ABSTRACTBackgroundThe nutrient requirements of laying hens are not static but dynamic, changing throughout the day in response to the cyclic nature of egg formation.ObjectivesThe current study aimed to evaluate the impact of the AM/PM feeding regimen (AM/PM‐FR), which involved higher levels of protein, amino acids and available phosphorus, and lower levels of Ca in the morning diet, with the converse in the afternoon diet, on aged laying hens.MethodsA total of 300, 74‐week‐old Hy‐Line W36 laying hens were randomly assigned to a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 6 replicates, and 10 hens per replicate. Experimental treatments included offering AM/PM‐FR at 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% changing nutrient levels (CNL) between the morning (5:00 AM–2:00 PM) and evening (2:00 PM–5:00 AM) diets. The exposure program consisted of continuous lighting from 5:00 AM to 9:00 PM and darkness from 9:00 PM to 5:00 AM.ResultsThe feed conversion ratio (FCR) and economic profit, income minus feed cost (IMFC), improved with a quadratic trend in response to increased CNL of AM/PM‐FR. Throughout the entire experimental period, birds fed AM/PM‐FR at 30% CNL showed improvements of 4.57% in FCR and 17.55% in IMFC compared to the control group. A lower incidence of egg fractures and a higher yolk crude protein concentration were observed with a linear trend in response to increased CNL of AM/PM‐FR. By increasing CNL of AM/PM‐FR, the total tract apparent mineral (Ca and phosphorus) and ether extract retention improved with quadratic and linear trends, respectively. Non‐significant effects of the treatments were noted on egg quality, blood metabolites, bone mechanical properties and mineral contents.ConclusionsIt was concluded that the use of AM/PM‐FR at 30% CNL in aged laying hens may facilitate the precision nutrition and thus improve production and economic performance.

Red-emitting perovskite quantum dots (Red-PQDs) are highly crucial components for achieving full-color PQD-based color-converters. However, red-PQDs are particularly prone to degradation due to their highly ionic bonding nature, phase instability, and insufficient surface passivation. Developing highly stable red-PQDs in diverse environments remains a critical barrier to their practical implementation as light emitters in displays. Here, we report a long-term stable red-PQD through a dual encapsulation strategy involving the introduction of silane-based ligands and a siloxane-based encapsulation matrix. This approach enables the preservation of photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) > 60 days in air and water and under continuous blue light irradiation. The silane-based ligands facilitate surface functionalization and passivate cationic defects on the red-PNCs, enabling effective chemical encapsulation within the siloxane hybrid matrix. By optimizing the silane ligand composition, we achieved a high PLQY alongside pure red emission. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of enhanced stability was elucidated through optical-, chemical-, and molecular-scale analyses. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate red-emitting and white-emitting color-converting films that maintain stability for >60 days in water. These findings underscore the effectiveness of our strategy and highlight the potential of red-PQDs for stable color-converting layers in displays.

Developing sustainable photo-activated circularly polarized room temperature phosphorescent (CPRTP) materials is attractive for optoelectronic applications while are difficult to achieve. Here, we report the first example of bio-based photo-activated CPRTP material by anchoring arylboronic acids into hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) matrix via B─O covalent bonding. The rigid environment provided by B─O covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds stabilizes the triplet excitons, the residual oxygen is consumed upon continuous UV light irradiation, enabling photo-activated CPRTP with multi-color, high-dissymmetry factor (gl um up to -0.43) and prolonged lifetime from 0.22ms to 1.57 s. More interestingly, by controlling the drying kinetics, HPC films exhibit tunable and dynamic switchable CPRTP with opposite handedness. In addition, due to the water sensitive phosphorescent nature, HPC films also show a responsive on/off CPRTP under cycled water/heat stimuli treatment. Based on the moldable and responsive CPRTP properties of the HPC based materials, the application of information photo-controlled encrypted tags, wavelength-dependent phosphorescent decorated patterns, multi-mode afterglow inks have been successfully demonstrated. This study offers new insights into the intrinsic chiral luminescence of cellulose macromolecules, providing a sustainable platform for the efficient design and functional application of photo-activated CPRTP materials.

