Continuous Change Research Articles

Increased heterozygosity and balancing selection in isofemale generations of Anopheles stephensi under laboratory conditions

BackgroundThe urban malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, originally limited to South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula has now expanded to several countries in Africa. Despite the continuous insecticide pressure and changing urban landscapes, An. stephensi has been able to adapt, sustain, and expand. The expansion of this remarkably sturdy vector poses a grave public health threat to millions in urban Africa. Research efforts across the globe have mainly focused on understanding the genes that support and limit the development of Plasmodium in An. stephensi. Understanding the genes that are critical for adaptation and survival is important for focused An. stephensi’s control and elimination efforts. Balancing selection is an evolutionary mechanism adapted by organisms to maintain genetic diversity, especially for immune-related genes. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of laboratory-reared isofemale once every 25 th generation—0 (Wild type), 25 th, 50 th, 75 th, 100 th, 125 th, and 150 th to identify loci and genes undergoing balancing selection—information that could aid in vector control.ResultsTajima’s D and beta scores were used to identify the signatures of selection in the genomes of seven isofemale An. stephensi from 0 - 150 th generation. Based on the beta scores, the top five genes undergoing balancing selection include ASTEI04624, ASTEI04623 (sensory perception), ASTEI10474 (carbohydrate metabolism), ASTEI03792 (Actin binding), and ASTEI01081 (yet to be functionally characterized).ConclusionFor its survival, a certain amount of heterozygosity and balancing selection in specific loci, especially in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and chemoreception is maintained by the inbred laboratory-reared isofemale An. stephensi. This could be a functional adaptation to the glucose-based diet they are fed in the laboratory.

BEHAVIORAL CHANGES OF SPILLED OIL IN THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM

When oil is spilled at sea it normally spreads out and moves on the sea surface under the influence of the wind and current while undergoing a number of chemical and physical changes. These processes are collectively termed weathering and determine the behavior of the oil. An oil spill is the release of the liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, as a result of human activity and other factors as equipment failures, human errors, willful damage to equipment and oil installations etc. Oil is the most common pollutant of the marine environment. The behavior of spilled oil depends on the oil properties and the environmental conditions. It is very important to recognize the dynamic nature of spilled oil because the properties of spilled oil can change over time. It is important to monitor the continuous changes in the properties of the spilled oil, as response strategies may have to be modified to suit the current changes in oil behavior. The properties of crude or refined oils vary in their physical and chemical characteristics. These characteristics affect their volatility, toxicity, weathering rate and persistency. Oil spills have a devastating and long term impact on waterways and coastal areas around the world. Seabirds are frequently affected by offshore oil spills. Spills can severely harm turtle eggs and damage fish larvae, causing deformities. Shellfish and corals are particularly at risk since they cannot escape the runaway slick. Oil spills are also responsible for tainting algae, which perform a vital role in water ecosystems. Oil spills can be partially controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment and adsorption. As the world advances technologically, unfortunately accidents do happen and spills reoccur more frequently than we would like. A good knowledge and understanding of the types of oil, oil properties and the changes in the behavior of oil is very critical in effective response planning, strategies choices, execution and overall oil spill emergency response management in the marine ecosystems.

Are capitula inflorescences? A reassessment based on flower-like meristem identity and ray flower development.

