Control Box Research Articles

Development of a full ocean depth hydraulic manipulator with heavy-duty capacity

The underwater manipulator is a versatile tool commonly used for various underwater operations. In this study, we developed a heavy-duty hydraulic manipulator capable of operating at full ocean depth. The overall system design integrates both the mechanical structure and the electric control system. The master arm controls the slave arm by transmitting control signals to the controller and valve box. The structural design of the elbow and wrist joints has been optimized to enhance the manipulator's underwater performance and operational range. Laboratory tests demonstrated the manipulator’s excellent response consistency and tracking capability across a wide range of motion. During sea trials in the Mariana Trench, the manned submersible Fendouzhe successfully deployed the manipulator, showcasing its exceptional ability to complete complex tasks.

Software Architecture Design of ASV Rybitwa: Development of an Autonomous Surface Vehicle for Dynamic Navigation and Task Execution

Abstract This paper introduces the software design of an Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) named ASV Rybitwa. It was designed as an easily transportable platform capable of autonomous navigation and performing tasks during the RoboBoat 2024 competition, with emphasis on its modularity, generality and extendibility. The paper presents a software architecture for a small autonomous surface vehicle using novel tools that provide easy system integration and expansion. To meet such requirements, a generic control box connecting an autopilot (PX4) and a onboard computer (NVIDIA Jetson Nano) was developed so as to host the Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2) and to interact with sensors and actuators. Computer vision from three Oak-D cameras, equipped with AI algorithm support (YOLOv8), was used for navigation and obstacle avoidance. The decision-making system was designed using behavioural trees and computer vision, allowing the vehicle’s capabilities to be adapted to the needs of the current tasks and mission. In addition, an Omni X propulsion system was proposed, providing full holonomy and enhancing dynamic positioning and navigation capabilities in complex navigational conditions. In addition this paper describes lessons learned from ASV Rybitwa’s real-world testing during the aforementioned competition.

Smart Farm Control System Using IoT

This paper presents a way to do smart agriculture by using the advances in technology and information today, especially the Internet of Things (IoT) to help control the environment to change according to the needs of plants automatically. Which this research used the method of making a closed house or Greenhouse size 6m x 9m x 4m in number of 2 houses and using various types of sensor equipment. To detect parameters that affect the environment such as: Temperature sensor, Humidity sensor, Soil moisture sensor, pH sensor and Light sensor. To bring those values ​​forward to the microcontroller to process and order the electrical equipment to work, such as solenoid valves or water pumps; As well as send the parameter value to display the results to the application on the smartphone and the website through the wireless Internet system (WiFi) using the Blynk platform or Blynk cloud. From the results of the design and experiment, it was found that the system can control electrical equipment in the farm system, such as solenoid valves, water pump, and read various values ​​according to the set goals and objectives. We can order control Turn on and off the water system or the fog system anywhere at any time according to the conditions of the internet connection or direct control through the control box at any place or choose to have the system work automatically such as watering and misting according to the conditions we want and the system can also monitor or check the temperature, touch moisture, soil moisture, light intensity and pH value of the water at any time through the platform of the brand that can be used on both smartphones and computers.

User-centric approach to optimizing thermal comfort in university classrooms: Utilizing computer vision and Q-XGBoost reinforcement learning

The ’one-size-fits-all’ setting of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in university classrooms not only compromises occupant comfort but also leads to potential energy wastage. This study proposes a user-centered approach to optimize the thermal environment in university classrooms by integrating computer vision and Q-XGBoost learning. Computer vision facilitates non-intrusive and real-time sensing of thermal comfort in dynamic university classroom environments. Simultaneously, the Q-XGBoost model identifies optimal operations for HVAC systems by learning from the interactions between occupants and their environment, ensuring a balance between comfort and energy efficiency. These innovative methodologies are harmoniously integrated into a smart air conditioning control box (SACC-Box), achieving intelligent operation of HVAC systems in the real world. Subsequently, a controlled study was conducted to test the user-centered approach’s performance in improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency. The results reveal that classrooms equipped with the SACC-Box significantly improve occupant satisfaction with thermal comfort by approximately 13.5 % while concurrently achieving up to a 5 % reduction in energy consumption compared to classrooms operating with traditional built-in smart control systems. This investigation offers a viable solution to balance energy efficiency and user comfort in university classrooms, underlining the transformative potential of integrating intelligent technologies that inspire a greener, more adaptable, and user-centric futures in higher education establishments.

