Control Department Research Articles

Status of the practice of oral care and sputum suction for patients with intubation and mechanical ventilation among nurses at Vinh Phuc general Hospital in 2023

Objectives: Describe the status of the practice of oral care and sputum suction for patients with intubation and mechanical ventilation among nurses at Vinh Phuc General Hospital in 2023 and associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on nurses’ implementation of technical procedures of sputum suction and oral hygiene for patients on mechanical ventilation through endotracheal tube. Research time was from March 2023 to June 2023. Participants were nurses working at the Intensive Care and Poisoning Control Department of Vinh Phuc General Hospital performed oral hygiene and sputum suction for patients. Results: Nurses in the age group 18-40 accounted for the highest percentage (88.2%). Working seniority from 5-10 years accounted for the highest proportion of 55.9%; Seniority <5 years accounted for the lowest rate at 11.8%. There were 64.7% of nurses who performed satisfactorily and 35.3% of them performed unsatisfactorily the sputum suction and oral hygiene procedures. Conclusion: The implementation of the procedures of sputum suction and oral hygiene for patients with ventilators is not at a high level. Some factors related to the care activities of nurses include age, professional qualifications; working seniority; working time; number of patients to be cared for.

Healthcare-associated infection management in 62 ICUs for patients with congenital heart disease in China: a survey study.

All patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) receive postoperative management in ICUs. Infection prevention and control (IPC) has a significant impact on prognosis. This study provides a preliminary understanding of the fundamental aspects of IPC in ICUs following CHD surgery in China. From September to October 2023, we initiated a survey on healthcare-associated infection (HAI) management in hospitals that perform CHD surgeries independently. The questionnaires were jointly completed by the ICU physicians and IPC personnel. Duplicate or unqualified questionnaires were excluded from the study. The contents of our questionnaires covered hospital and ICU capacity, performance of the infection control department, HAI surveillance, implementation of IPC measures, and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Qualified questionnaires were compared according to the volume of annual CHD surgeries performed in different ICUs. Group 1 was defined as volume more than 300 cases and group 2 was defined as volume less than or equal to 300 cases. Sixty-two of the 118 questionnaires were completed, with a response rate of 53%. The CHD surgical volume in 2022 of the 62 hospitals was 36342, accounting for 52% of the annual CHD surgical volume (69672) across the country. The postoperative infection rates obtained from the 15 ICUs varied from 1.3 to 15%, with a median rate of 4.5%. A total of 16 ICUs provided data on drug-resistant bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibiting the highest frequency. More than 95% of ICUs have established complete HAI management systems. Information-based HAI surveillance was conducted in 89% of ICUs. Approximately 67% of ICUs stopped prophylactic antibiotics within 48 hours after surgery. In complex cases, carbapenems were administered empirically in 89% of ICUs. Group 1 had an advantage over group 2 in preventing multi-drug-resistant organisms (all instruments should be used alone 100% vs. 86%, P =0.047; cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces, 100% vs. 81%, P =0.035; antibiotic consumption control 85% vs. 61%, P =0.044) and in preventing surgical site infections (perioperative blood glucose monitoring, 88% vs. 67%, P =0.048). However, Group 1 did not perform well in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection (delayed catheter removal due to convenience of laboratory tests, 31% vs. 6%, P =0.021) and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (delayed catheter removal due to muscle relaxant administration, 88% vs. 58%, P =0.022). A relatively complete HAI management system has been established throughout the country in ICUs for CHD patients. Information-based surveillance of HAI needs to be promoted, and actions should be taken to facilitate the implementation of IPC measures and AMS bundles. Training and feedback are critical for implementing IPC measures.

