Contribution Of Biomass Burning Research Articles

Impacts of Anthropogenic Emissions and Open Biomass Burning in South Asia and Southeast Asia on Air Quality and Meteorology Over Southern China

AbstractThe emissions from South Asia and Southeast Asia significantly impact air quality and meteorological conditions in China. However, the individual or joint contributions of anthropogenic emissions and/or biomass burning from outside China to surface particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) over southern China have not been fully investigated. Here, five experiments were designed to investigate the impacts of these emissions in January (winter), March (pre‐monsoon), and October (post‐monsoon) for 2017. Aerosols from South Asia and Southeast Asia contributed less to southern China during winter and post‐monsoon seasons, whereas the wind patterns and emission intensity during the pre‐monsoon season were conducive to the transport of aerosols. During pre‐monsoon season, the total emissions contributed approximately 5.0 μg m−3 to surface PM2.5 in Xizang Province. Biomass burning in Southeast Asia increased PM2.5 in Yunnan Province by 37.9 μg m−3, while anthropogenic emissions increased it by 8.9 μg m−3. Transboundary aerosols can be transported to Xizang Province and Yunnan Province, primarily influencing PM2.5 below 2 km height. It mainly affected PM2.5 levels above the planetary boundary layer over southeast China. Aerosols from outside China can account for 79.5% and 54.8% AOD in Yunnan Province and southeast China, respectively. These aerosols reduced surface incident solar radiation by approximately 6%, leading to decreases in air temperature, wind speed, and boundary layer height. The findings are only applicable to the pre‐monsoon season.

Local contribution of road traffic and residential biomass burning to black carbon aerosols – Modelling and validation

Black carbon (BC) is a harmful pollutant to human health and the environment. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the local contribution of road traffic and residential biomass burning to BC pollution levels at urban scale by implementing an integrated modelling approach with high spatial and temporal resolution. The traffic emission was extended to include BC emission factors considering road network as line emission sources. A new module to calculate emissions from residential biomass burning was developed based on the heating degree days methodology and local surveys. The modelling approach implemented in Coimbra, Portugal, was validated with observations collected during a six-month monitoring campaign at urban traffic and urban background stations using thermo-optical and optical methods. At the traffic station, modelling results showed that 86% of BC concentrations are related to traffic activity, which are mostly due to hot exhaust emissions (76%). Nevertheless, biomass burning has a significant contribution in the whole urban area during winter. The results of monthly average BC concentrations obtained from dispersion modelling revealed a contribution from local road traffic and residential biomass burning emissions of around 4 μg m−3 at both monitoring sites during the coldest period, but this contribution was two times higher for the hotspots identified within the urban area. Moreover, hourly values at hotspots obtained from the modelling may achieve 85 μg m−3, thus stressing the importance of spatial and temporal analysis with high resolution. The validation approach applied in this work highlight the need for more transparency in defining “black carbon” reported by modelling to ensure comparability with measurements obtained by different techniques.

Nitrogen isotope characteristics and importance of NOx from biomass burning in China

Biomass burning is a primary source of atmospheric nitrogen oxide (NOx), however, the lack of isotopic fingerprints from biomass burning limits their use in tracing atmospheric nitrate (NO3−) and NOx. A total of 25 biomass fuels from 10 provinces and regions in China were collected, and the δ15N values of biomass fuels (δ15N-biomass) and δ15N-NOx values of biomass burning (δ15N-NOx values of BB, open burning, and rural cooking stove burning) were determined. The δ15N-NOx values of open burning and rural cooking stove burning ranged from −0.8 ‰ to 11.6 ‰ and 0.8 ‰ to 9.5 ‰, respectively, indicating a significant linear relation with δ15N-biomass. Based on the measured δ15N-NOx values of BB and biomass burning emission inventory data, the δ15N-NOx values of BB in different provinces and regions of China were calculated using the δ15N-NOx model, with a mean value of 5.0 ± 1.8 ‰. The spatial variations in the estimated δ15N-NOx values of BB in China were mainly controlled by the differences in the δ15N-NOx values and the proportions of NOx emissions from various straw burning activities in provinces and regions of China. Furthermore, by using the combined local emissions of biomass burning with regional transportations of NOx based on air-mass backward trajectories, we established an improved δ15N-NOx model and obtained more accurate δ15N-NOx values of BB in regions (2.3 ‰ to 8.4 ‰). By utilising the reported δ15N-NOx values of precipitation and particulate matter from 21 cities in China and the more accurate δ15N-NOx values of BB, the NOx contributions from four sources (mobile sources, coal combustion, biomass burning, and microbial N cycle) at the national scale were estimated using a Bayesian model. The significant contributions of biomass burning (20.9 % to 44.3 %) to NOx emissions were revealed, which is vital for controlling NOx emissions in China.