The capitulum of Asteraceae has traditionally been interpreted as a condensed raceme. However, morphological studies challenge this view, indicating that the capitulum does not arise from an inflorescence meristem (IM), but from a determinate floral unit meristem (FUM). Terminology, combined with conflicting evidence from developmental genetics, has hindered the formulation of a coherent evolutionary scenario for the origin of the capitulum. In this paper, we aim to refine the floral unit concept and critically re-examine the hypothesis that ray flowers in Asteraceae represent remnants of ancestral thyrsoid branching. Approaching from evolutionary-developmental morphology, we performed a detailed analysis of capitulum development in 20 highly diverse Asteraceae species, encompassing three subfamilies and 11 tribes using SEM. We focused on early capitulum development, ray flower formation and changes in meristem geometry. We show that the capitulum meristem is determinate and exhibits developmental features characteristic of flowers, thereby fulfilling the definition of a FUM. Continuous meristem expansion changes geometrical conditions and triggers spontaneous fractionation of flower meristems. The early developmental delay of ray flowers and the rare occurrence of bidirectional fractionation in the capitulum meristem can be explained morphologically by local expansion dynamics and mechanical pressure. Our findings support the hypothesis that the capitulum meristem is distinct from an IM and instead recapitulates developmental properties of a flower meristem at a higher level of organization. This challenges the phylogenetic view that the capitulum evolved through gradual transformation of an ancestral thyrse. Instead, we propose that a single developmental shift - from an indeterminate reproductive meristem to a determinate FUM - was sufficient to give rise to the capitulum. The early determinacy of the meristem and the insertion of an additional step of fractionation are best explained by heterochronic changes, such as ontogenetic abbreviation and prolongation.

Power management enhancement and smoothing DC voltage using integrated BESS and SMES in Off-grid hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on ILCs

The random and variable generation of wind and solar energies, particularly in DC microgrids, leads to undesirable fluctuations in the DC link voltage, consequently decreasing the power quality on the DC side. This issue is exacerbated in independent AC/DC hybrid microgrids, where AC and DC subgrids are interconnected via interlinking converters (ILCs), intensifying the voltage fluctuations and severely impacting power distribution in the AC domain. This article proposes a hybrid battery system integrated with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system to stabilize voltage fluctuations in the DC link, which occur due to the variable nature of renewable energy sources influenced by weather conditions. The proposed hybrid storage system is applied in an off-grid AC/DC hybrid microgrid, dynamically smoothing the DC link voltage while supporting the grid loads during periods of reduced distributed generation (DG) and enhancing power management between AC and DC microgrids. Additionally, two ILCs with virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control are suggested to enable the integration of AC and DC microgrids. The initial ILC manages the distribution of power between the two microgrids, while the second ILC focuses on improving power quality on the AC side and its DC link to the proposed hybrid storage system. Consequently, the hybrid storage system not only regulates the DC link voltage alongside the second ILC but also controls the DC microgrid voltage. A photovoltaic (PV) unit, coupled with a wind power unit based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), is responsible for power generation in the DC microgrid. On the AC microgrid side, a PV power plant is responsible for generating a portion of the power in the AC/DC hybrid microgrid. Simulation results in the MATLAB Simulink environment demonstrate that employing hybrid storage maintains the DC microgrid voltage at its nominal value under continuous PV and wind power changes while accurately distributing power between AC and DC microgrids.

Structure and molecular dynamics of perovskite N(CH3)4MnCl3 crystals of high-temperature phases I and (I′)

New developments in perovskite-type N(CH3)4MnCl3 single crystals were examined, with a focus on their high-temperature phases. The phase transition temperature (TC) was established as being 390 K via differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction analyses. At 300 K, the single-crystal structure has hexagonal symmetry and exhibits thermal stability up to a high temperature of approximately 680 K. Additionally, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts displayed continuous changes with temperature, without any anomalous behavior observed near TC. The 1H spin–lattice relaxation time, which represents the molecular motion of 1H, shows slight changes near TC. The phase transition from phase I to I (′), associated with changes in the rotational degrees of freedom of N(CH3)4+ molecules, is considered second-order. The small change between phases I and I (′) is consistent with a change in the space group in the same hexagonal structure previously reported. These physical properties indicate the potential applications of N(CH3)4MnCl3 as an organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite material.

Prenatal maternal stress induces increased avoidance behavior in adolescent mice offspring.

Prenatal maternal stress induces increased avoidance behavior in adolescent mice offspring.

