Controlled Buck Converter Research Articles

An Integrated Driver With Dual-Edge Adaptive Dead-Time Control for GaN-Based Synchronous Buck Converter

An Integrated Driver With Dual-Edge Adaptive Dead-Time Control for GaN-Based Synchronous Buck Converter

DC Regulation and Loop Gain Analysis of a DC-DC Switch Mode Power Supply: A Case Study on a Synchronous PWM Controlled Buck Converter

This study investigates the DC regulation of a DC-DC buck converter operating with pulse width modulation (PWM), taking into account the internal resistance of the coil and the on-resistance of the switching device. The effect of these parameters on the input/output disturbances is analyzed in continuous-conduction mode under constant frequency voltage mode control. The study also explores the effect on loop gain using the IRU3037 8-pin IC synchronous PWM controlled buck converter. The transfer function of the IRU3037 IC is derived from datasheet values using state-space averaging and AC small signal methods. A Type II compensator is then designed based on the derived transfer function. In addition, the step response characteristics of the open-loop and closed-loop circuits are investigated by time domain analysis.

Self-Organizing Fuzzy Neural Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control of DC-DC Buck Converter

Self-Organizing Fuzzy Neural Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control of DC-DC Buck Converter

Machine learning based feedforward voltage control for buck converters in envelope tracking applications

Tracking the voltage envelope of 5G base station power supplies poses a significant long-term challenge. To achieve fast and accurate envelope tracking, an efficient and high-frequency power electronics circuit and an excellent voltage controller are essential. This paper presents a novel machine learning (ML) based feedforward control method for precise voltage reference tracking. The method is exemplified using a standard buck converter in both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). A feedforward neural network (FNN) is trained to capture non-ideal and non-linear effects in real circuits. An automated data collection system, developed with MATLAB and Simulink, facilitates data acquisition and model training process. The trained FNN predicts the duty cycle for the buck converter to generate the targeted output voltage and output power. A simulation model is built to validate the effectiveness of the FNN controller in envelope tracking applications.

A buck converter with adaptive on-time control based on ripple compensation

Abstract This paper proposes a novel adaptive on-time control Buck converter based on ripple compensation. By superimposing high-sampling-precision inductor current ripples on the feedback loop, the ripple of the feedback voltage is enhanced. This approach effectively addresses subharmonic oscillations observed in ripple-controlled Buck converters, particularly when the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the output filter capacitor is low. The proposed control method enhances system stability and exhibits excellent transient response characteristics. Simulations using Simplis demonstrate high accuracy in the output voltage (with ripples as low as 2mV). The comparative analysis establishes the superior merit of this design.

Robust digital voltage mode control of buck converter with enhanced tracking performance

The digital voltage controller of power converters is used because it has many advantages over its analog counterparts. Thus, in this paper, a controller of digital voltage mode is designed and analyzed for a non-isolated DC-DC buck converter in continuous conduction mode (CCM). First, an analog controller is designed using a Bode plot to achieve the desired stability margins in the frequency domain. Next, the analog controller is discretized using bilinear transformation with the pre-warping method. The characteristics of the discretized compensator can be maintained close to the corresponding analog compensator as long as a proper sampling time is selected. The digital control scheme is simulated with a nonlinear DC-DC buck converter model in MATLAB/Simulink to investigate the controller performance. The simulation results demonstrated the validation of the proposed digital voltage-mode control design approach. The developed digital controller eliminates DC error by tracking the reference voltage, achieving a fast transient response, maintaining specified stability margins, and effectively rejecting large disturbances.

Comparative Study of the MPPT Control for the Photovoltaic Water Pumping System between FSS-P&O and VSS-P&O

This paper describes the implementation of a renewable energy system that operates independently. It comprises a photovoltaic generator (PV) that supplies power to a solar pumping system, driven by a permanent magnet direct current motor (PMDC) via a DC-DC Buck converter. Consequently, the objective is to maintain steady operation with continuous power supply despite changes in two environmental parameters, including solar irradiation and absolute temperature. The maximal power extraction of the PV panel using the usual perturbation and observation (P&O) technique achieves this objective. This method must provide appropriate duty cycle control for the DC-DC buck converter when the user-selected Fixed-Step Size (FSS) is used, unfortunately, selecting an insufficient fixed-step size led to a power ripple issue with the PV panel. Incorporating a new Variable Step-Size (VSS) into the traditional P&O algorithm shows the occurrence of the enhanced P&O-MPPT control approach. The proposed technique is validated by utilizing the PROTEUS/ISIS software. For various climatic situations, the results demonstrate that the proposed control technique is preferable to the one based on the standard P&O-MPPT.