Hygroscopic Properties of Water-Soluble Counterpart of Ultrafine Particles from Agriculture Crop-Residue Burning in Patiala, Northwestern India

To determine the link between hygroscopicity and the constituent chemical composition of real biomass-burning atmospheric particles, we collected and analyzed aerosols during wheat-straw (April–May), rice-straw (October–November), and no-burning periods (August–September) in 2008 and 2009 in Patiala, Punjab. A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) system was used to measure hygroscopicity at ~5 to ~95% relative humidity (RH) of aerosolized 100 nm particles generated from the water extracts of PM0.4 burning and no-burning aerosol samples. The chemical analyses of the extracts show that organic carbon and water-soluble inorganic-ion concentrations are 2 to 3 times higher in crop-residue burning aerosol samples compared to no-burning aerosols, suggesting the substantial contribution of biomass burning to the carbonaceous aerosols at the sampling site. We observed that aerosolized 100 nm particles collected during the crop-residue burning period show higher and more variable hygroscopic growth factor (g(RH)) ranging from 1.21 to 1.68 at 85% RH, compared to no-burning samples (1.27 to 1.33). Interestingly, crop-residue burning particles also show considerable shrinkage in their size (i.e., g(RH) < 1) at lower RH (<50%) in the dehumidification mode. The increased level of major inorganic ions in biomass-burning period aerosols is a possible reason for higher g(RH) as well as the observed particle shrinkage. Overall, the measured g(RH), together with the correlation observed between aerosol water content and ionic-species volume fraction, and the study of the abundance of individual constituent ionic species suggests that inorganic salts and their proportion in aerosol particles primarily governed the aerosol hygroscopicity.

Compositions and sources of fluorescent water-soluble and water-insoluble organic aerosols

Brown carbon (BrC), the light-absorbing component of organic aerosols, plays a significant role in climate change and atmospheric photochemistry. However, the water-insoluble fractions of BrC have not been extensively studied, limiting the assessment of the overall climate effects of BrC. In this study, water-soluble and -insoluble organic carbon (i.e., WSOC and WIOC) in wintertime aerosols in Hefei were subsequently fractionated, and their fluorescence properties were comparatively investigated with the excitation–emission matrix method. WIOC contributing 57.1 % was the major component of organic carbon. WSOC with the largest contribution from humic-like regions exhibited a redshift compared to WIOC. Three humic-like substances (HULIS) with different oxidation degrees and one protein-like substances (PRLIS) were identified as the major fluorescent components by the parallel factor analysis. WSOC had more highly oxygenated HULIS, whereas low-oxygenated HULIS dominated WIOC. Nighttime WIOC contained more less-oxygenated species. The positive matrix factorization analysis suggested that biomass burning (43 %) was the largest source of both fluorescent WSOC and WIOC. Coal combustion contributed much more to fluorescent WIOC (40 %), whereas secondary formation contributed more to fluorescent WSOC (12 %). During aerosol pollution episodes, the increase in fluorescence efficiency was much greater for WIOC (25 %) than for WSOC (12 %), and WSOC and WIOC experienced a redshift and blueshift in emission wavelength, respectively. WSOC had more highly oxygenated HULIS, while WIOC had more less-oxygenated HULIS in aerosol episodes than the non-episodic periods. In addition, aerosol pollution was accompanied by the increased contributions of biomass burning and coal combustion to both fluorescent WSOC and WIOC, while the decreased relative contribution of secondary formation to fluorescent WSOC. Our findings highlighted the different fluorescence properties, compositions and sources of fluorescent WSOC and WIOC, providing a comprehensive view of BrC aerosols.