Quantum dots (QDs) characterized by high absorption coefficients and elevated photoluminescence quantum yields have facilitated the development of micro-light-emitting diodes (Micro-LEDs) employing QD-based color conversion techniques. This methodology has shown considerable potential for the realization of full-color near-eye microdisplay devices. However, significant challenges persist, notably the pronounced leakage of blue light and the limited operational stability of these systems. In this study, we present the fabrication of perovskite quantum dot (PQD) patterns exhibiting high light conversion efficiency (LCE) and enhanced photostability by the incorporation of cascade curing within the direct in situ photolithography process. The pattern was generated through a thiol-ene click reaction initiated by UV exposure, followed by the formation of PQDs during the development stage, subsequent thermal cross-linking of the epoxy-amine system during postbaking further enhanced the stability of the PQDs. Using direct in situ cascade photolithography, colorful PQD patterns with a resolution of 10 μm, excellent fluorescence uniformity, and robust stability are successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the in situ cascade photolithography technique facilitates the generation of an increased number of nuclei from the perovskite precursor, thereby yielding a higher concentration of PQDs. This enhancement results in an impressive 99% absorption of blue light and an exceptionally high LCE of 38% within a 3.9 μm-thick film. Additionally, the PQDs maintain over 80% of their initial LCE after prolonged exposure of 100 h to continuous blue light irradiation at an intensity of 11 mW/cm2. This approach represents a significant advancement in the domain of direct photolithography and holds considerable promise for its integration into diverse optoelectronic devices.

ABSTRACT Recent advances in formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI 3 ) solar cells have significantly improved their photoelectric conversion efficiency, positioning them as a leading candidate in third‐generation photovoltaics. However, their thermodynamic metastability—driven by phase transitions from photoactive α‐FAPbI 3 to inactive δ‐FAPbI 3 —causes efficiency decay, hindering long‐term stability and industrialization. This study introduces a bimolecular synergistic anchoring strategy to address these challenges: a multiscale molecular interlocking network is constructed using 4‐[3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐3H‐diazirin‐3‐yl]benzoic acid (HDA) and 2‐benzamidinyl‐5‐guanidinopentanoic acid (GS). HDA stabilizes formamidinium iodide (FAI) via carbene reactions, suppressing FA⁺ thermal escape, while GS binds under‐coordinated Pb 2 ⁺ through its high dipole moment, minimizing lead leakage. Leveraging structural homology, these dual passivators synergistically stabilize A‐site (FA⁺) and B‐site (Pb 2 ⁺) ions, forming a hydrogen‐bond network that optimizes crystal growth and enhances α‐FAPbI 3 phase stability and photothermal resilience. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) optimized with HDA‐GS achieve a record power conversion efficiency of 26.07%, along with exceptional operational stability: unencapsulated devices retain 95% of initial efficiency after 1300 h at 85°C under nitrogen (thermal stability) and 91% after 1500 h of continuous light exposure (light stability). This work demonstrates that a multi‐scale molecular interlocking network effectively overcomes perovskite inherent instability, offering a scalable pathway to high‐performance, durable PSCs.