The role of responsibility accounting in activating corporate governance - an analytical study of the opinions of a sample of employees of some private banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange

The study aims to ascertain the significance of responsibility accounting in activating corporate governance in some private banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange (Ashur Investment Bank, Zain Iraq Islamic Bank, Asia Iraq Islamic Bank, Sumer Commercial Bank, Nour Iraq Islamic Bank). The approach was used (Descriptive-analytical) to analyze the nature of the relationship between the variables of the study. The questionnaire was used as a main tool for collecting data. (280) questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of (auditors working in the control and internal audit departments) in some private banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. The number of questionnaires retrieved was (272), of which (256) were valid for statistical analysis. The researcher employed many statistical tools and methodologies, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and basic regression approach, to analyse the practical element of the study. The data was analysed using complex statistical software programmes, namely AMOS.V (.24), SPSS v.26, and Excel (2007). Theoretical findings indicate the presence of a knowledge gap about the function of responsibility accounting in promoting corporate governance, both in a general context and specifically within certain private banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. The study's practical findings indicate a moral correlation and a moral impact association between responsibility accounting and its dimensions, and corporate governance. The survey yielded several conclusions indicating a strong interest and enthusiasm among staff of certain private banks in prioritising corporate governance.

O-16 Never too late: Delayed diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome

Abstract Introduction Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is the leading inherited cause of severe childhood obesity. The aim of this case report is to describe a case of delayed diagnosis of PWS and to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis of PWS. Clinical Case A 24-year-old young woman with a history of hyperphagia, severe obesity, and cognitive impairment was admitted to our department for glycemic control due to newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. She also had obstructive sleep apnea, daytime sleepiness, scoliosis, short stature (148 cm), and impaired speech articulation. Central obesity (BMI:54.7 kg/m2, waist circumference 147 cm), cognitive impairment, and characteristic body and facial features (narrow bifrontal diameter, almond-shaped palpebral fissures, small hands and feet, strabismus) suggested a genetic disorder. Test results showed growth hormone 0.07 ng/mL (0-3.5) and IGF-1 46 ng/mL (191-478). Cytogenetic analysis was performed on GTG-banded metaphases obtained from peripheral blood lymphocyte culture. t(3;16)(p21;p13) was observed in the patient. Cytogenetic analysis of the parents showed that this translocation was of paternal origin. The SNRPN gene was amplified from the patient's genomic DNA by PCR using methylation-specific primers after bisulfite modification. PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The methylation pattern was found to be consistent with PWS. Hypocaloric diet (1400 Kcal/day) metformin 2 g/day, liraglutide (dose gradually increased to 2.4 mg/day), and dapagliflozin 10 mg/day were started. During hospitalization, glycemic regulation was achieved and 5.4 kilograms of weight loss occurred. Conclusion Obesity-related complications (e.g. sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes) and behavioral problems contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in individuals with PWS. Prevention and treatment of morbid obesity and related conditions in individuals with PWS and management of maladaptive behaviors are key goals that require long-term follow-up and attention to managing the process. In these adults with compulsive eating behaviors who lack the ability to make informed decisions, it is very challenging to ensure compliance with treatments such as obesity treatment and the use of assistive devices for sleep apnea, which require the patient's consent and compliance. The complexity of this multisystemic disease increases with age, and we emphasize the need for early diagnosis to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with PWS.Figure 1.Used with the patient's and family's consent.

Estimation of hourly one square kilometer fine particulate matter concentration over Thailand using aerosol optical depth

In the recent years, concentration of fine particulate matter that are 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5) in Thailand has consistently exceeded the national ambient air quality standard. Currently, the measurement of PM2.5 concentration relies on air quality monitoring stations operated by the Pollution Control Department of Thailand (PCD). However, these stations are insufficient, particularly in rural areas, where agricultural open burning are major sources of pollution after harvesting period. This study aims to enhance the monitoring of PM2.5 concentration by leveraging cost-effective technologies. We propose the integration of satellite data, specifically Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from Multi-Angle Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) product and Himawari-8 satellites, with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) data, to provide supplementary data to the ground-based monitoring. Hourly 5 × 5 km2 AOD data from Himawari-8 were downscaled to a high-resolution of 1 × 1 km2, leveraging the AOD distribution pattern of the concurrent MAIAC product using eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model. Notably, during Thailand’s rainy season (May to August), the study observed a relative reduction in the training model’s R-square value. This phenomenon is attributed to temporal discrepancies between Himawari-8 and the MAIAC products during this period. The predictive models of PM2.5 concentrations with the identification of pertinent variables through Pearson’s correlation analysis and recursive feature elimination, driven by the robust XGBoost model. Subsequently, the downscaled AOD, wind speed, temperature, and pressure were identified as predictors for the estimation of hourly PM2.5 concentration. This comprehensive approach enabled the projection of PM2.5 levels across Thailand, encompassing over 600,000 grids at 1 × 1 km2 resolution. The developed models, thus, offer a valuable tool for robust and high-resolution PM2.5 concentration estimation, presenting significant implications for air quality monitoring and management in Thailand.

Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Dimediasi Variabel Motivasi

This research aims to determine the effect of Leadership Style and Work Environment on Employee Performance mediated by Motivation variables. The population used in this research were employees in the quality control department at an PT. XYZ instant food company in Gresik district. The sample in this research was 54 respondents with a quantitative approach, using non-probability sampling techniques. This data was taken using a questionnaire which was distributed directly to respondents. After the questionnaire was collected, the data was tabulated using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using Smart PLS 4. The results of this research show that Leadership Style has a significant effect on Employee Performance, Work Environment has a significant effect on Employee Performance, Motivation has a significant effect on Employee Performance, Leadership Style has a significant effect on Motivation, Work Environment has a significant effect on Motivation.The Motivation variable succeeded in mediating the effect of the Leadership Style and Work Environment variables on employee performance.

Methodology and Development of Industrial-Scale Remote Access Control Laboratory

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there were significant disruptions to education in Turkey, just like worldwide. The idea of creating a remote access control laboratory was proposed to address the laboratory access problem for students in the Department of Control and Automation Engineering (CAE) at Istanbul Technical University (ITU). However, as the number of experiment setups increases, these systems’ maintenance, robustness, and reusability emerge as significant challenges. This paper suggests a methodology for developing industrial-scale remote access control laboratory applications using industrial automation and industry 4.0 architectures. The methodology was successfully integrated into the remote access control laboratory system with six experimental setups in the department of CAE at ITU, enabling students to take the control laboratory classes online. The remote-access control laboratory system enabled quarantined students to participate in lab lessons, reducing the need for face-to-face experiments and enabling social distancing. This system continued post-pandemic, becoming crucial for control laboratories.

Examining the Contextual Factors Influencing Intersectoral Action for the SDGs: Insights From Canadian Federal Policy Leaders.

The interdependent and intersecting nature of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) require collaboration across government sectors, and it is likely that departments with few past interactions will find themselves engaged in joint missions on SDG projects. Intersectoral action (IA) is becoming a common framework for different sectors to work together. Understanding the factors in the environment external to policy teams enacting IA is crucial for making progress on the SDGs. Interviews [n=17] with senior public servants leading SDG work in nine departments in the federal government of Canada were conducted to elicit information about issues affecting how departments engage in IA for the SDGs. Transcripts were coded based on a set of factors identified in a background review of 20 documents related to Canada's progress on SDGs. Iterative group thematic analysis by the authors illuminated a set of domestic and global contextual factors affecting IA processes for the SDGs. The mechanisms for successful IA were identified as facilitative governance, leadership by a central coordinating office, supportive staff, flexible and clear reporting structures, adequate resources, and targeted skills development focused on collaboration and cross-sector learning. Factors that affect IA positively include alignment of the SDG agenda with domestic and global political priorities, and the co-occurrence of social issues such as Indigenous rights and gender equity that raise awareness of and support for related SDGs. Factors that affect IA negatively include competing conceptual frameworks for approaching shared priorities, lack of capacity for "big picture" thinking among bureaucratic staff, and global disruptions that shift national priorities away from the SDGs. IA is becoming a normal way of working on problems that cross otherwise separate government accountabilities. The success of these collaborations can be impacted by contextual factors beyond any one department's control.