Measured black carbon deposition over the central Himalayan glaciers: Concentrations in surface snow and impact on snow albedo reduction

Deposition of ambient black carbon (BC) aerosols over snow-covered areas reduces surface albedo and accelerates snowmelt. Based on in-situ atmospheric BC data and the WRF-Chem model, we estimated the dry and wet deposition of BC over the Yala glacier of the central Himalayan region in Nepal during 2016–2018. The maximum and minimum BC dry deposition was reported in pre- and post-monsoon respectively. Approximately 50% of annual dry deposition occurred in the pre-monsoon season (March to May) and 27% of the annual dry deposition occurred in April. The total dry BC deposition rate was estimated as ∼4.6 μg m−2 day−1 providing a total deposition of 531 μg m−2 during the pre-monsoon season. The contribution of biomass burning and fossil fuel sources to BC deposition on an annual basis was 28% and 72% respectively. The annual accumulated wet deposition of BC was 196 times higher than the annual dry deposition. The ten months of observed dry deposition of BC (October 1, 2016 to August 31, 2017 – except December 2016) was ∼39% lower than that of WRF-Chem's estimated annual dry deposition from September 1, 2016 to August 31, 2017 partially due to model bias. The deposited content of BC over the snow surface has an important role in albedo reduction, therefore snow samples were collected from the surface of the Yala Glacier and the surrounding region in April 2016, 2017, and 2018. Samples were analyzed for BC mass concentration through the thermal optical analysis and single particle soot photometer method. The BC calculated via the thermal optical method was in the range of 352–854 ng g−1, higher than the BC calculated through the particle soot photometer method and estimated BC in 2 cm surface snow (imperial equation). The maximum surface snow albedo reduction due to BC was 8.8%, estimated by a widely used snow radiative transfer model and a linear regression equation.

Air quality challenges in Central Asian urban areas: a PM2.5 source apportionment analysis in Dushanbe, Tajikistan.

This work presents the first comprehensive assessment of PM pollution sources in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. A total of 138 PM2.5 samples were collected during 2015-2016 and 2018-2019 and were analyzed through gravimetric, ED-XRF, and multi-wavelength absorption techniques. The results show that PM2.5 concentrations were substantially higher than the European annual limit value and WHO Air Quality Guidelines annual average value, with an average of 90.9 ± 68.5μgm-3. The PMF application identified eight sources of pollution that influenced PM2.5 concentration levels in the area. Coal burning (21.3%) and biomass burning (22.3%) were the dominant sources during the winter, while vehicular traffic (7.7%) contributed more during the warm season. Power plant emissions (17.5%) showed enhanced contributions during the warm months, likely due to high energy demand. Cement industry emissions (6.9%) exhibited significant contribution during the cold period of 2018-2019, while soil dust (11.3%) and secondary sulphates (11.5%) displayed increased contribution during the warm and cold months, respectively. Finally, waste burning (1.5%) displayed the lowest contribution, with no significant temporal variation. Our results highlight the significant impact of anthropogenic activities, and especially the use of coal burning for energy production (both in power plants and for residential heating), and the significant contribution of biomass burning during both warm and cold seasons.

