Abstract Induction motors have been popular nowadays in most of the industrial applications because they are simple in structure, cost-effective, and highly durable; still, their torque output and efficiency are significantly influenced by the electromagnetic behavior of the materials used for rotor design. Standard types of rotor materials like copper and aluminum have their own drawbacks. For example, aluminum has more resistive losses, while copper has high conductivity, more cost, and is subject to excessive temperature rise during high-speed operation. To address these problems, the current study uses a simulation-based 2D finite element method to investigate the efficiency of multiple rotor materials such as copper–chromium–zirconium (Cu–Cr–Zr), carbon nanotube composite (CNT), aluminum–graphite (Al–Gr), and silver (Ag). The intention of this investigation is to evaluate the impact of various rotor material attributes, such as magnetic permeability and electrical conductivity, and also essential motor operational parameters, such as current density, torque, rotor losses, steel losses, mechanical power, magnetic flux density, induced coil voltage, and overall performance. In accordance with simulation results, copper (Cu) scores best with respect to performance and torque, subsequent to copper–chromium–zirconium (Cu–Cr–Zr), which has better magnetic coupling and less temperature tolerance. While Al and Al–Gr rotors provide satisfactory results, CNT and silver (Ag) rotors exhibit weak electromechanical behavior due to their poor magnetic coupling and limited current conduction. The current density and magnetic flux contours exhibit stronger and better magnetic field coupling and reduced leakage in high-conductive materials. In summary, the research suggests that effective rotor material selection and refinement, coupled with process innovations, can significantly enhance the torque density, efficiency, electromagnetic characteristics, and overall performance of induction motors, thereby paving the way for the development of sustainable and advanced rotating machines.

ABSTRACT In order to forecast the extreme dynamic responses of a floating wind turbine, this paper proposes a novel strategy using a transformation KDE (Kernel Density Estimation) method. Through fits to the probability distribution tails of a measured wave dataset at the National Data Buoy Center station 46061, we have found that our new transformation KDE method will increase the accuracy and reliability of 50-year environmental contour lines. This is due to its superior performance over the conventional KDE technique as well as the three-parameter Weibull probability distribution. In this study, the IEA 15 MW floating wind turbine’s dynamic responses are then calculated for the following 50 years. Compared to the current contour method, our novel contour methodology outperforms it by 168% in calculating the 50-year extreme rolling angle value based on the extreme sea conditions. These findings have important implications for the development of safer floating wind turbines.

A framework for 3D direct sampling-based environmental contours of wind, wave, and current using ABKP model and R-vine copula

Turbidity currents transport sediment, organic carbon, nutrients, and pollutants from the continental shelf to the deep sea. They can flow over hundreds of kilometers through submarine canyons and channels. Along their trajectory, these flows may interact with contour currents, creating a mixed turbidite–contourite depositional system. Examples of such systems in the oceans exhibit a variety of channel shapes that are often asymmetrical. The effect of channel shape on turbidity currents and their interaction with contour currents remains unclear, yet understanding this could link flow characteristics to seafloor morphology. To this end, purely gravity-driven flows (turbidity currents) and combined flows were simulated in five different channel shapes (three symmetrical and two asymmetrical). The experiments show that firstly, combined flows have less steep vertical velocity gradients than purely gravity-driven experiments. The contour current advects momentum of the turbidity currents out of the channel onto the overbank, reducing the downslope flow velocity in the channel. Secondly, channel asymmetry results in asymmetrically overspilling flows, even without a contour current. Specifically, the overspilling flow is thicker and faster over the steep channel margin than over the gentle margin. Lastly, two types of secondary flow cells were formed. Channel cells, which are confined to the channel, and front cells, which form near stationary fronts in combined flows. These findings suggest that channel asymmetry alone is not diagnostic for inferring paleo-contour current directions. However, channel asymmetry can help to infer velocity distributions inside channels when only bathymetric data is available.