BackgroundEarly sexual maturation is a challenging obstacle to overcome in Atlantic salmon farming. This trait primarily affects males and occurs in both freshwater fish farms and sea culture cages during the fattening phase. Current strategies for preventing early maturation include a combination of genetic selection and management practices. However, the genetic architecture of early maturation appears to vary across populations, strains and environments. Our study aimed to elucidate the genetic architecture of early maturation in the Lochy strain of Atlantic salmon using genome-wide SNP panels. This European-origin strain grows rapidly but is prone to high rates of precocious male maturation if not properly managed.ResultsWe report two genome-wide association (GWAS) results focusing on males of the Lochy strain of Atlantic salmon. The first included seawater-cultured fish (Group-SA: 714 males, 80 precocious and 634 immature) with an artificial continuous light photoperiod, while the second included freshwater-cultured fish (Group-FN: 707 males, 333 precocious and 374 immature) with a natural photoperiod. Group-SA was genotyped using a custom 46,115-SNP Illumina microarray, whereas Group-FN employed a custom 62,044-SNP Thermo microarray. Genomic heritability of early maturation in males was consistently high across models—ranging from 0.62–0.79 in seawater and from 0.54–0.62 in freshwater. In Group-SA, one significant SNP associated with early sexual maturation were identified on chromosome Ssa25. In Group-FN, sixty significant SNPs associated with early sexual maturation were identified on chromosomes Ssa5, Ssa7, and Ssa25. The genetic variance explained by these SNPs ranged from 16.1–53.7%, while the proportion of phenotypic variance explained varied from 8.7% to 29.1%. The identified candidate genes included chmp2b and vgll3, both previously reported in other domesticated European-origin populations, suggesting some degree of convergence.ConclusionsThe SNPs associated with early maturation are promising candidates for application in breeding programs in the Lochy strain aimed at implementing improved control strategies against early maturation in both freshwater and sea environments.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-025-01026-5.

Modeling the circadian period and phase shifts in tomatoes: low degradation-driven oscillator dynamics under continuous light and temperature.

Background: Ovulation disorders represent the most common cause of infertility in women. Previous studies have reported that continuous light exposure can induce anovulation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: We assessed the phenotypes of ovulation disorders by using vaginal smears, hormone levels, and ovarian morphology. Metabolomics and RNA sequencing were employed to identify key metabolites and explore potential underlying mechanisms. Additionally, we investigated the effects of a leucine-rich diet on the phenotypes of ovulation disorders and autophagy. Serum levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were also measured. Causality was explored by using Mendelian randomization (MR) methods based on GWAS summary data. Results: Female SD rats subjected to continuous light exhibited disrupted estrous cycles and polycystic ovaries, as well as increased anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Metabolic profiling revealed that leucine was a pivotal metabolite. Specifically, a high-leucine diet induced anovulation and polycystic morphology, along with reducing autophagy, in rats under normal light conditions; additionally, leucine restriction alleviated these effects in recovered rats. Moreover, the mTOR-ULK1-LC3-II/I autophagy pathway was influenced both in vivo and in vitro by leucine. In patients with PCOS, elevated serum BCAA levels (especially leucine) were observed to be correlated with increased AMH levels, higher luteinizing hormone (LH)-to-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios, and higher antral follicle counts. MR analysis indicated that night shift work may increase the risk of PCOS through elevated serum leucine levels. Conclusions: These results suggest that the disruption of the leucine-mTOR-autophagy axis in granulosa cells (GCs) mediates continuous light-induced ovulation disorders. The potential therapeutic targeting of leucine-mTOR pathways for managing PCOS should be investigated.

Light-driven oxygen supersaturation controls microbial resilience in microalgal-bacterial granular sludge systems: Novel intermittent regulation strategy for carbon-neutral wastewater treatment.

Photostriction refers to non-thermal strain in materials induced by light, such as through opto-electro-mechanical coupling involving the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE) and the converse piezoelectric effect in a ferroelectric material. Conventional ferroelectric photostrictive responses are extremely slow, with strain rates below 10- 3 s-1 due to the long timescale of BPVE, limiting their use in high-frequency or signal transmission applications. This work demonstrates a significantly enhanced photostrictive strain rate of 3.6 s-1 in scandium aluminium nitride (Al0.58Sc0.42N) thin films under modulated continuous light excitation. The light-induced strain amplitude is equivalent to that of electric-field induced strain with 2V applied across the film, underscoring the significant and competitive opto-mechanical coupling. This fast response is attributed to nanoscale columnar domains that reduce the electric time delay and charge carrier drift distances, enabling rapid strain generation. The demonstrated fast photostriction provides a unique pathway for light-driven actuation and acoustic wave excitation without requiring electrical wiring, electrodes or electric poling, thus, opening opportunities for developing acoustic micro-actuators and novel optomechanical systems operating in a non-contact mode.