Comparison of soft-computing techniques: Data-driven models for flood forecasting

<p>Accurate flood forecasting is a crucial process for predicting the timing, occurrence, duration, and magnitude of floods in specific zones. This prediction often involves analyzing various hydrological, meteorological, and environmental parameters. In recent years, several soft computing techniques have been widely used for flood forecasting. In this study, flood forecasting for the Narmada River at the Hoshangabad gauging site in Madhya Pradesh, India, was conducted using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model, a Fuzzy Logic (FL) model, and an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model. To assess their capacity to handle different levels of information, three separate input data sets were used. Our objective was to compare the performance and evaluate the suitability of soft computing data-driven models for flood forecasting. For the development of these models, monthly discharge data spanning 33 years from six gauging sites were selected. Various performance measures, such as regression, root mean square error (RMSE), and percentage deviation, were used to compare and evaluate the performances of the different models. The results indicated that the ANN and ANFIS models performed similarly in some cases. However, the ANFIS model generally predicted much better than the ANN model in most cases. The ANFIS model, developed using the hybrid method, delivered the best performance with an RMSE of 211.97 and a coefficient of regression of 0.96, demonstrating the potential of using these models for flood forecasting. This research highlighted the effectiveness of soft computing techniques in flood forecasting and established useful suitability criteria that can be employed by flood control departments in various countries, regions, and states for accurate flood prognosis.</p>

Optimising urban development: Assessing the role of architects in the decision-making processes of development control department in greater Port Harcourt City

Globally, Development Control Departments play a crucial role in overseeing effective physical development in urban areas. Architects, as key figures within these administrative units, hold a pivotal role in shaping the vision that materialises into the built environment. Their active involvement throughout the developmental process is imperative. This research is centred on optimising urban development and specifically provides an overview of the 'Role of Architects in the Decision-Making Processes of Development Control Departments in Greater Port Harcourt City’. The objectives of the study are to determine whether the current representation of architects aligns appropriately with the scope and responsibilities of the Development Control Department of the Greater Port Harcourt City Development Authority, outline the specific roles and responsibilities of architects within the department, and assess the extent to which architects' inputs are considered in the decision-making process for granting building permits. Additionally, the research aims to propose recommendations for optimising the integration and influence of architects in decision-making processes, ultimately contributing to sustainable and aesthetically pleasing urban development in Greater Port Harcourt City. Data collection for this study relied on a semi-structured interview guide, which aligns with a qualitative research approach. The results indicate that only two architects were employed, with one remaining. While architects’ inputs were considered at the commencement stage of the authority, it was revealed that the current practice in the Development Control Department no longer involves physical vetting by architects. Instead, reliance is placed on a check-list that only requires the ARCON stamp and architects' paper certification. This approach has rendered the architect physically present in the department redundant. In conclusion, this study emphasises the critical role of architects in shaping urban development and underscores the necessity for an adequate number of architects actively participating in decision-making processes within Development Control Departments. It strongly advocates for the reconsideration of physical vetting processes, affirming that such practices contribute to better urban development outcomes and align with the overarching goal of creating sustainable and aesthetically pleasing urban environments in Greater Port Harcourt City.

A CONQUISTA DA UNIVERSIDADE: OCUPAÇÃO INDÍGENA EM TORNO DE UM TERRITÓRIO EM DISPUTA

ABSTRACT: Indigenous people have claimed access and permanence to the university environment. This article aims to analyze the presence of indigenous people in the academy, as well as to understand how these students have been conquering this territory. To collect the data, we used the official figures available in INEP's Statistical Synopsis of Higher Education, as well as on-site research at the Academic Control Departments of the HEIs in the state of Amapá (Brazil). We therefore worked with national data and tried to contrast it with the reality of indigenous people attending higher education in Amapá state. In addition, bibliographical research was also used to establish the theoretical basis already built up on the subject. The article reveals that in the last 12 years, the presence of indigenous students in Brazilian universities has intensified. Official records show that Indigenous people are increasingly accessing higher education, and this has led to some creative unfolding for the university. One of these unfoldings is the necessary reflection on recreating the academic space in the light of Indigenous perspectives and knowledge. In other words, in addition to the physical presence in universities (which has been revolutionary), it is also necessary for the Academy to open up to the ancestral knowledge of the indigenous world/culture. It is understood in this study that it is this achievement of conception that Indigenous people are also demanding from the academic space.