Low-salinity water flooding in Middle East offshore carbonate reservoirs: Adaptation to reservoir characteristics and dynamic recovery mechanisms

This study uses nuclear magnetic resonance and microscopic seepage experiments to investigate dynamic changes in oil–water interface properties during low-salinity water flooding at the pore and core scales. Unlike static measurements, dynamic experiments capture continuous changes in key parameters, such as the increasing contact angle, interfacial curvature, and decreasing capillary force during low-salinity flooding. This study quantitatively analyzes the dynamic coupling mechanisms between oil–water interface properties and the mobilization of residual oil. The experiments demonstrate that low-salinity water has a more significant impact on enhancing the recovery of crude oil with high polar component content. In the dynamic flooding process, the increase in wettability angle and curvature shows that low-salinity water reduces the resistance to crude oil migration. The water flow, in combination with crude oil, forms oil–water micro-dispersions that promote the migration of residual oil in small pores, where high-polarity crude oil exhibits greater sensitivity to wettability alterations. The increase in injection rate enhances the shear detachment effect, further improving oil recovery, with low polar component crude oil being more sensitive to this effect. The contribution of dynamic wettability changes to the recovery factor in low salinity waterflooding is an order of magnitude greater than the interfacial tension effect, making it the primary influencing factor for improving recovery. Although this study is constrained by laboratory conditions, the results provide valuable theoretical support and experimental evidence for optimizing low-salinity waterflooding strategies and evaluating crude oil type adaptability in offshore carbonate reservoirs.

Molecular-level insights into dissolved organic matter during Ulva prolifera degradation and its regulation on the environmental behaviour of the organic pollutant tributyl phosphate.

Molecular-level insights into dissolved organic matter during Ulva prolifera degradation and its regulation on the environmental behaviour of the organic pollutant tributyl phosphate.

Genotypic Analysis and Clinical Findings of Sapovirus-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis in Mie Prefecture, Japan, 2010-2022.

Sapovirus (SaV) is one of the major viruses causing acute gastroenteritis. Of the 1981 fecal specimens collected through sentinel pediatric acute gastroenteritis pathogen surveillance in Mie Prefecture, Japan (2010-2022), 236 were positive for SaV, according to PCR screening. Whole or near-whole genome sequences were determined for 158 strains by next-generation sequencing. Genotype GI.1 was the most common of the nine SaV genotypes detected, followed by GII.3 and GII.1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SaVs of these three genotypes separated into three different clusters depending on the year of detection, suggesting continuous genetic changes in the same genotype. Coinfections involving different SaV genotypes, as well as reinfections with SaV in the same individual, were observed in this study. The main clinical manifestations were diarrhea (68.4%) and vomiting (61.6%), with an increased rate of emesis, particularly in patients over 3 years of age. In addition, 18.1% of the children had fever. This study clarified the prevalence of viral genotypes as well as clinical findings of SaV-positive gastroenteritis in children, and revealed trends by age.

Manifold embeddings achieve comparable performance with multispectral imagery for time-series based land disturbance detection

ABSTRACT Dense long-term time series multispectral imagery is crucial for monitoring Earth's surface and detecting disturbances in near-real-time. However, the massive storage requirements of such data pose significant challenges. Dimensionality reduction techniques have been widely applied in remote sensing to address the curse of dimensionality, yet achieving lossless recovery of multispectral data across global locations and varying surface conditions remains difficult. Additionally, it is unclear whether reduced features retain temporal continuity and can integrate effectively with time series algorithms for disturbance detection. This study leverages Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) for multispectral dimensionality reduction, trained on Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) imagery. The resulting manifold embeddings are applied to the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm for land disturbance detection. Two key findings emerge: (1) We developed a general UMAP-based dimensionality reduction model that works across global seasons, with manifold embeddings preserving time series coherence and exhibiting stable value ranges. (2) The embeddings achieved comparable performance to full-spectrum multispectral data in image prediction and disturbance detection with CCDC. This research highlights the potential of manifold learning to efficiently store and process dense satellite imagery while maintaining the ability to detect diverse land disturbances.

