accordance with the bending moment distribution diagram along the whole span of the beam and column, therefore lowering the demand for steel.The stiffness matrix method is used to assess the basic framework of PEB systems. The structure's design geometry, load, and desirable load combinations as required by the user-selected building code are produced using acceptable voltage design (AVD) in compliance with the American Institute of Steel Construction or IS 800 specification in various modes. To produce a workable design, the software runs through the maximum number of cycles specified. The maximum displacement beam that results is 0.530. The end girder has a maximum shear force (Fy) and bending force (Mz) of 2.541 KN and 4.381 KN-m, respectively

Peak Load Shifting Control for a Rural Home Hotel Cluster Based on Power Load Characteristic Analysis

The large-scale rural home hotel clusters have brought huge pressure to the rural power grid. However, the load of rural home hotels not only has the inherent characteristics of rural residential buildings but is also greatly impacted by the occupancy rate, which is very different from conventional buildings. Therefore, the existing peak shifting strategies are difficult to apply to rural home hotels. In view of the above problems, this study took a typical visitor village in Zhejiang Province as the research object, which had more than 470 rural home hotels. First, through a basic information survey and power load data collection, the characteristics of its power load for heating, cooling and transition months were studied, and a “No Visitors Day” model was proposed, which was split to obtain the seasonal load curve for air conditioning. Then, combined with the characteristics of the air conditioning power load and the natural conditions of the rural house, a cluster control peak-load-shifting system using phase change energy storage was proposed, and the system control logic was determined and established. Finally, the collected power load data was brought into the model for actual case analysis to verify its feasibility and the effect of peak-load shifting. The results showed that due to the influence of the number of tourists, the electricity loads on weekends and holidays were higher, especially the electricity load of air conditioning equipment in the heating and cooling seasons. An actual case was simulated to verify the peak-shifting effect of the proposed regulation strategy; it was found that the maximum peak load of the cluster was reduced by 61.6%, and the peak–valley difference was 28.6% of that before peak shifting.