Research on the Problems of Government Control Departments under the Background of China's State-owned Enterprise Reform—Taking Z City as an Example

Research on the Problems of Government Control Departments under the Background of China's State-owned Enterprise Reform—Taking Z City as an Example

Impact of Cost Accounting on the Financial Performance of Moroccan Banks : Moderating Effect of Information Systems

In a turbulent and uncertain environment marked by the growing importance of digital transformation, the performance of any business depends essentially on its ability to control information. To achieve this, companies are being urged to modernise their control and management tools by adopting appropriate information technologies to strengthen their overall information system. With this in mind, this article aims to analyse and identify the impact of cost accounting as a management control tool on the financial performance of commercial banks in Morocco. In addition, we will also examine the moderating role that information systems can play in this relationship. We mobilised a confirmatory method by means of a quantitative survey of 110 employers belonging to management control departments within banks. Analysis of the data collected using SMART PLS V4 software reveals that cost accounting has a positive impact on the financial performance of the banks surveyed by improving understanding of costs, profits and profitability. In addition, it was found that information systems play an important role in supporting this impact.

Lessons Learned from Incorporating Climate Considerations in the Three Rivers Watershed-Based Plan

The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control has recently incentivized planners to incorporate climate change projections into watershed-based plans. Methods for doing so vary by geography, specific basin-level conditions, and available resources. This short communication documents an early example developed by a collaborative team including a council of governments, private contractor, and university researchers. We outline steps taken to construct climate change scenarios, incorporate them into a basin-level model, and develop a holistic approach to climate adaptation and resilience for the Three Rivers Watershed-Based Plan in the Columbia, South Carolina, metropolitan area. We present lessons learned about integrating appropriate climate change scenarios with hydrological tools and incorporating a community development strategy that addresses freshwater pollution and integrates cobenefits and equitable adaptation frameworks into the watershed-based planning process.

Research on Downstream Safety Risk Warning Model for Small Reservoirs Based on Granger Probabilistic Radial Basis Function Neural Network

Early warning of safety risks downstream of small reservoirs is directly related to the safety of people’s lives and property and the economic and social development of the region. The lack of data and low collaboration in downstream safety management of small reservoirs makes the existing safety risk warning methods for small reservoirs no longer fully applicable. The data from flood control and drought relief departments, small reservoir operation and management departments, etc., are used comprehensively. A machine learning model suitable for a large number of samples, a small amount of data, and the condition of incomplete information is applied and innovated, and from the holistic perspective of ‘upstream reservoir—downstream region’, the safety risk factors of the upstream reservoir are identified with the help of the Granger causality test. The risk losses of the disaster behavior are predicted with the three-dimensional k~ε two-equation model coupled with the VOF (Volume of fluid) method and the neural network model. The safety risk dynamics prediction, the prediction of the disaster-causing environment, and the prediction of the risk losses are integrated to construct the early warning method of the downstream safety risk of small reservoirs, and the simulation effect is verified with the example of the J Reservoir. The results show that the model can clarify the causal relationships and time lag dependencies between hydro-meteorological factors and the water level of small reservoirs, and calculate the inundation depth, inundation range, and flood velocity downstream of small reservoirs. The downstream safety warning model of small reservoirs constructed in this article can effectively integrate upstream and downstream information, further improve the timeliness and accuracy of warning, and provide a reference for downstream safety risk management of small reservoirs.

THE PERCEPTION OF THE CUSTOMS’ STAFF ON ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS AND TAX COMPLIANCE IN KENYA

In developing economies like Kenya, central to the problem of tax compliance are low-income entities, who struggles with making sure they register, file, and pay their taxes on time. All governments, in general, confront the same difficulties in assessing tax compliance risks and adopt administrative reforms, such as system automation, taxpayer education, staff training and enforcement strategies. This study sought to establish how these administrative reforms adopted within the customs offices in Kenya influence tax compliance. The study adopted correlational research design with a target population of 1736 employees within the seven Divisions in Customs & Border Control Department in Kenya. A stratified random sampling technique was applied to identify a sample size of 175 employees for the study. The primary data collected, through questionnaires, was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that the adopted administrative reforms of system automation, taxpayer education, staff training and enforcement strategies explains about 49.1% of the variations on the tax compliance level in Kenya, with system automation, staff training and enforcement strategies having a positive significant influence. Therefore, tax authorities and fiscal policy architects can take proactive steps towards fostering a culture of compliance, thereby enhancing revenue collection and the overall efficiency and effectiveness of tax administration in Kenya.