Purpose. To develop a new method for determining the volumetric current and final quarry contours based on minimizing the volume of the near-contour ore zone at different stages of mining development. Methodology. An economic-mathematical model was constructed to determine the optimal horizon for the introduction of combined transport, considering the quarry parameters. The proposed algorithm allows for the identification of the horizon for the installation of a combined transport transshipment point. Findings. The experience of designing the ultimate contour of deep quarries in open-pit mining practice was analyzed. It was established that the methodology for determining optimal quarry contour parameters includes two approaches: comparison of stripping ratios (economic and technological ones) and calculating deposit value using the Lerch-Grossmann algorithm and its modifications. The shortcomings of existing design approaches were examined, and a new method for determining volumetric current and final quarry contours was proposed. Originality. The dependence of the near-contour zone volume on the parameters of quarry contour placement in the plan was established, contributing to the increased efficiency of deposit extraction by increasing the share of recovered valuable minerals. The proposed concept enables the precise determination of the final quarry contours and their spatial location relative to the ore body while allowing for the prompt adjustment of parameters in response to changing market conditions. Practical value. The developed method is based on the concept of staged contour formation, where the location of the first-stage quarry is determined by minimizing the volume of the near-contour zone. The obtained results make it possible to adjust quarry contours during operation, considering changes in market conditions.

The current research contour racial discrimination and victimization of individuality of different characters in The Origins of Others by renowned Afro-American novelist and critic Toni Morrison. It further unveils the violence prevailed in a society where almost everything is predicted normal. Richard Delgado’s Critical Race Theory has been adopted to analyze the different situations and character observations. In addition, it discusses the master slave relation in the lenses of Morison. It also pins-down how Morison gives pithy allusion of inter-textualities in her masterpiece. This study also identifies clash among white and black people, and the influence of whites over blacks and other minorities. In result of this racial unfair, the individuality of blacks disturbed severely under this inhuman scenario. This paper concludes how Morrison’s characters transit from being to becoming the stranger in The Origins of Others.

Understanding the dissolution and passivation of iron in aqueous environments is essential for enhancing its corrosion resistance and expanding its applications. We present Thermo-Kinetic (TK) diagrams for iron in deaerated solutions with no added sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and with 0.1 M Na2SO4 over the pH range 1–14, constructed by integrating current density contours from potentiodynamic polarization with thermodynamic E-pH diagrams. TK diagrams indicate that in solutions with no added Na2SO4, iron passivates above pH 7, with a minimum passive current density (ip) of 5 ×10−6 mA·cm−2 at pH 8. The addition of 0.1 M Na2SO4 delayed passivation until pH 12 and increased ip nearly tenfold. Galvanostatic (GS) polarization and EIS validated the TK diagram results. XPS after GS polarization revealed an FeOOH/Fe2O3 film at pH 10, while Fe3O4/Fe2O3 dominated at pH 12 and 14. These results clarify how sulfate compromises iron passivity and highlight TK diagrams as a powerful tool for mapping corrosion behavior.

The use of single-element eddy current transducers in eddy current testing devices limits the flaw detector performance, since the formed eddy current contour corresponding to the average turn of the eddy current transducer coil is limited by the area of this turn and the scanning speed of the tested surface. The presence of several single-element eddy current transducers inevitably has a negative mutual influence. The paper presents the results of increasing the performance of a three-phase eddy current flaw detector (ECF), including increasing the scanning speed and reducing the mutual influence of single-element eddy current transducers. A three-element three-phase eddy current transducer is used as a source of the informative parameter in the ECF, represented by three single-element transformer transducers, the excitation windings of which are connected to a source of three-phase alternating high-frequency voltage. Based on the Wagner – Evans theory, a mathematical model is proposed that describes the formation of the so-called asymmetric system when the symmetry of a three-phase voltage system is violated. This system can be represented as a sum of symmetric components: direct, reverse, and zero sequences. Taking into account the mathematical model, a structural diagram of the eddy current tester has been developed. The diagram assumes that the exciting windings of the single-element converters that make up the flaw detector are connected to a source of three-phase symmetrical voltage, and the measuring windings receive the introduced voltage in the form of a three-phase system when the eddy current converter interacts with the test object. In addition, using a filter for symmetric components, the voltage of the reverse sequence is isolated, which is formed only when the symmetry of the introduced voltages on the measuring windings of the three-phase eddy current converter is violated and can be used as an informative parameter for detecting such defects as, for example, discontinuities in the test object. The obtained results can be used in eddy current flaw detectors based on electromagnetic non-destructive testing methods to detect defects of various natures.