Understanding the seasonal dynamics of surface PM2.5 mass distribution and source contributions over Thailand

The escalating levels of aerosols have emerged as a significant concern for climate extremes in the Southeast Asian regions, particularly accentuated during El Nino Years. In this study, we utilized a combination of atmospheric measurements and modeling to investigate the seasonal and geographical distribution of PM2.5 mass concentrations and its primary contributors across Thailand during La Nina (2017) and El Nino (2019) years. Our findings revealed the highest daily mean surface PM2.5 mass concentration during the summer season across most regions, followed by winter, and the lowest levels during the rainy season. Notably, a significant shift in daily mean PM2.5 mass was observed from 2017 to 2019 across all seasons, with a pronounced increase of 70.9% over northern Thailand during the summer, attributed to heightened biomass burning (BB) contributions. In terms of source attribution for PM2.5 mass, the primary contributors in 2017 were BB at 34.3%, followed by anthropogenic emissions (AE) at 32.4%, and natural emissions (NE) at 30.1%. However, in 2019, the BB contribution surged to 47.4% nationwide. During El Nino years, BB played a significant role in shaping concentrations during summer and winter, while NE dominated the rainy season. An important implication of our findings is the significant potential for reducing daily and annual mean PM2.5 mass levels throughout Thailand by effectively reducing BB emissions.

Underestimated contribution of open biomass burning to terpenoid emissions revealed by a novel hourly dynamic inventory

Terpenoids play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry, contributing significantly to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol. However, the accurate quantification of terpenoid emissions from biomass burning is currently lacking, leading to underestimated air quality impacts. This study developed a near real-time hourly open biomass burning (OBB) emission inventory named OBEIC, which incorporated geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite fire radiative power. The OBEIC inventory provided emission estimates of 69 terpenoids, categorized into four groups, at an hourly resolution. Monoterpenes were the dominant contributors to the total emissions, accounting for 58 % of the total terpenoid emissions from OBB. Notably, only 24 % of the total monoterpenes emitted from OBB were accounted for by α-pinene and β-pinene, indicating the importance of quantifying emissions of other monoterpene species such as limonene and camphene. Additionally, oxygenated terpenoids, which were previously overlooked, contribute to 20 % of total terpenoid emissions from OBB. Diurnally, the emissions of terpenoids were primarily concentrated during the daytime (61 %); however, this study revealed the significance of nighttime emissions (39 %) as well. When compared to the biogenic and anthropogenic emissions, OBB made substantial contributions to nighttime isoprene (99.8 %), monoterpene (66.8 %), and sesquiterpene (61.7 %) emissions where OBB occurs (in 3 km range), suggesting its significant role in nighttime secondary pollutant formation. The methodology developed in this study has the potential to reduce uncertainties in OBB emissions estimation.

Origins of formaldehyde in a mountainous background atmosphere of southern China

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the key indicators of severe photochemical pollution and strong atmospheric oxidation capacity in southern China. However, current information on the origins of regional HCHO and the impacts of polluted air masses remains scarce and unclear. In this study, an intensive observation of HCHO was conducted at a mountainous background site in southern China during typical photochemical pollution episodes. The concentrations of HCHO reached up to 6.14 ppbv and averaged at 2.68 ± 1.11 ppbv. Source appointment using a photochemical age-based parameterization method revealed significant contributions of secondary formation (50 %) and biomass burning (42 %). Meanwhile, under the influence of the East Asian Winter Monsoon, polluted air masses from central and western China can significantly increase the regional HCHO levels. The simulation results adopting the Rapid Adaptive Optimization Model for Atmospheric Chemistry model further demonstrated that the intrusion of active anthropogenic pollutants (e.g., small-molecule alkenes) can accelerate the net production rate of HCHO, particularly through BVOC-oxidation pathways. This study suggests a potential enhanced mechanism of HCHO production resulting from anthropogenic-biogenic interactions. It highlights that polluted air masses carrying abundant HCHO from upwind areas may facilitate severe photochemical pollution in the Greater Bay Area.