Abstract Larval development under artificial light at night (ALAN) can affect adult body mass, often in a sex‐specific way. However, it is still unclear whether ALAN also affects other morphological traits. In this experimental study, we tested for differences in flight and fecundity‐related morphology and wing melanization in the noctuid moth Agrotis exclamationis , originating from populations under contrasting skyglow levels, and whose offspring were reared under either a dynamic ALAN, continuous ALAN or control dark treatment. In response to ALAN, adult body mass and wing size were affected in a sex‐specific way, resulting in altered sexual‐size dimorphism. Wing aspect ratio was lower in populations originating from higher skyglow levels, but only in males. Under ALAN conditions, relatively more mass was allocated to the abdomen and less to the thorax. Sexual colour dimorphism was stronger in populations originating from higher skyglow levels as males from these populations had lighter coloured wings and females had darker wings compared to populations from lower skyglow levels. We provide evidence for alterations of sexual dimorphism under ALAN. Different developmental effects of ALAN on males and females are likely to contribute to the significant though complex impacts of this type of sensory pollution in a wider range of moth and other insect species.

The lighting regime is a critical environmental variable in broiler production, with significant implications for skeletal development and welfare. This study evaluated the combined effects of photoperiod pattern (continuous vs. intermittent) and light spectrum (white vs. green) on the morphometric and biomechanical characteristics of the tibiotarsus in broiler chickens. Forty-four broilers were randomly assigned to four groups and exposed to the respective light conditions until 42 days of age. Morphometric parameters, including bone length, external and internal diameters, and cortical indices, were measured using digital calipers. Biomechanical properties were assessed via three-point bending tests to determine fracture load, stiffness, moment of inertia, and elastic modulus. Intermittent lighting significantly increased bone length and internal craniocaudal diameter compared to continuous lighting (P < 0.05), likely reflecting increased mechanical loading from enhanced locomotor activity. Although mechanical parameters such as fracture load and stiffness exhibited positive trends under intermittent lighting (+3.9% and +4.3%, respectively), these differences did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were observed between white and green light in either morphometric or biomechanical outcomes, suggesting limited spectral influence under the conditions tested. In conclusion, the findings indicate that intermittent lighting may improve skeletal development in broilers by enhancing morphometric bone traits, even in the absence of marked changes in mechanical strength. The negligible effect of light spectrum suggests that, under controlled conditions, photoperiod manipulation may be a more effective strategy than spectral adjustment for promoting leg health and welfare in commercial broiler production.

ConspectusOrganic synthesis mediated by graphitic carbon nitrides (g-CNs) became a research hotspot primarily due to a combination of the following aspects: (1) the simple and convenient preparation of the material on a gram scale from inexpensive precursors, (2) the heterogeneous nature of the material, which allows for its easy recovery from the reaction mixture, chemical and thermal stability, and possibility to create nanostructures, such as membranes and thin films, and (3) the effective utilization of sustainable energy─photons in the UVA-vis range, which may be used to drive chemical reactions that are endergonic in the dark. By combining various spectroscopic techniques and the results of theoretical modeling, our group identified three modes of substrate activation by g-CN via (1) photoinduced electron transfer, (2) energy transfer, and (3) proton-coupled electron transfer/hydrogen atom transfer. In this Account, we discuss the chemical structure of the electronically excited state of g-CN. This information may be used to design rational pathways for substrate activation via the above-mentioned mechanisms. Using elemental sulfur (S8) as a nearly 100% atom-efficient sulfurating agent, we developed a set of methods to incorporate sulfur atom(s) into the organic scaffold by means of g-CN photocatalysis. On the other hand, we identified S8 as a more selective, compared to O2, sacrificial oxidant to mediate a few net-oxidative photocatalytic transformations. Among the products of the developed synthetic methods are highly fluorescent heterocycles, artificial flavoring agents, and precursors for organic synthesis. While g-CNs are typically used by the community as photocatalysts under continuous light illumination (the sensitizer is regenerated many times in the catalytic cycle), our group contributed to understanding the ability of this class of materials to undergo photocharging, i.e., to store charges by forming long-lived radical species. We applied photocharged carbon nitrides as donors of electrons and protons in the dark in a series of organic transformations. We outline the current challenges and future development prospects of carbon nitride-mediated organic synthesis. At the same time, we provide guidance on the development of organic catalytic systems and material design at the molecular level.