Full state observer-based pole placement controller for pulse width modulation switched mode voltage-controlled buck Converter

Switched mode DC-DC converters play an important role in today's renewable energy systems, electric Vehicles, consumer electrical appliances, and many more. While many researchers have designed controllers for DC-DC converters, achieving low implementation cost remains a significant hurdle. This paper proposes a cost-effective observer-based pole placement controller for a PWM voltage-controlled Buck converter with clear step by step design approach. The state space averaged model of the DC-DC power converter is used to design pole placement with integrator compensator and full state observer. Pole placement is employed to improve the transient and steady state behavior of Voltage reference tracking response and full state observer is applied to extract the inductor current with the aim of removing the actual current sensor. Design specifications are set to a settling time of less than 5 msec and an overshoot of less than 5 %. While designing Observer-Controller combination, the separation principle, designing the controller and observer independently, is utilized by placing the observer poles far to the left of the controller poles for the Observer to converge faster. The designed controller and observer is verified with simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK software and design of developed controller and observer are realized using low-cost analog electronics circuit components The results shows that the proposed system's strength in tracking the reference output voltage even in the presence of input voltage disturbance and the mean value of inductor current is well extracted having only the output voltage and MOSFET gate signal.

A 4-Phase DAB Current-Mode Hysteretic Controlled Buck Converter With Relaxed Inductor Requirements and Enhanced DC and Dynamic Performance

A 4-Phase DAB Current-Mode Hysteretic Controlled Buck Converter With Relaxed Inductor Requirements and Enhanced DC and Dynamic Performance

Investigation on the Effect of Parasitic Elements on PID Control of DC-DC Buck Converter

DC-DC converter circuits are used in many electronic devices to adjust the voltage to a certain level such as Electric Vehicle. DC-DC Buck converters, which are the most used type of DC-DC converters, reduce the input voltage and keep the output voltage constant at a desired reference voltage value. In this study, the effect of parasitic elements in Buck DC-DC converters is examined on the PID controllers. Parasitic elements cause a non-linear effect on the Buck converter system model. Studies in the literature generally control the output voltage by designing controllers on the Buck converter model without parasitic elements. Alternatively, linear controllers such as PID are designed according to the linearizing model, taking into account the effect of parasitic elements. In addition, nonlinear controllers are designed on the full model with the effect of parasitic elements. In this study, the effect of parasitic elements on linear controllers, especially PID, is examined.

An on-chip soft-start pseudo-current hysteresis-controlled buck converter for automotive applications

This paper introduces a novel direct current to direct current (DC-DC) buck converter that uses a pseudo-current hysteresis controller and an on-chip soft start circuit for improved transient performance in automotive applications. The proposed converter, implemented with Taiwan semiconductor manufacturing company (TSMC) 0.18 µm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) one-poly-six-metal (1P6M) technology, includes a rail-to-rail current detection circuit and an on-chip soft start circuit to handle transient responses and improve efficiency. Transient response analysis shows fast settling times of 28 µs for both load current changes from 100 mA to 1 A and reversals with consistent transient voltages of approximately 190 mV and peak power efficiency of 99.32% at 5 V output voltage and 100 mA load current. Additionally, the converter maintains a constant output voltage of approximately 5 V across the entire load current range with an average accuracy of 90.41%. A comparative analysis with previous work shows superior performance in terms of figure of merit (FOM). Overall, the proposed pseudo-current hysteresis controlled buck converter exhibits remarkable transient response, load regulation and power efficiency, positioning it as a promising solution for demanding applications, particularly in automotive systems where precise voltage regulation is crucial.

Finite-time extended state observer enhanced nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for buck converters in the presence of disturbances: design, analysis and experiments

Finite-time extended state observer enhanced nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for buck converters in the presence of disturbances: design, analysis and experiments

A 4-MHz Ultra-Fast Transient Response Capacitor Current Adaptive On-Time (CCAOT) Controlled Buck Converter With Passive Ramp Compensation

A 4-MHz Ultra-Fast Transient Response Capacitor Current Adaptive On-Time (CCAOT) Controlled Buck Converter With Passive Ramp Compensation

Design, implementation, and experimental validation of a new low-cost sensorless wind turbine emulator: Applications for small-scale turbines

Research and investigation into renewable energy sources is being sparked by the rapidly rising need for electricity, higher costs of fossil fuels, and increasing worries about the environment. Recent years have seen a tremendous increase in the use of wind energy (WE). In-depth study has been done to effectively produce power from WE. Nevertheless, it is exceedingly challenging and dangerous to set up wind turbines (WTs) for research and teaching uses due to constraints like space and upkeep. Numerous benefits come with a lab-scale WT emulator (WTE), such as freedom from space restrictions, an improved level of control, and independence from existing weather conditions. The design and execution of a low-power, lab-scale WTE are the focus of this study. The investigated experimental configuration is intended to precisely mimic the mechanical behavior of a real WT. Aerodynamics, blades, slow shafts, gearboxes, and controller elements, for example, are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink before they are assembled and implemented on a dSPACE 1104 board. A DC motor running under buck converter control is used to substitute the quick shaft. The WTE’s functionality is evaluated in various wind speed conditions. The findings of comparing the WTE’s dynamics with those offered by the manufacturer amply show the efficacy of the proposed WTE and its capacity to take the position of an actual WT. This paper will be a useful resource for investigators in helping them select the best WTE approach for their purposes.

A novel opposition-based hybrid cooperation search algorithm with Nelder–Mead for tuning of FOPID-controlled buck converter

This paper introduces a novel metaheuristic algorithm named the opposition-based cooperation search algorithm with Nelder–Mead (OCSANM). This enhanced algorithm builds upon the cooperation search algorithm (CSA) by incorporating opposition-based learning (OBL) and the Nelder–Mead simplex search method. The primary application of this algorithm is the design of a fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative (FOPID) controller for a buck converter system. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted using statistical boxplot analysis, nonparametric statistical tests and convergence response comparisons to assess the algorithm’s performance and confirm its superiority over CSA. Furthermore, the FOPID-controlled buck converter system based on OCSANM is compared with two top-performing algorithms: one using a hybridized approach of Lévy flight distribution with simulated annealing (LFDSA) and the other employing the improved hunger games search (IHGS) algorithm. This comparison encompasses transient and frequency responses, performance indices and robustness analysis. The results reveal the notable advantages of the proposed OCSANM-based system, including 25.8% and 8.7% faster rise times, 26% and 8.8% faster settling times compared with the best-performing approaches, namely LFDSA and IHGS, respectively. In addition, the OCSANM-based system exhibits a 34.7% and 9.6% wider bandwidth than the existing approaches-based systems. Incorporating voltage and current responses of the buck converter’s switched circuit with the OCSANM-based FOPID controller further underscores the algorithm’s effectiveness. To provide a comprehensive assessment, the paper also compares the proposed approach’s time and frequency domain responses with those of 17 other state-of-the-art approaches attempting to control buck converter systems similarly. These findings affirm the effectiveness of the OCSANM in designing FOPID controllers for buck converter systems.

Design and Optimization of Voltage Mode PWM Control of DC-DC Buck Converter with a PI-Lead Compensator Using the Simulated Annealing Algorithm

This paper presents a method for improving the performance of DC-DC Buck Converter Systems using voltage mode Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control. We explore the effectiveness of Proportional-Integral (PI) and Lead Compensator controllers in enhancing system stability, minimizing voltage fluctuations, and improving load response. The system is modeled through transfer functions, and the controllers' impacts are analyzed both individually and in tandem. A key contribution of this work is the optimization of the PI-Lead Compensator parameters utilizing the Simulated Annealing Algorithm, which is fine-tuned to improve phase margin, gain crossover frequency, and steady state error. These parameters are critical for optimizing the system’s output performance. Through MATLAB simulations, we demonstrate the iterative process of parameter optimization and validate the algorithm's efficacy in managing the DC-DC Buck Converter. The results highlight the enhanced performance achieved with the optimized parameters, providing a viable solution for effective control of DC-DC Buck Converter Systems.

Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of DC-DC Buck Converter Considering Controller Time Delay

Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of DC-DC Buck Converter Considering Controller Time Delay

A Phase Interpolated Dual-Phase Adaptive On-Time Controlled Buck Converter

A Phase Interpolated Dual-Phase Adaptive On-Time Controlled Buck Converter

Pole Placement Technique Optimized Gains by Adaptive Tabu Search for Instability Mitigation of AC–DC Power System Feeding a Controlled Buck Converter

Pole Placement Technique Optimized Gains by Adaptive Tabu Search for Instability Mitigation of AC–DC Power System Feeding a Controlled Buck Converter

FOPID Controller Design for a Buck Converter System Using a Novel Hybrid Cooperation Search Algorithm with Pattern Search for Parameter Tuning

This research introduces a novel metaheuristic algorithm, OCSAPS, representing an upgraded cooperation search algorithm (CSA) version. OCSAPS incorporates opposition-based learning (OBL) and pattern search (PS) algorithms. The proposed algorithm's application aims to develop a fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller tailored for a buck converter system. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is assessed by statistical boxplot and convergence response analyses. Furthermore, the performance of the OCSAPS-based FOPID-controlled buck converter system is benchmarked against CSA, Harris hawk optimization (HHO), and genetic algorithm (GA). This comparative analysis encompasses transient and frequency responses, performance indices, and robustness analysis. The outcomes of this comparison highlight the distinctive advantages of the proposed approach-based system. Moreover, the proposed approach's performance was compared with six other approaches used to control buck converter systems similarly regarding both time and frequency domain responses. Overall, the findings underscore the efficacy of the OCSAPS algorithm as a robust solution for designing FOPID controllers in buck converter systems.