Source apportionment of black carbon using an advanced Aethalometer model in a typical industrial city of China

Black carbon (BC) aerosol can lead to adverse health effects and drive climate change; therefore, the characteristic research and identification of BC sources are essential for lowering emissions. In this study, equivalent black carbon (eBC) measurement was performed using a seven-wavelength Aethalometer (AE33) at an urban site in a typical industrial city (Zibo) of Northern China for the first time. The monitoring was performed from February 2021 to January 2022. The mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of AE33 was optimised using the online elemental carbon (EC) data, and eBC was corrected using the MAC. The corrected annual BC concentration was 1.72 ± 1.18 µg/m3. The diurnal variation of BC depicted a bimodal distribution. Furthermore, the BC concentration on weekends was 18 % lower than on weekdays. The diurnal variation and weekend effect reflect the critical contributions of traffic emission to BC concentration. The source apportionment of BC was calculated by a constraining Aethalometer model, which restricted the Ångström exponent using the online potassium ions. The results revealed that BC was not significantly affected by biomass burning (BCbb) in Zibo. The relative contribution of BCbb was higher in winter than in other seasons. The daily morning peak of BC was primarily influenced by traffic sources, whereas the contribution of biomass burning increased after 17:00 in the evening peak. Our findings suggest that it is more important to control fossil fuel sources for BC emission reduction in Zibo, while it is necessary to strengthen the control of biomass combustion sources in winter.

Biomass Combustion in Boiler: Environmental Monitoring of Sugar Markers and Pollutants

The need to use renewable sources and matrices with energy potential is widely recognized. The development of innovative technologies aimed at the improvement of energy conversion processes and reducing environmental impacts is currently receiving increasing attention from the scientific community and policymakers. The presence of sugars in airborne particle materials is attributed to biomass combustion. For this reason, these compounds are considered markers of biomass burning. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the emissions produced by agroforestry biomass burning (citrus pruning) by simultaneously sampling both stack emissions and atmospheric particulates in the area around a biomass boiler to understand the real contribution of biomass burning to atmospheric pollution. The combustion tests were carried out by comparing the processes with and without particulate abatement system to see how biomass combustion’s contribution to particulate emission can be controlled and reduced. During the tests, the focus was on particulate matter (PM) speciation in terms of sugar marker identification and determination. This study aims to increase knowledge to better understand the contribution of biomass plants to air pollution and differentiate it from the contributions of other sources, such as vehicular traffic or domestic heating.

Organic tracers in fine and coarse aerosols at an urban Mediterranean site: contribution of biomass burning and biogenic emissions.

The concentrations of anhydrosugars (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan), polyols (inositol, xylitol, sorbitol, and mannitol), and glucose were measured in PM1 and PM10 samples collected during 1 year at a traffic site in the city of Elche (southeastern Spain). Levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan were mainly found in the PM1 fraction since they are mainly emitted from biomass burning (BB). Likewise, inositol, xylitol, and sorbitol were primarily distributed in the fine mode, suggesting a non-negligible contribution from anthropogenic sources (specifically BB) to the levels of these compounds. This was supported by their seasonal variations, with higher concentrations during winter, and their correlations with levoglucosan concentrations. The average contributions of biomass burning and biogenic sources to OC and PM levels were calculated using levoglucosan and mannitol, respectively, as tracers. On average, BB accounted for 12% and 16% of the OC in PM1 and PM10, while the estimated contribution of fungal spores to OC and PM10 levels was 1.2 and 0.8%, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that, at least in the study area, most sugar alcohols are not appropriate tracers of biogenic emissions.