In light of the transformative influence of technologies and innovative methodologies associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the paradigm of project management is undergoing a profound shift, prompting a re-examination of Project Management Education and Training (PMET). The escalating demand for project management expertise, juxtaposed with a scarcity of suitably qualified professionals, has yielded an increase in instances of faltering or challenging projects, thereby underscoring the amplified significance of PMET. A comprehensive assessment of the ongoing evolution of project management education and training is vital to shaping the trajectory of future educational strategies. In this context, bibliometric analysis has emerged as a pivotal tool, offering structured means to systematically present the expansive literature on PMET. This approach provides a panoramic view of the domain’s development, facilitating a more informed understanding of its current contours which is paramount for crafting effective educational strategies. Employing bibliometric analysis as its methodological backbone, this study endeavors to discern the existing landscape of project management education and training. For this purpose, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on a dataset comprising 435 documents related to PMET, spanning the years 1985 to August 2023. The results of this analysis indicate that PMET publications are predominantly situated within the context of engineering education. A prominent theme that emerges from the literature is the discernible requirement for novel and forward-thinking strategies in PMET development, with a pronounced emphasis on the cultivation of soft skills and the integration of contemporary training methodologies, including gamification and simulation.

Chip contour detection aims to detect damaged chips in chip slots during IC packaging and testing using vision facilities. However, the operation speed of the new chip transportation machine is too fast, and the current chip contour detection models, such as Yolov5, M3-Yolov5, FGHSE-Yolov5, and GSEH-Yolov5, running on the embedded platform, Jetson Nano, cannot detect chip contours in a timely manner. Therefore, there must be a rapid response for chip contour detection. This paper introduces the DSGSE-Yolov5s algorithm, which can accelerate object detection and image recognition to resolve this problem. Additionally, this study makes a performance comparison between the different models. Compared with the traditional model Yolov5, the proposed DSGSE-Yolov5s algorithm can significantly promote the speed of object detection by 132.17% and slightly increase the precision by 0.85%. As a result, the proposed approach can outperform the other methods.

Intelligent Interactive Deformable Image Registration for Online Adaptive Radiotherapy.

The present study focuses the effects of Reynolds number Re and magnetic Reynolds number Rm on the transient behavior of the MHD flow. The incompressible, electrically conducting and viscous fluid flows through a long pipe subjected to magnetic field B0(t)=B0f(t). B0 is the intensity and f(t) is the time varying function of the magnetic field which is chosen as polynomial, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic function to illustrate the problem parameters effects. The Re and Rm effects on the behavior of the flow at transient levels are studied with these functions by taking Hartmann number Ha value as 20. The unsteady MHD equations in coupled form are treated by using the dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM). The study reveals that, when Re or Rm increases the time level where the flow elongates is postponed to a further time level. Moreover, the increase in Re flattens the flow as in the increase of Hartmann number. However, the increase in Rm increases the flow magnitude. The transient flow and induced current contours are demonstrated for several Re and Rm values. After the flow elongates, the flow and induced current lines preserve the behavior for polynomial, exponential and logarithmic type f(t) while trigonometric type f(t) causes the flow to show periodic behavior.

The multiterminal Josephson effect aroused considerable interest recently, in connection with theoretical and experimental evidence for correlations among Cooper pairs, that is, the so-called Cooper quartets. It was further predicted that the spectrum of Andreev bound states in such devices could host Weyl-point singularities. However, the relative phase between the Cooper pair and quartet supercurrents has not yet been addressed experimentally. Here, we propose an experiment involving four-terminal Josephson junctions with two independent orthogonal supercurrents, and calculate the critical current contours (CCCs) from a multiterminal Josephson junction circuit theory. We predict a generically $\ensuremath{\pi}$-shifted contribution of both the local or nonlocal second-order Josephson harmonics. Furthermore, we show that these lead to marked nonconvex shapes for the CCCs in zero magnetic field where the dissipative state reenters into the superconducting one. Eventually, we discuss distinctive features of the nonlocal Josephson processes in the CCCs. The experimental observation of the latter could allow providing firm evidence of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-shifted Cooper quartet current-phase relation.