This paper introduces GECO, a real-time, computer vision-assisted gesture controller for IoT-based smart home systems. The platform uses a markerless MediaPipe interface that combines gesture-driven navigation and command execution, enabling intuitive control of multiple domestic devices. The system integrates binary and analog gestures, such as continuous light dimming based on thumb–index angles, while operating on-device through a private MQTT network. Technical evaluations across multiple Android devices have demonstrated ultra-low latency times (<50 ms), enabling real-time responsiveness. A user experience study with seventeen participants reported high intuitiveness (9.5/10), gesture accuracy (9.2/10), and perceived inclusivity, mainly for individuals with speech impairments and low technological literacy. These results position GECO as a lightweight, accessible, and privacy-preserving interaction framework, advancing the integration of artificial intelligence and IoT within smart home environments.

Reproductive responses of Synodontis eupterus to different dietary melatonin levels under blue light conditions.

Since the 1960s and 1970s, urban expansion and pressure on the coastal ecosystem of Chorrillos caused the reduction in the sandy strip of La Herradura Beach, which was aggravated in 1980 by the dynamiting of the natural hill to allow access to La Chira, which accelerated coastal erosion. This research proposes strategies for the revalorization of the natural environment and landscape regeneration of La Herradura, Chorrillos, Peru. This study is developed in three phases: a literature review; a site analysis focused on climate, flora, and fauna; and the development of an integrated architectural proposal that is supported by digital tools such as Google Earth Pro 2024, SketchUp 2024, D5 Render, and Photoshop 2024. The design integrates regeneration and environmental education strategies, including ecological restoration zones, the use of eco-friendly materials such as stone, and the implementation of endemic plants like Schinus molle. The proposal combines strategic vegetation and sustainable technologies: A total of 30 Schinus molle specimens distributed along 240 m can capture approximately 12,336 kg of CO2 per year and reduce the ambient temperature by up to 6 °C, contributing significantly to the mitigation of urban climate change; 7 terraced beds with shrubs, herbaceous plants, and groundcovers generate cool microclimates and control erosion; 12 fog catchers collect ~1131 L of water per day, and solar-powered luminaires ensure continuous lighting. In conclusion, the integration of endemic vegetation, sustainable infrastructures, and eco-friendly materials demonstrates a replicable model of resilient coastal space, supporting SDGs 11, 13, 14, and 15.

A strategy of lanthanide-ion doping into dual-halogen-alloyed perovskites CsPb(XxY1-x)3 (X, Y = Cl, Br, I) via chemical vapor deposition is introduced, obtaining a series of high-quality, stable microplates. Under continuous light excitation, each sample exhibits highly stable dual-band photoluminescence emission, whereby pairwise combinations of the three halogens enable photoluminescence to cover the red, green, and blue spectral regions. Corresponding high-performance dual-wavelength lasers are achieved. The segregated phase domains are tens of nanometers in size with well-defined boundaries. Theoretical calculations indicate that lanthanide-ion doping promotes phase segregation and facilitates ion migration in the alloyed case, while suppressing it in the phase-segregated state, producing a phase-pinning effect. This mechanism imposes opposite trends on the migration barrier in alloyed versus deployed domains, simultaneously driving halide segregation and pinning ion migration in segregated phases. Our work simultaneously enhances stability and broadens the bandgap-engineering for lead-halide perovskites, accelerating their entry into next-generation optoelectronics.