Characterization of Metal Elements in Atmospheric PM2.5 and Health Risk Assessment in Heze in Winter from 2017 to 2018

Atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected in Heze, Shandong Province, from a total of three sampling sites at Heze College, Huarun Pharmacy, and a wastewater treatment plant between October 15, 2017 and January 31, 2018, to determine the concentrations of 21 metal elements in PM2.5 using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The degree of elemental enrichment was also discussed, the health risks and potential heavy metal ecological risks were assessed. The results showed that ρ (PM2.5) ranged from 26.7 to 284.1 μg·m-3 at the three sampling sites during the sampling period, and the concentration values did not differ significantly, all of which were at high pollution levels. The highest concentrations of K were found in the three sampling sites, accounting for 31.03%, 39.47%, and 38.43% of the total, respectively, mainly due to the high contribution of biomass burning in autumn and winter in Heze, a large agricultural city. The highest concentrations of Zn, 89.70, 84.21, and 67.68 ng·m-3, were found in the trace elements at the three sampling sites, respectively. The enrichment factor results showed that the enrichment factor values of Zn, Pb, Sn, Sb, Cd, and Se were higher than 100, among which the enrichment factors of Cd and Se were higher than 2 000 and 4 000, respectively, which were significantly influenced by anthropogenic activities and might have been related to industrial production, metal smelting, road sources, and coal combustion emissions. The health risk results showed that there was some potential non-carcinogenic risk (HQ>0.1 for children and adults) for As and a combined potential non-carcinogenic risk (HI>0.1) and some potential carcinogenic risk (CRT>1×10-6) for both children and adults at the three sampling sites. There was a more significant carcinogenic risk (CRT>1×10-4) for adults at the wastewater treatment plant, and the slightly higher carcinogenic risk for adults than that for children may have been related to the longer outdoor activity and higher PM2.5 exposure for adults. The elements with the highest potential ecological risk values were Cd, As, and Pb, with Cd exhibiting a very high potential ecological risk that should be taken seriously. All three sampling sites showed a very high combined potential ecological risk, with the intensity spatially expressed as Heze College>Huarun Pharmacy>wastewater treatment plant.

Light absorption properties and source contributions of black and brown carbon in Guangxi, southern China

Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon aerosols (BrC) are primary light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols that significantly influence the global and regional radiation balance, as well as air quality. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, as a primarily agricultural province of China and neighbouring Southeast Asia, is subjected to both local emissions and pollution transport from Southeast Asian biomass burning. To investigate the light absorption properties and source contributions of BC and BrC in this region, observations from a 7-wavelength Aethalometer are employed to estimate the light absorption properties of BC and BrC over the period from March to December 2020 in Nanning, China. This study focuses on analysing the absorption contributions of BC and BrC to the total absorption of carbonaceous aerosols, identifying their emission sources, and exploring the impact of long-range transport of biomass burning (BB) from Southeast Asia on BC and BrC based on backward trajectory and weighted concentration-weighted trajectories (WCWT) model. Our results show that the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols varies from 0.54 to 2.08, reflecting the presence of different absorbing aerosol sources with specific optical properties. The average absorption coefficients of BC and BrC at 370 nm, denoted as babs,BC(370) and babs,BrC(370), are 42.25 Mm−1 and 9.63 Mm−1, respectively, with the highest value observed in winter. The average absorption of BrC contributes 19% to the total absorption from light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols, and this contribution decreases for high babs,BrC(370) values, with the highest value in summer at 20%. For the BC source apportionment using a site-specific AAE, fossil fuel combustion (FF) contributes 57%, with its highest proportion in summer (62%). Meanwhile, biomass burning (BB) accounts for 43%, with the greatest contribution in winter (58%). These results highlight the considerable role of BB in Guangxi. In terms of the BrC sources, secondary BrC (BrCsec) is responsible for 32% of the total light absorption of BrC at 370 nm, and is particularly characterized by a much higher level of 35% at night, meaning the dominant role of BrCsec in Nanning. The relative contribution of babs,BrC,sec(370) increases with a higher contribution of babs,BrC(370) to aerosol absorption. Compared with the BrCsec, primary BrC values are higher in spring and winter, due to the increased emissions from biomass burning. Based on the analysis of backward trajectory and WCWT, the increase in BC and BrC during March and April is mainly influenced by the long-range transport of BB from Southeast Asian countries, e.g., Laos and Thailand. Overall, the contributions of BB and FF emissions to BC are comparable in Guangxi, while BrC mainly formed from primary sources is significantly impacted by both local emissions and the long-range transport of BB. Studying the optical characteristics and emission sources in this region can promote the understanding of the radiative effect of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols under the joint contributions from biomass burning and industrial emissions.