With sub-22 nm technology nodes, the short channel effects (SCEs) arose in FinFETs, which hindered the further scaling of devices. The leakage currents became detrimental with scaling of the gate oxide thickness below 2 nm, hence the demand for control of leakage currents due to corner effects in the sidewalls of FinFETs. Research suggested use of gate underlap (GUL) architectures to suppress the leakage currents. The objective of this paper is to utilize a GUL structure in a 10 nm gate length Heterostructure-On-Insulator (HOI) FinFET, encompassing a three layered strained channel architecture to enrich the drive currents. Different structures with GUL lengths of 1 nm, 3 nm and 5 nm are designed to study the electrical characteristics besides the effects of leakage currents and other SCEs. A noteworthy decrease is observed in the leakage currents with increasing GUL lengths. However, it also leads to decrease of drive currents of the devices. A trade-off between the enhanced dimensions of source/drain along with an optimized GUL length proves beneficial in the strained silicon channel devices. The 10 nm HOI device employing a 3 nm GUL with height/width of source/drain at 8 nm provides drive currents and leakage currents at par with the 10 nm HOI device with no underlap. But with higher Ion/Ioff current ratio and lower SCEs, this device with 3 nm underlap decreases corner effects and is observed from the electron velocity and total current density contours leading to faster switching speeds and optimized device performance towards semiconductor industry.

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of hydraulic crack propagation under true triaxial loading using the direct current method

Abstract Debates on the causes of Indonesia's recent democratic decline have mostly focused on institutional, political and attitudinal–behavioural causes. By bringing the rural political economy dimension into this conversation, this article presents another picture of the illiberal turn in Indonesian democracy. Specifically, it examines the implications of elite control over land and coal resources on democratic quality. Based on in-country fieldwork materials and relevant secondary data, it analyses instances of episodic repression, the contraction of democratic spaces and the corrosive effects of coal-fuelled intra-elite clientelism by looking at the elite control of land resources and the influence of political and economic elites benefitting from the coal industry in elections and the broader political arena. Finally, it also discusses the capitulation of key agrarian social movement actors to state interests and its impact on the movement's ability to resist democratic regression. This elaboration shows how the current contour of elite control over rural resources contributes to the declining quality of Indonesian democracy.

The concept of possibility has long been intertwined with the discourse of curiosity. The way things might be can disturb the way things are, but we have to be ready for it. Curiosity provides that readiness. There is a kind of critical curiosity that opens the space of possibility by exploiting the instability of the present, second guessing its current contours and exploring how else the world might be constructed or understood. Put differently, it is because of curiosity that revolutions in science, knowledge, and society become possible. The two work in tandem. If curiosity can be a critical comportment toward the possible, then to fully understand possibility one must also understand curiosity. In this brief essay, we take a moment to think that jointure. How might curiosity studies illuminate possibility studies? From our respective vantage points of philosophy and neuroscience, we analyze possibility through curiosity. In doing so, we ultimately illuminate the novelty bias that informs both concepts, the network structures that characterize them, and the adjacent worlds and opportunities they offer.

This paper is devoted to the issue of evaluating the regional policy measures with respect to interregional cooperation development in the Russian Federation. One of the aims of the Strategy for Spatial Development of the Russian Federation adopted in 2019 is reduction in the level of social and economic interregional differentiation of Russian regions. This aim ought to be reached through the strengthening of interregional cooperation and coordination of the social and economic development of regions within the macroregions of the Russian Federation. The goal of this research is to analyze in dynamics current contours of the regional policy with respect to its concordance with the aim of interregional cooperation enhancement. The hypothesis of this research is that the contemporary state regional policy did not contribute to the strengthening of interregional cooperation of Russian regions. The main conclusion of the research is that the adopted regional policy to a greater degree stimulated competition between regions for the federal financing rather than interregional cooperation and coordination. This conclusion can be used for correcting the present regional policy of the Russian Federation with respect to the relations between the regional and the federal level and between regions themselves.