Circadian rhythm disruption induced by exposure to light—excessive in duration and intensity (dark deprivation)—and the impact of hepatotoxins are both significant risk factors for liver pathology. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potentially synergistic effects of continuous lighting and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxicity on the structural and functional organization and daily (circadian) rhythmicity of the liver in rats, as well as to look at the corrective capability of exogenous melatonin under such influences. The experiment was conducted on 200 outbred 6-month-old Wistar rat males, which were distributed into five groups, including a control (normal light/dark cycle), dark deprivation (constant light), CCl4 intoxication, and combined exposure to CCl4 and dark deprivation with or without melatonin administration (0.3 mg/kg). Histological, immunohistochemical (Ki-67, Per2, and Bmal1), biochemical, and ELISA methods were used. Circadian rhythms were analyzed using cosinor. It was shown that dark deprivation and CCl4 intoxication act synergistically, potentiating liver damage. The most severe necrosis (54.17 ± 9.13%), steatosis (57.85 ± 12.14%), and suppression of regenerative potential (decreased proportion of binucleated hepatocytes to 2.17 ± 0.21%) were observed in the group with combined exposure. This correlated with a substantial decline in melatonin content in blood plasma (7.85 ± 2.1 pg/mL) and a profound disruption in circadian rhythms. Administration of exogenous melatonin exerted pronounced hepatoprotective and chronotropic effects: it significantly reduced pathological changes (necrosis reduced to 16.35 ± 6.17%), stimulated regeneration (binucleated hepatocytes increased to 13.57 ± 0.81%), and restored the circadian rhythms of the studied parameters to levels close to those of the control. The key pathogenetic link in the potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity under dark deprivation is light-induced deficiency of endogenous melatonin. Exogenous melatonin demonstrated high efficacy in correcting both structural and functional damage and liver desynchronosis, confirming its therapeutic potential under conditions of combined exposure to chronodisruptors and toxins.

Exposure to altered nighttime lighting conditions has become common in today's modern world. Light at night disrupts circadian processes that govern feeding patterns, sleep/wake cycles, and metabolic homoeostasis, increasing the risk of developing pathologies associated with cardiometabolic disease. Yet, the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for mediating the resulting physiological outcomes are not clear. Mitochondrial function may provide valuable insight into the physiological costs associated with light at night, given that mitochondria contribute to variation in metabolic performance that underpin human diseases. In this study, 36 male and female wild-derived house mice (Mus musculus) were exposed to continuous light, darkness, or a control light cycle for 6 weeks. We examined animals' bioenergetic capacity at the whole-organism and subcellular level while also measuring changes in body condition and oxidative damage. We found that 6 weeks of constant light and darkness resulted in negligible changes in all our variables of interest. We did not detect strong mitochondrial responses in the liver or skeletal muscle of either sex exposed to constant light or darkness. Furthermore, we did not detect any difference in mitochondrial volume or lipid peroxidation in the liver between treatment groups. Lastly, there was no difference in body condition between treatment groups. Our data indicate that wild-derived mice are able to circumvent challenges of an altered light environment and escape physiological consequences.

Abstract Engineering at interface between perovskite and charge transport layers is crucial for improving operational stability. In inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a core configuration of HTL/perovskite/ETL/HBL (HTL = hole transporting layer; ETL = electron transporting layer; HBL = hole blocking layer), the interfaces at ETL based on phenyl‐C 61 ‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are more defective due to its molecular geometry, leading to imperfect adhesion. We introduce the dual interlayer passivation at perovskite/PCBM and PCBM/HBL to enhance the adhesion and passivate interlayers. Materials for engineering the dual interfaces require different functional groups, where carbamylcholine chloride at the perovskite/PCBM interface results in a more compact PCBM layer, while γ‐butyrobetaine hydrochloride is suitable for passivating the interface between PCBM and HBL, leading to reduction in charge accumulation and improving electron transport. The dual interlayer passivation minimizes the device degradation induced by continuous light exposure and mechanical stress. As a consequence, the target device retains over 80% of its initial performance after 500 hours of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under one sun illumination, and over 95% after 10 000 bending cycles at 5 mm radius. Both conditions exhibit more than 7‐fold enhancement in light‐soaking and bending stability than the unpassivated control devices.