Contributions of Biomass Burning and Other Sources to Fine Particle Level and Oxidative Potential in Suburban Tokyo, Japan

Contributions of Biomass Burning and Other Sources to Fine Particle Level and Oxidative Potential in Suburban Tokyo, Japan

Source identification and health risk assessment of particle phase organic compounds in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh

Particle phase organic compounds (PPOCs) constitute a significant portion of suspended organic compounds in the atmosphere, impacting human health. Limited research on sources, seasonal variations, and health effects in Bangladesh motivated this study, where particulate matter samples were collected in Dhaka, Rajshahi, Narayangonj, and Bhola from January 2015 to February 2019. Sixteen PPOCs concentrations were measured using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Average PPOC concentrations were 11.60 ± 0.1 µgm-3 in Dhaka, 8.69 ± 0.3 µgm-3 in Rajshahi, 11.84 ± 0.4 µgm-3 in Narayangonj, and 7.22 ± 0.2 µgm-3 in Bhola, with 2 to 18 times higher concentrations in winter than monsoon season. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified major PPOCs sources as diesel exhaust, biomass burning, industrial emissions, and gasoline exhaust. Urban areas were dominated by industrial emissions, while rural regions had significant biomass burning contribution. Health risk assessment indicated a hazard index (HI) of 30.2, signifying severe non-carcinogenic effects, with Dimethoate contributing significantly (32%). The average lifetime cancer risk (2.94 × 10-3) exceeded USEPA guidelines, suggesting heightened cancer risk. Naphthalene posed the highest carcinogenic risk. Given anthropogenic sources and severe health impacts, public awareness and localized research are crucial.

Aerosol source apportionment uncertainty linked to the choice of input chemical components

For a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) aerosol source apportionment (SA) studies there is no standard procedure to select the most appropriate chemical components to be included in the input dataset for a given site typology, nor specific recommendations in this direction. However, these choices are crucial for the final SA outputs not only in terms of number of sources identified but also, and consequently, in the source contributions estimates. In fact, PMF tends to reproduce most of PM mass measured independently and introduced as a total variable in the input data, regardless of the percentage of PM mass which has been chemically characterized, so that the lack of some specific source tracers (e.g. levoglucosan) can potentially affect the results of the whole source apportionment study. The present study elaborates further on the same concept, evaluating quantitatively the impact of lacking specific sources’ tracers on the whole source apportionment, both in terms of identified sources and source contributions. This work aims to provide first recommendations on the most suitable and critical components to be included in PMF analyses in order to reduce PMF output uncertainty as much as possible, and better represent the most commons PM sources observed in many sites in Western countries. To this aim, we performed three sensitivity analyses on three different datasets across EU, including extended sets of organic tracers, in order to cover different types of urban conditions (Mediterranean, Continental, and Alpine), source types, and PM fractions. Our findings reveal that the vehicle exhaust source resulted to be less sensitive to the choice of analytes, although source contributions estimates can deviate significantly up to 44 %. On the other hand, for the detection of the non-exhaust one is clearly necessary to analyze specific inorganic elements. The choice of not analysing non-polar organics likely causes the loss of separation of exhaust and non-exhaust factors, thus obtaining a unique road traffic source, which provokes a significant bias of total contribution. Levoglucosan was, in most cases, crucial to identify biomass burning contributions in Milan and in Barcelona, in spite of the presence of PAHs in Barcelona, while for the case of Grenoble, even discarding levoglucosan, the presence of PAHs allowed identifying the BB factor. Modifying the rest of analytes provoke a systematic underestimation of biomass burning source contributions. SIA factors resulted to be generally overestimated with respect to the base case analysis, also in the case that ions were not included in the PMF analysis. Trace elements were crucial to identify shipping emissions (V and Ni) and industrial sources (Pb, Ni, Br, Zn, Mn, Cd and As). When changing the rest of input variables, the uncertainty was narrow for shipping but large for industrial processes. Major and trace elements were also crucial to identify the mineral/soil factor at all cities. Biogenic SOA and Anthropogenic SOA factors were sensitive to the presence of their molecular tracers, since the availability of OC alone is unable to separate a SOA factor. Arabitol and sorbitol were crucial to detecting fungal spores while odd number of higher alkanes (C27 to C31) for plant debris.