Methods and experiments for automatic control of surface back pressure based on dung beetle optimizer-PID controller

To ensure safer drilling and to prevent kicks and blowouts, Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) technology has been proposed. However, conventional MPD necessitates manual operation of the choke within the choke manifolds by engineers, a task heavily reliant on their experience. This paper proposes a PID controller tuned using the Dung Beetle Optimizer (DBO) and details several laboratory experiments on automatic choke control utilising DBO-PID alongside a modified hydraulic control box. The experimental results demonstrate that DBO-PID can quickly and stably control the surface back pressure (SBP) to the desired level. Following extensive laboratory experiments validation, a field experiment implementing DBO-PID with a hydraulic control box was conducted on an offshore platform. The field experiment results indicate that DBO-PID is 29 % faster than manual control by an engineer in stabilising the SBP, with an overshoot of less than 4 % when nearing the target SBP. Additionally, during the control processes for both constant and variably targeted SBP, pressure fluctuation was 72 % and 63 % less, respectively, compared to manual operation. Both laboratory and field experiments have conclusively demonstrated that the automatic choke control system, comprising DBO-PID and a hydraulic control box, can efficiently manage SBP, thereby preventing kicks and blowouts. Furthermore, this system could replace manual operations in MPD, enhancing the safety of oil and gas resource development, protecting engineers' lives, and safeguarding the natural environment.

The Effectiveness of Control Box Education on Compliance with Fe Tablet Consumption in Pregnant Women at the Tampa Health Center

The Effectiveness of Control Box Education on Compliance with Fe Tablet Consumption in Pregnant Women at the Tampa Health Center

Controle de temperatura com PID e iluminação com tensão contínua para a avaliação do efeito sobre o índice de estabilidade do óleo de soja (Glycine max)

Currently, food products, such as oil, are displayed at high lighting intensities and sometimes at temperatures above 20 °C, factors that can accelerate oxidative rancidity, such as degradation of oil quality. This is the reason why a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control system was implemented that allowed quality tests to be carried out on the oil stored in different temperature conditions (13 °C to 27 °C). During these tests, the transfer function of the system and the controller, was found using the automatic tuning of the control box. This improved the precision and continuous voltage for illumination (from 155 lux to 1145 lux) by varying the intensity of the LEDs. For the experimental design, the central composite design (CCD) was used, resulting in 13 treatments. After 30 days, the quality of the oil was evaluated (acidity index and peroxide index), and the oxidative stability index was determined using the Rancimat method. It was found that temperature and lighting have a significant effect on the quality and oxidative stability of the oil (p < 0.05), achieving the storage condition with greater stability at 300 lux of lighting and 15 °C temperature.

Development of an Improved Communication Control System for ATV Electric Vehicles Using MRS Developers Studio

Transmission, energy management, and distribution systems are critical components of modern electric vehicles, encompassing all sectors of the power system through communication control technology. One widely used communication system in electric vehicles is the Controller Area Network (CAN). This research aims to investigate the development of CAN BUS technology, adapted from large trucks, to control the communication system within an ATV electric vehicle using a communication format similar to bus Communication. The communication control system includes several components: the engine switch, headlight, turn signal, emergency light, horn, forward/reverse gear, and accelerator. The system’s communication protocols were developed using MRS Developers Studio version 1.40 software to create the data transmission and reception formats for the vehicle’s components. The communication system employs three PLC 1.033.30B.00 type E control boxes, each with limited analog and digital input/output ports. The sequence of communication control begins with the engine start/stop operation, as the system will not function unless the engine is started first. The headlight operation is processed within the CAN BUS1 control box. Simultaneously, the turn signal and emergency light functions are controlled by CAN BUS1 and displayed on both the CAN BUS2 (front of the vehicle) and CAN BUS3 (rear of the vehicle) control boxes. Additionally, the accelerator function is managed within the CAN BUS2 control box and displayed on the CAN BUS3 control box. However, this operation is contingent upon the forward/reverse gear selection, managed by CAN BUS1 and processed by CAN BUS3. All system operations are designed within the software’s programming paths. The communication system operates using CAN-High and CAN-Low lines, and communication data fields can be monitored using the PCAN-View software version 4.2.1.533. This study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of adapting CAN BUS technology for ATV electric vehicles, providing insights into the integration and control of various vehicular components within a unified communication framework.