Stability Indicating Reverse Phase Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Development and Validation for Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablet in the Presence of Degradation Products and Application to Green Analytical Principles

Amiloride (AML) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combination is used alone or with other medicines to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). The present article provides the development and validation of an reverse phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) approach for the quantification of AML, HCTZ, and related impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The analytical column used for the separation of impurities is the Waters X bridge C18 3.5 μm (50 mm X 4.6 mm). Used 0.1% formic acid and ethanol as MP in an isocratic mode with 0.3 mL/min as flow rate and 3 μL as injection volume, at 254 nm as detection in UV and 12 minutes as total run time. The samples were prepared specifically to undergo forced degradation, which involved subjecting them to hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal, and photolytic conditions. The technique underwent validation by the principles set forth by the ICH Q2 guidelines. The validation confirmed that the method possesses specificity, linearity, ruggedness, robustness and accuracy. The methodology employed exhibited a linear relationship extending from 10 to 150% for all impurities. The recovery analysis was conducted throughout a range of concentrations, starting from 10 to 150% concentration. The average recovery value was determined to be within acceptable limits. The evidence of degradation and the findings of the verified study suggest that the nature of the subject under investigation is stable. Hence, this approach might be employed within the domains of pharmaceutical research and development and quality control departments. Green analytical chemistry tools are used to assess the method’s greenness and calculated using GAPI, AGREE and ecological-scale and found excellent green of >75%.

Sustainable Compliance Programs in Complex Organizations

I identify and test the empirical implications of complexity theory to investigate the effectiveness of the firm’s risk management program in monitoring compliance program activity. I provide a direct link between the quality of Business Regulatory Compliance Unit (which executes and oversees the compliance program implementation) and the overall risk management quality of the firm. I use a multi-method design, incorporating survey questionnaires and econometric multivariate analysis of a sample of European firms. I find a relationship between the risk management exposure of European firms and the quality of their internal control department. I also find a strong relationship between earnings at risk for UK firms and asset-liability at risk for financial firms, but only a weak relationship between cash flow at risk and internal audit quality for European firms. The quality of internal compliance business units is strongly positively related to corporate performance over time.

Evaluasi Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Persediaan Barang Dalam Meningkatkan Pengendalian Internal Pada Percetakan Isma Kreasindo

This research was conducted at Isma Kreasindo, a printing services company in Surabaya. In this research, the evaluation of the raw material inventory accounting information system uses SAS 94 as the basis for the research. From the evaluation results, it can be concluded that the internal control system and accounting information system at Isma Kreasindo have not been implemented properly. It can be seen from the dual duties between the admin section and the warehouse section. There is also a duplication of the purchasing department with the inventory control department. So there is no guarantee regarding monitoring of raw material stock in the warehouse.

Analysis of public health risks associated with pathogenic fungi in China

At present, the public health risks caused by pathogenic fungi are greater in China and have attracted great attention from disease control departments. Due to the difficulty in diagnosing fungal infections, the public health risk of pathogenic fungi is currently hidden in the unexplained pneumonia/encephalitis/fever syndrome and is not effectively appreciated. From the public health perspective, the mainly focused fungal pathogens include highly pathogenic fungi (including dimorphic fungi and dematiaceous fungi), pathogenic fungi that cause regional aggregation infections, and drug-resistant pathogenic fungi. However, due to the lack of systematic monitoring data, the disease burden related to pathogenic fungi cannot be accurately quantified and evaluated. Therefore, to effectively reduce the serious harm of fungal infections to the public, systematic monitoring of pathogenic fungi should be carried out nationally.