Tropical tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide distributions: characteristics, origins, and control factors, as seen by IAGOS and IASI

Abstract. The characteristics and seasonal variability in the tropical tropospheric distributions of ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) were analysed based on in situ measurements provided by the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) programme since 1994 and 2002, respectively, combined with observations from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding (IASI) instrument on board the MetOp-A satellite since 2008. The SOFT-IO (SOft attribution using FlexparT and carbon monoxide emission inventories for In-situ Observation database) model, which couples back trajectories with CO emission inventories, was used to explore the origins and sources of the tropical CO observed by IAGOS. The highest O3 and CO mixing ratios occur over western Africa in the lower troposphere (LT: surface to 750 hPa) during the fire season (75 ppb of O3 at 2.5 km and 850 ppb of CO at 0.3 km over Lagos in January), mainly due to anthropogenic (AN) emissions and a major contribution from fires. The secondary maxima are observed in Asia in the mid-troposphere (MT: 750–300 hPa) and upper troposphere (UT: 300–200 hPa) in April for O3 and in the LT in January for CO, with larger contributions from AN emissions. The lowest O3 and CO mixing ratios occur over Caracas. In the tropical LT, the majority of the location clusters are affected by local and regional AN emissions. The highest AN impact is found over Asia, Arabia and eastern Africa, and South America (>75 % of CO). Biomass burning (BB) emissions also originate from local or regional sources but with stronger seasonal dependence. The highest BB impact is found over southern tropical Africa (57 %–90 %), except in April, mostly due to local fires, but also from Northern Hemisphere Africa in January (45 %–73 %) and Southern Hemisphere South America in October (29 % over Windhoek). In the MT and UT, AN emissions are more important and dominate in the eastern part of the tropics (from the Middle East to Asia). BB contributions are more important than in the LT, especially from the African fires in January and July and from South East and equatorial Asia in April and October. The overall highest amount of CO is exported from Africa, with the main transport pathway from the dry-season African regions towards the wet-season ones. In contrast, the impact of the Asian emissions in the LT and MT is limited on a local or regional scale. The transport of polluted Asian air masses is important in the UT during the Asian summer monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, when convection is active.

Insights the dominant contribution of biomass burning to methanol-soluble PM2.5 bounded oxidation potential based on multilayer perceptron neural network analysis in Xi'an, China

Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected during heating and nonheating seasons in Xi'an, China, and the ROS-generation potential of PM2.5 was quantified using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Additionally, positive matrix factorization combined with multilayer perceptron was employed to apportion sources contributing to the oxidation potential of PM2.5. Both the mass concentration of PM2.5 and the volume-based DTT activity (DTTv) were higher during the heating season than during the nonheating season. The primary contributors to DTTv were combustion (biomass and coal) sources during the heating season (>52 %), whereas secondary formation dominated DTT activity during the nonheating season (35.7 %). In addition, the secondary reaction process promoted the generation of intrinsic oxidation potential (OP) of sources. Among all the sources investigated (traffic source, industrial emission, mineral dust, biomass burning, secondary formation and coal combustion), the inherent oxidation potential of biomass burning was the highest, whereas that of mineral dust was the lowest. Our study indicates that anthropogenic sources, especially biomass burning, should be prioritized in PM2.5 toxicity control strategies.