Development of Flexure‐Based Supernumerary Robotic Finger for Hand Function Augmentation

This study introduces a flexure‐based supernumerary robotic finger (FBSF) inspired by the proportions of the human thumb, aiming to overcome existing limitations in robotic finger design. In pursuit of seamless cooperation with the user's hand, human finger proportions are replicated. Finite element analysis of all five fingers indicates that the thumb‐mimicking configuration offers the largest workspace and bending angle. The FBSF, featuring a polycarbonate paired crossed flexural hinge structure and high impact polystyrene links, closely mirrors the human thumb. Weighing 59 g (main body) and 170 g (control box), the FBSF enables user‐driven control and decoupled actuation based on user intent, utilizing the electromyographic signal of the extensor carpi ulnaris via isometric contractions. An experimental protocol, including task blocks (releasing, clenching), confirms the FBSF's responsiveness to user intentions. When utilizing FBSF, it has been verified using a motion capture camera system that it is possible to extend the existing hand workspace by approximately 29.72%. Performance tests demonstrate the FBSF's capability to grasp various objects and assist in tasks, with a maximum load‐bearing capacity of 2.6 kg experimentally verified. This study demonstrates the potential of the developed FBSF to augment hand functionality in diverse applications.

Design of Pedal Bicycle Prototype using the PID Controller as an Alternative Energy Generator

In recent years, electricity consumption in Indonesia rose to 1.109 kWh, as the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources reported. An alternate method for generating electrical energy is harvesting the energy produced via exercising on a stationary bike. By employing Arduino Mega 2560pro-powered torque control using the PID (Proportional – Integral – Derivative) technique, we can effectively save the generator's power in the battery and modify the paddle load to match the user's desired settings. The design incorporates a repurposed bicycle that has been rebuilt, along with the addition of a transmission gear, a controller box housing a control circuit, a relay, and an inverter. Additionally, it is equipped with a display and buttons. This system can generate a paddle load ranging from 1 to 17 in normal mode and 1 to 10 in PID mode. The system has a maximum current output of 3.2A and a battery capacity of 24VDC. This DC voltage is then transformed into a 220 VA AC voltage suitable for residential electrical use using an inverter. The PID controller will regulate the current flowing into the battery, ensuring it remains steady even with a consistent wood load. PID control can reach a set point at the settling time, 7 s, with an overshoot and a steady-state error of 0%. Every motor achieved the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) value set to the ideal current. As the RPM increases, the PWM decreases until it reaches the preset set point with a constant current value.

Handheld robotic device for endoscopic neurosurgery: system integration and pre-clinical evaluation.

The Expanded Endoscopic Endonasal Approach, one of the best examples of endoscopic neurosurgery, allows access to the skull base through the natural orifice of the nostril. Current standard instruments lack articulation limiting operative access and surgeon dexterity, and thus, could benefit from robotic articulation. In this study, a handheld robotic system with a series of detachable end-effectors for this approach is presented. This system is comprised of interchangeable articulated 2/3 degrees-of-freedom 3 mm instruments that expand the operative workspace and enhance the surgeon's dexterity, an ergonomically designed handheld controller with a rotating joystick-body that can be placed at the position most comfortable for the user, and the accompanying control box. The robotic instruments were experimentally evaluated for their workspace, structural integrity, and force-delivery capabilities. The entire system was then tested in a pre-clinical context during a phantom feasibility test, followed up by a cadaveric pilot study by a cohort of surgeons of varied clinical experience. Results from this series of experiments suggested enhanced dexterity and adequate robustness that could be associated with feasibility in a clinical context, as well as improvement over current neurosurgical instruments.