Данная статья посвящена вопросу оценки влияния мер региональной политики, принимаемых на федеральном уровне, на развитие межрегионального взаимодействия в Российской Федерации. Одной из задач принятой в 2019 г. Стратегии пространственного развития РФ на период до 2025 г. является сокращение уровня межрегиональной дифференциации в социально-экономическом развитии субъектов Российской Федерации, а также снижение внутрирегиональных социально-экономических различий. Эту задачу планируется решать в том числе за счет усиления межрегионального сотрудничества и координации социально-экономического развития субъектов Российской Федерации в рамках макрорегионов Российской Федерации. Цель настоящей работы — проанализировать в динамике сложившиеся контуры региональной политики на предмет ее соответствия задаче по усилению межрегионального сотрудничества. Гипотеза исследования заключается в том, что государственная региональная политика последних лет не способствовала усилению межрегионального сотрудничества и координации социально-экономического развития субъектов РФ и при сохранении существующих подходов указанная задача Стратегии останется нерешенной. Для проверки гипотезы применялись методы системного и институционального анализа, ретроспективного анализа и метода сравнений. Проанализированы следующие направления региональной политики: централизация государственной власти, совершенствование системы межбюджетных отношений, применение программноцелевого метода управления, внедрение инструментов поляризованного развития. В результате исследования были получены выводы о том, что проводимая региональная политика в большей степени способствовала усилению конкуренции между регионами за привлечение федеральных ресурсов, чем развитию взаимодействия и координации. Полученные выводы могут быть использованы при корректировке региональной политики в РФ в части взаимоотношений субъектов РФ с федеральным центром и между собой. Дальнейшие направления исследования связаны с предложением конкретных мер, которые будут способствовать усилению межрегионального взаимодействия. This paper is devoted to the issue of evaluating the regional policy adopted at the federal level with respect to interregional cooperation development in the Russian Federation. One of the aims of the Strategy for spatial development of the Russian Federation adopted in 2019 is to reduce the level of social and economic interregional differentiation of Russian regions, as well as to lower interregional disparities. This aim ought to be reached through strengthening of the interregional cooperation and coordination of the social and economic development of regions within the macro-regions of the Russian Federation. The goal of this research is to analyze in dynamics current contours of the regional policy with respect to its concordance with the aim of interregional cooperation strengthening. The hypothesis of this research is that the contemporary state regional policy did not contribute to strengthening of the interregional cooperation of Russian regions and the aforementioned aim of the Strategy will not be reached if current trends of the regional policy continue. To test the hypothesis methods of system and institutional analysis, retrospective analysis, and the method of comparison were adopted. The following measures of the regional policy are analyzed: the centralization of the state power, enhancement of the system of inter-budgetary relations, programming method of management, mega-projects implementation, and development of instruments of polarized development. The main conclusion of the research is that the adopted regional policy to a greater degree stimulates competition among regions for the federal financing rather than interregional cooperation and coordination. This conclusion can be used for correcting the present regional policy of the Russian Federation with respect to the relations between the regional and the federal level and between regions themselves. Further research is needed concerning development of specific measures aimed at promoting interregional cooperation.

To solve the issues with conventional level set segmentation algorithms, which are sensitive to the initial contours and less noise-resistant, a segmentation model based on the coupling of texture information and structural information is developed. In this model, a rotation invariant mask produced by fractional-order differentiation is used to first describe the image’s global information. Then, the power function of the energy generalization function is solved by applying factorization theory, and for each pixel of the image, not only its information but also its surrounding pixel information is taken into account and integrated into the energy generalization function via weight scaling. At the same time, the L2 norm of the fractional-order image and the difference from the fitted image are used to generate the energy generalization function of the model. The final results of this study demonstrate that the proposed model achieved a better segmentation performance than the current active contour models in terms of robustness to Gaussian noise and pretzel noise, as well as the segmentation accuracy and algorithm running time. These results were obtained in synthetic images, real images, and natural images.