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ГАЛУЗЕЙ В ІТ-АУТСТАФФІНГУ УКРАЇНИ: АНАЛІЗ ДЕСЯТИРІЧЧЯ

This article presents the results of an interdisciplinary analysis of the transformation of the sectoral structure in Ukraine’s IT outstaffing industry over the period 2014–2023. The aim of the study is to identify shifts in the dynamics of demand for specializations within the outstaffing model and to establish the relationship between the popularity of specific sectors and the remuneration levels of professionals. The empirical basis of the research consists of data collected through surveys of Ukrainian IT specialists, which include information on the year of project participation, net salary, years of experience, level of English proficiency, job position, and the industry domain of the project. During the analytical process, the data underwent cleaning and normalization, particularly the unification of domain names, which enabled the construction of a representative database of annual frequency distributions. Subsequent modeling involved the calculation of the annual share of each sector among all respondents and the computation of Pearson correlation coefficients between sector popularity and average salaries. As a result, the study identified a group of consistently dominant domains forming the core of Ukraine’s IT outstaffing landscape, including financial technologies, e-commerce, mobile solutions, digital healthcare, and data analytics. Particular attention was also paid to emerging sectors that have shown growth between 2020 and 2023 and exhibit a strong positive correlation with salary levels - namely, digital education, educational services, agricultural technologies, and cloud computing. While these sectors remain relatively niche, they signal structural shifts in the market and the emergence of new opportunities for outstaffing companies. The findings have practical significance for executives, analysts, HR professionals, and strategists working in the IT services sector. They support not only the adjustment of HR policies and the redirection of investment toward the development of relevant competencies, but also enable forecasting of new domains with high complexity and profitability. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the current dynamics of the IT outstaffing market and serves as a foundation for informed managerial decision-making in a time of continuous technological change. The results may be used to shape companies’ strategic development priorities, build adaptive business models, and position themselves more effectively in the international IT services market.

Mechanically Robust Thermoelectric Hydrogel with Superior Thermoelectricity for Low-Grade Thermal Energy Harvesting and Overheating Warning.

Ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) hydrogel, combined with intrinsic softness, conductivity, and thermoelectricity, is a highly promising candidate for flexible thermoelectric materials to directly harvest low-grade thermal energy from the environment and the human body. However, efficiently converting heat into electricity without compromising structural robustness under extreme mechanical conditions is of great significance but still challenging. Herein, we prepared a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA)/NaCl/Fe(CN)63-/4- (PSNF) hydrogel with superior mechanical robustness and thermoelectricity, utilizing the combination of a dual thermoelectric effect by the freeze/thaw method and the Hofmeister effect. Leveraging the advantages of abundant ion transport channels for ion transport at two poles and the efficient energy dissipation of a toughening structure, the PSNF hydrogel delivers a collection of merits, including superior mechanical integrity (toughness up to 1750 kJ·m-3) and exceptional conductivity (12.11 mS·cm-1), an impressive high Seebeck coefficient (Se) (1.71 mV·K-1) and a power factor (PF) (3.54 μW·K-2·m-1). As a proof of concept, the assembled thermoelectric integrated device achieves the conversion of heat into electrical energy to drive a bulb array, which can harness stable thermosensation for overheating warnings even under continuous cyclic temperature changes. It is believed that this work may provide insights into the development of robust thermoelectric hydrogels for thermal energy harvesting and overheating warning devices.

The Design and Experiment of a Motion Control System for the Whole-Row Reciprocating Seedling Picking Mechanism of an Automatic Transplanter

Aiming at the problem that the whole row of reciprocating seedling picking mechanism is prone to inertial impacts during operation due to its excessive mass, causing seedling damage and positioning errors, this study builds a motion control system with a PLC controller as the core and proposes a composite motion control strategy based on planned S-curve acceleration and deceleration and fuzzy PID to achieve rapid response, precise positioning, and smooth operation of the seedling picking mechanism. By establishing the objective function and constraint conditions and taking into account the dynamic change of the seedling picking displacement, the S-curve acceleration and deceleration control algorithm is planned in six and seven stages to meet the requirements of a smooth transition of the speed and continuous change of the acceleration curve of the seedling picking mechanism during movement. A fuzzy PID positioning control system is designed, the control system transfer function is constructed, and fuzzy rules are formulated to dynamically compensate for the error and its rate of change to meet the requirements of fast response and no overshoot oscillation of the positioning control system. The speed and acceleration of the seedling picking mechanism under the six-segment and seven-segment S-curve acceleration and deceleration motion control conditions were simulated using MATLAB2024a simulation software and compared with the trapezoidal acceleration and deceleration motion control. The planned S-curve acceleration and deceleration control algorithm has a more stable control effect on the seedling picking mechanism when it operates under the conditions of the dynamic change of the displacement, and it meets the design requirements of seedling picking efficiency. The positioning control system was modeled and simulated using the Simulink simulation platform. When KP = 15, KI = 3, and KD = 1, the whole-row seedling picking control system ran stably, responded quickly, and had no overshoot. Compared with the PID control system with fixed parameters, the fuzzy PID control system reduced the time consumption in the rising stage by 24.5% and shortened the overall stabilization process by 17.6%. The zero overshoot characteristic was ensured, and the response speed was faster. When a disturbance signal is added, the overshoot of the fuzzy PID control system is reduced by 2.4%, and the response speed is increased by 6.8% compared with the fixed-parameter PID control system. The dynamic response rate and anti-disturbance performance are better than those of the fixed-parameter PID control system. A bench comparison test was carried out. The results showed that the S-curve acceleration and deceleration motion control algorithm reduced the average mass loss rate of seedlings by 46.19% compared with the trapezoidal acceleration and deceleration motion control algorithm, and the seedling picking efficiency met the design requirements. Fuzzy PID positioning control was used, and the maximum displacement error of the end effector during seedling picking was −1.4 mm, and the average relative error rate was 0.22%, which met the positioning accuracy requirements of the end effector in the X-axis direction and verified the stability and accuracy of the designed control system. The designed control system was tested in the field, and the average comprehensive success rate of seedling picking and throwing reached 96.2%, which verified the feasibility and practicality of the control system.

Preschool Teachers’ Tendency Level of Lifelong Learning

Recently, it is seen that rapid changes have started to change perspectives on education. With the development of information technologies, this change has started to make continuous education compulsory. The paradigm of continuous change and development in education is Lifelong Learning. Raising individuals who are inclined towards lifelong learning (LLL) reveals the new human type that this change should produce. The aim of this study is to determine the level of LLS tendencies of preschool teachers and to compare them according to various variables. The research was conducted with descriptive survey model on preschool teachers. In this context, it is understood that their level of HLT is generally high, but they consider themselves inadequate in terms of foreign language tendency. Among the variables examined in the study, according to the age variable, it is seen that the arithmetic mean of the opinions of the age groups are close to each other and there is no significant difference between the opinions of preschool teachers. However, it was determined that there was a significant difference according to gender and marital status variables. According to the gender variable, it is understood that male teachers have a higher tendency towards HBÖ than female teachers, and according to the marital status variable, it is understood that single teachers have a higher tendency towards HBÖ than married teachers and their opinions differ significantly. Preschool teachers have learning tendencies in all age groups and have learning cultures.

The Impact of Digital Transformation on Innovativeness in Airline Companies: The Role of Agility and Openness to Change

This study aims to analyze the mediating role of organizational agility and the moderating role of openness to change by examining the impact of digital transformation on organizational innovativeness in airline companies. The airline industry, characterized by its dynamic nature and intense competitive conditions, necessitates continuous change and innovation. The dynamic nature of the airline industry due to intense competition, high safety standards and ever-changing technological requirements necessitates the rapid adaptation of digital transformation. In this context, understanding how digital transformation influences the innovative capacities of businesses, as well as the significance of organizational factors such as agility and openness to change in these processes, holds substantial theoretical and practical value. This research aims not only to generate theoretical insights but also to provide practitioners in the airline industry with recommendations for optimizing digital transformation processes, enhancing innovation capacities, and achieving competitive advantages. In line with the data collected from 421 airline employees through a questionnaire, it was determined that organizational agility plays a full mediating role in the relationship between digital transformation and innovation and openness to change strengthens this process. Research findings show that agile organizations benefit more from digital transformation, and firms open to change have higher innovation capacities. Accordingly, airline companies recommend strategies to increase organizational agility, encourage employees' openness to change and expand digital skills training to manage digital transformation processes effectively. Furthermore, it is emphasized that digitalization should be considered a strategic transformation in terms of operational efficiency and in the context of corporate governance, decision-making processes and customer experience.

Hybrid Frequency-Time Domain Analysis of Nonlinear Site Response in Inhomogeneous Soils

To accurately represent the nonlinear behavior of soils while maintaining computational simplicity and preserving key frequency-dependent characteristics of soil layers, efficient simulation methods are essential. The nonlinear Hybrid Frequency-Time Domain (HFTD) method, proposed and implemented in this study, efficiently solves the equation of motion in the frequency domain and incorporates soil nonlinearity by transforming the results into the time domain. In the site response, the deviation in soil behavior from linear to nonlinear behavior depends mainly on the severity of the induced ground acceleration to the soil layers. In the innovative approach presented in this study, pseudo linear loads are directly accounted for by pseudo accelerations, which are calculated in the time domain and continuously updated in a repetitive procedure until convergence is reached. In the frequency domain part of the solution, a self-regressed parabolic function is applied to consider a continuous change in shear modulus through the depth of soil profile using a newly developed inhomogeneous transfer function. Such a comprehensive procedure enhances the solution scheme, speeds up the course of calculations, and avoids unfavorable errors while maintaining the accuracy of the method. The utilized functions were numerically formulated in this study and programmed in MATLAB codes of practice, which were next used to carry out case three studies using the published data retrieved the literature. Obtaining comparable results with recorded data as well as to those inferred from the commonly available DEEPSOIL software demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach of this study.

Continuously Variable Geometry Quadrotor: Robust Control via PSO-Optimized Sliding Mode Control

This paper tackles the challenge of achieving robust and precise control for a novel quadrotor featuring continuously variable arm lengths (15 cm to 19 cm), enabling enhanced adaptability in complex environments. Unlike conventional fixed-geometry or discretely morphing unmanned aerial vehicles, this design’s continuous structural changes introduce significant complexities in modeling its time-varying moment of inertia. To address this, we propose a control strategy that decouples dynamic motion from the evolving geometry, allowing for the development of a robust control model. A sliding mode control algorithm, optimized using particle swarm optimization, is implemented to ensure stability and high performance in the presence of uncertainties and noise. Extensive MATLAB 2016 simulations validate the proposed approach, demonstrating superior tracking accuracy in both fixed and variable arm-length configurations, achieving root mean square error values of 0.05 m (fixed arms), 0.06 m (variable arms, path 1), and 0.03 m (variable arms, path 2). Notably, the PSO-tuned SMC controller reduces tracking error by 30% (0.07 m vs. 0.10 m for PID) and achieves a 40% faster settling time during structural transitions. This improvement is attributed to the PSO-optimized SMC parameters that effectively adapt to the continuously changing inertia, concurrently minimizing chattering by 10%. This research advances the field of morphing UAVs by integrating continuous geometric adaptability with precise and robust control, offering significant potential for energy-efficient flight and navigation in confined spaces, as well as applications in autonomous navigation and industrial inspection.

Enhancing nursing team resilience to manage continuous change in practice: A qualitative descriptive study.

Aim: The study explored nurses' perceptions of team resilience in coping with continuous changes and in developing nursing practices. Additionally, it sought to identify what nurses need to strengthen their team's resilience in adapting to change and how clinical nurse specialists can support these efforts. Background: Persistent changes in healthcare require nursing teams to continuously adapt and develop their practices. However, development and implementation processes are often challenging, stressful, or unsuccessful. This can lead to change fatigue and, when combined with daily workload pressures, high job turnover. Currently, individual resilience is regarded as a key factor in coping with workplace stressors and burdens. Yet, growing critical perspectives emphasise the importance of team resilience, which differs from individual resilience. Despite practice development being mainly a team effort, nursing team resilience remains underexplored in the literature. Study design and methods: This qualitative descriptive study involved 29 registered nurses from two nursing teams at a Swiss paraplegic rehabilitation clinic. Data were collected through eight semi-structured group discussions, and the analysis was conducted using structured qualitative content analysis. Results: The nurses identified four key areas as crucial factors for team resilience in managing change: 1. A lack of knowledge about team resilience and interest in integrating the concept as fundamental resource. 2. Psychological safety within the nurse team and the desire to enhance interprofessional psychological safety, recognised as key factor in team resilience. 3. Readiness to learn. 4. Anticipated burdens. Furthermore, they expressed a need for support from clinical nurse specialists to strengthen team resilience. Conclusion: Team resilience was identified as an unrecognised and neglected concept, yet it was acknowledged as being significant both intra- and interprofessionally for coping with challenges; weak team resilience was considered disadvantageous. Clinical nurse specialists should play a key role in supporting team resilience. Recommendations for research and practice: Team resilience should be promoted among nurses across all education levels and fostered within nursing teams. Models for interprofessional collaboration and implementation could enhance team resilience factors that are essential for managing change. Additionally, the perspectives of other professionals on collaboration with nursing teams should be explored further. What is already known? Nursing teams must continuously adapt their practices due to persistent changes in healthcare. This process is often challenging and stressful, increasing daily workloads and potentially leading to change fatigue and job turnover. The level of resilience in individuals, teams and organisations becomes evident when challenges and stresses arise. Currently, individual resilience is regarded as a key factor in coping with workplace challenges and burdens. Hospital nursing relies on a strong team-based approach, and nurses face numerous challenges, including those arising from ongoing change. What this study contributes: This study highlights the importance of team resilience. A knowledge gap regarding this concept was identified and addressing it could enhance teams’ ability to cope with change. Nurses recognised team resilience as an essential resource for managing persistent change and fostering future development. Consequently, they expressed a desire to gain knowledge about team resilience and to strengthen key factors such as psychological safety in interprofessional collaboration, readiness to learn, and the anticipation of burdens associated with change. Integrating and strengthening team resilience in change implementation may facilitate more successful and sustainable development. Clinical nurse specialists should play a key role in enhancing team resilience.

Stressors Amongst Teachers: A Contemporary

The post-COVID-19 era has witnessed an unprecedented acceleration in digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI), profoundly reshaping the educational landscape. These advancements have transformed not only instructional methods but also the expectations placed on teachers, thereby introducing new layers of complexity to an already demanding profession. This study seeks to explore teacher well-being by identifying and characterising both traditional and emerging pressures experienced by educators in this evolving context. Employing a desktop research approach, the study draws on a focused review of recent academic literature, policy documents, and professional reports. Special emphasis was given to sources addressing the changing nature of teacher stressors in the wake of the global pandemic and rapid technological integration. The findings indicate that while longstanding issues—such as inadequate working conditions, recurring educational reforms, and limited institutional support—continue to impact educators, new stressors have emerged. These include heightened expectations for continuous technological upskilling, increased use of AI in the classroom, and evolving pedagogical demands, often implemented without sufficient training or systemic support. As a result, teachers report higher levels of stress and professional dissatisfaction, underscoring the growing demands of the modern educational environment. The study concludes that the teaching profession has become increasingly complex due to the convergence of traditional and technological pressures. This complexity calls for more effective, structured support mechanisms to ensure educator resilience and instructional quality. By providing a systematic synthesis of the current educational climate, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and educational leaders, laying the foundation for targeted interventions and informed strategies to enhance teacher well-being in an era of continual change.

How does social media content go viral across platforms? Modelling the spread of Kamala is brat across X, TikTok, and Instagram

ABSTRACT The article addresses cross-platform movement of viral social media content in the context of high-profile election campaigns. Social media is influential in election outcomes but understanding the scope, reach, and spread of viral content is challenging as it increasingly travels across platforms. Applying an innovative form of social network analysis (SNA) to datasets collected from X, Instagram, and TikTok (N = 396), the paper maps the spread of the kamala is brat meme in the run-up to the 2024 US presidential election. It demonstrates a five-stage process of cross-platform spread, showing how content emerges on X, is adapted on TikTok and Instagram, and molds to the contours of individual platforms, before resurging on X. A viral contagion model is proposed that can be used to leverage the soft-power of social media for political success, putting forward recommendations for doing so. The paper’s methodologically innovative approach – mapping viral spread on small datasets – looks to the future of a rapidly evolving technological landscape, and is well-suited for continued change.