Design and Optimization of Heat Dissipation for a High-Voltage Control Box in Energy Storage Systems

Abstract To address the issue of excessive temperature rises within the field of electronic device cooling, this study adopts a multi-parameter optimization method. The primary objective is to explore and realize the design optimization of the shell structure of the high-voltage control box, aiming to effectively mitigate the temperature rise in internal components and enhance their thermal management efficacy without altering the fan performance, environmental conditions, or spatial layout. Initially, the study employs computational fluid dynamics methods to investigate the heat dissipation characteristics of the high-voltage control box, subsequently verifying the simulation parameters' accuracy through temperature rise tests. Building upon this foundation, the article conducts a thorough analysis of how the position and shape of the box's openings impact the device's temperature rise. The findings suggest that configuring circular openings on the front and rear sides can optimize the heat dissipation effect. Moreover, the SHERPA algorithm was employed to refine the size and distribution of the openings on the outer shell of the high-voltage control box through multi-parameter optimization, yielding locally optimal structural parameters. Post-optimization, the temperature measurement points within the high-voltage control box exhibited a maximum reduction in temperature rise of 27.16%. The pivotal contribution of this methodology is the application of a data-driven decision-making process for the enhancement of conventional heat dissipation designs. This research offers invaluable practical insights and novel perspectives on the optimization of thermal management designs for box-type electronic devices, significantly advancing the field of thermal management technology in electronic devices.

Orbital Tolerance and Intrinsic Orbital Capacity for Electric Propulsion Constellations

Large constellations are typically designed using sets of periodic orbits and satellite control boxes sized to ensure compatible phasing between coorbital constellation planes to prevent conjunction events. This work investigates how the control action for orbit maintenance influences feasible intrashell and intershell distances in a satellite constellation. Two-dimensional lattice flower constellations are simulated in an environment inclusive of orbital perturbations, with onboard sensors and an electric propulsion system constituting the satellite guidance, navigation, and control system. An analysis to define estimates for minimum separation distances is performed as a function of control, propulsion, orbit, environmental, and spacecraft characteristics. An estimate of the intrinsic (geometric) orbital capacity is proposed, based on current and advanced technologies, in order to quantify the number of admissible spacecraft and orbital shells in a selected altitude range. Simulation results are used to improve the fidelity of intrinsic orbital capacity estimates and to understand factors that influence the number of admissible satellite locations in low Earth orbit.

Periodic sampling and count rate correction of the low energy X-ray telescope on board the Insight- Hard X-ray modulation telescope

The Low Energy X-ray Telescope (LE) is an important instrument of the Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT), which performs scanning and point observation in the soft X-ray energy band (0.7–13 keV). Since its launch in 2017, it has conducted a large number of scientific observations and achieved significant astronomical discoveries. LE is composed of three detector boxes and an electronic control box. The data acquisition system of LE is designed to use periodic sampling, which solves the problem of unstable noise peaks. Data loss may occur when observing X-ray bursts, and periodic sampling provides a method of correcting light curves. In addition, in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) or where the count rate of the particle monitor on the Insight-HXMT is very high, LE automatically switches into SAA operating mode, and only a small number of events are recorded. After data correction, the light curves can be estimated to expand the astronomical achievements of LE.

Development and Working Test of Microcontroller-based Automatic Seedling Tools for Hydroponic Systems

The purpose of this study is to design a tool that is able to monitor moisture and light automatically and knowing the performance of lettuce seeding tools that are able to monitor moisture and light automatically, this research is descriptive research using the type of Research and Development (R &; D) research with the Waterfall method. The variables controlled are light and moisture using soil moisture sensors and grow light. The automatic seedling tool modification process consists of 3 stages including making mechanical components, electronic comments, and functional checking and product testing. The data obtained from the sensor readings will be displayed through the LCD screen on the control box. The results showed that the seedling tool can monitor moisture when the moisture is below 60%, the pump will be on and when the moisture is above 60%, the pump will be off, and the light produced with grow light will turn on at 06.00 to 18.00 pm every day. Researchers recommend adding moisture to every shelf, growing lights or LED sensor lights, and fans for further research based on their findings. As a consideration and reference resource addressing the current science on the manufacture and performance test of seedling tools that are able to monitor moisture and light automatically. incorporating the most recent ideas and information on creating and evaluating seedling equipment with automatic light and moisture monitoring. It is anticipated that this researcher will serve as a seeding industry reference.

Design and development of single-phase inverter for locomotives based on SVPWM

For locomotive in high-power inverter power supply output efficiency is low, the level is not stable, push-pull circuit before the switch tube of high pressure, low utilization rate of the original winding transformer problem, designed and developed a kind of single phase inverter power supply based on SVPWM control. The inverter is designed with a modular structure with a rated power of 4KW, which is used to supply power to the cab electrical apparatus and auxiliary air compressor at both ends of the locomotive. It is composed of a filter circuit, a front-end boost control drive circuit, a full-bridge DC boost circuit, an inverter control circuit, a voltage and current sampling circuit, a back-end full-bridge inverter circuit and a protection circuit. The front stage of the inverter adopts a full bridge chopper circuit topology, while the rear stage achieves SVPWM control through the Vacon NXS control box. Finally, a power supply prototype was produced through simulation verification, and the results showed that the designed power supply met the design requirements.

Research and Application of the Fourth Generation Stratified Water Injection Technology in Daqing Oilfield

Stratified water injection is the most important characteristic technology in Daqing oilfield development, providing technical support for efficient oilfield development. With the oilfield entering the ultra-high water cut stage, the remaining oil is highly dispersed, the oil-water relationship is complex, the qualified rate of water injection decreases rapidly, and the difficulty of stabilizing oil and controlling water is increasing. In order to solve the contradiction between the increasing workload of water injection well testing and the limited testing team, and mee t the needs of oilfield precision development, the cable-controlled layered water injection technology has been developed. In this technology, the pressure monitoring system, flow monitoring system and flow control system are placed in the preset cable intelligent water distributor. At the office end, the technicians send control instructions on the server software, and send them to the ground control box through the oilfield production wireless network. The cable carrier technology is used to transmit the instructions to the intelligent water distributor through the cable, so as to achieve real-time communication, obtain the downhole layering parameter information, and control the downhole layering injection volume. Ten intelligent injection technology demonstration areas have been built to verify the process adaptability under different development contradictions. The cable-controlled layered water injection technology improves the proportion of water absorption thickness, effectively controls the water cut rise rate and natural decline rate, and has obvious oil increase effect, promoting the digital transformation and intelligent development of the oilfield.

Design and verification of the electric control box of the low energy x-ray telescope onboard the Insight-HXMT

Design and verification of the electric control box of the low energy x-ray telescope onboard the Insight-HXMT

Designing Logical Sequence by Using Microcontroller as Security Tools

The objective of this paper are 1) to tell how to design logical security tools by using microcontroller 2) to describe the sequence of designing logical using microcontroller toward security controller. To explain the sequence step by step the researcher used design electronic chain. An Embedded system usually consists of at least a system unit microprocessor its memory for the program, data also input or output interface simple system. The interface like floppy disk, keyboard, appearance or printer which are usually available on the personal computer exactly is not available at the micro control system. Microcontroller systems are used for important simple works like control motors, switch, variable resistor or electronic device, one of micro control used is box control or safe deposit boxes such as house, office, or bank for safe security. By utilizing micro control, the owner has valuables are not felt worried about the safe deposit box from stolen

Towards Sustainable Smart Living: Cloud-Based IoT Solutions for Home Automation

In recent times, the realm of home automation systems has garnered significant attention, thanks to the ever-evolving landscape of communication technology. The concept of a smart home, essentially an application of the Internet of Things (IoT), leverages the power of the internet to oversee and employ household appliances through a sophisticated automation infrastructure. Nevertheless, challenges persist within the existing home automation systems, such as constrained wireless transmission reach, a deficiency in backup power management, and the substantial financial outlay involved. Addressing these limitations, our study introduces an economical and resilient solution that combines cloud based IoT with an uninterrupted power management system, making a cutting-edge home automation prototype. This system relies on a microcontroller unit, specifically the ESP-32, which functions as a Wi-Fi-enabled gateway for connecting a variety of sensors and transmitting their data to the Blynk IoT cloud server. The data assembled from a multitude of sensors, including vibration sensors and voltage detectors, becomes readily accessible on users' devices, be it smartphones or laptops, irrespective of their geographical location. The system is further strengthened by a set of relays that link the ESP-32 with household appliances, allowing for centralized control. Structurally, the design uses a control box that can be seamlessly integrated into a real home environment, offering the means to both monitor and govern an array of household devices. This IoT-based home automation solution not only efficiently manages internet-connected appliances but also provides an effective emergency power management system, enabling remote initiation and deactivation of backup generators. It represents a innovative leap in the evolution of home automation systems, steering in convenience, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness.