Continuous Adaptation Research Articles

An absurdist ethics of AI: applying Camus’ concepts of rebellion and dignity to the challenges posed by disruptive technoscience

Abstract This article proposes a new, Camusian approach to analyzing and navigating ethical dilemmas in relation to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and, by extension, to other disruptive technoscience. The article takes as its point of departure the Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society, as advanced by Floridi and Cowls (2021), which offers a comprehensive and cohesive framework of the many abstract values and principles brought up in AI ethics discourse. Using a case-study approach, which focuses on the principle of accountability in AI, we demonstrate that, even following an exhaustive systematization of abstract principles, ethical dilemmas still arise whenever we consider applications of the technology in concrete situations. Furthermore, because of the way technology mediates our ethical judgement, a deeper ethical dilemma arises; we can either judge technologies like AI prematurely, without knowing their impact, or after they have been able to bias our norms and intuitions for ethical deliberation. This article then argues that the vulnerability of our ethical judgement to continuous doubt, which is exposed by AI as a landmark case of disruptive technology, can be addressed by integrating Albert Camus’ philosophy of absurdity, rebellion and dignity. Through Camus, we can contextualize our experience of ethical doubt in relation to AI as existentially absurd, while also navigating normative change more confidently with meta-level principles for ethical deliberation itself. The article concludes that, while ethical dilemmas and doubts will persist, this Camusian approach will make us more responsible in undertaking the continuous adaptation and concretizing of our ethical frameworks.

Impact of Mobile Technology Use on Knowledge Management in the Education Sector

The integration of mobile technology into knowledge management (KM) practices has reshaped the landscape of information sharing and learning in the education sector. This study explores how mobile devices and applications contribute to the efficiency, accessibility, and effectiveness of KM processes among educators, students, and administrators. With the growing adoption of smartphones, tablets, and mobile learning platforms, educational institutions are experiencing a shift from traditional knowledge repositories to dynamic, real-time knowledge exchange environments. The research employs a mixed-method approach involving surveys and in-depth interviews with teachers, students, and IT staff across several secondary and higher education institutions. The findings reveal that mobile technology enhances knowledge acquisition and dissemination by enabling anytime-anywhere access to learning materials, collaborative tools, and institutional knowledge databases. However, challenges such as data security, digital literacy gaps, and resistance to change remain significant barriers to optimal utilization. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of institutional policies and support systems in facilitating effective mobile-based KM adoption. The results indicate that institutions with clear mobile technology strategies and investments in user training are more likely to achieve improved knowledge-sharing outcomes. This research provides practical insights into leveraging mobile technology to strengthen KM frameworks in education and emphasizes the need for continuous adaptation to technological advancements to sustain knowledge-based performance improvements.

Multistage adaptive cyberattack in power systems with CNN identification feedback loops

The increasing integration of digital technologies in hybrid hydrogen-power networks has introduced new cybersecurity vulnerabilities that existing static or single-phase cyberattack models fail to adequately exploit or defend against. These models typically lack dynamic adaptability, coordination across multiple attack stages, and obfuscation mechanisms, thereby limiting their effectiveness and realism. To address this gap, we propose a novel Cyberattack Design Based on CNN-DQN-Blockchain Technology for Targeted Adaptive Strategy (CDB-TAS)—a three-stage, dynamically evolving cyberattack framework tailored for hybrid hydrogen-electric networks. The proposed CDB-TAS model comprises: (i) a Preliminary Reconnaissance Phase, where a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) identifies the most vulnerable buses via real-time anomaly detection; (ii) an Escalation Phase, where a Double Deep Q-Network (Double DQN) dynamically refines the attack strategy based on grid response and demand profiles; and (iii) a Sustained Attack Phase, which maintains high-intensity disruptions while minimizing detection through continuous feedback adaptation. Additionally, a private blockchain network is employed not for defense, but as an attacker-side obfuscation layer—concealing attack metadata and enabling decentralized coordination among malicious nodes. Simulations on a synthetic 2000-bus hybrid hydrogen-power system modeled after ERCOT reveal that CDB-TAS induces up to 15% voltage drop at critical buses (e.g., Bus 3103), disrupts over 600 MW of load across 50 substations, and achieves 23.4% higher disruption efficiency with lower anomaly detection rates compared to baseline attacks. This study presents the first integrated framework combining CNN, reinforcement learning, and blockchain from an adversarial perspective, offering new insights into the evolving threat landscape and guiding the development of future cyber-resilience strategies in multi-energy systems.

Current Challenges, Opportunities and Global Perspectives of Criminal Law; Milestones of Law in Central Europe

This report summarises the proceedings of the Criminal Law Section at the Milestones of Law in the Central European Area 2025 conference. A total of 43 contributions addressed current legislative reforms, practical challenges in criminal justice, the impact of technology, human rights protection, and ethical considerations. The academic discourse reflected the dynamic evolution of criminal law and the necessity of its continuous adaptation to emerging legal and societal challenges.

AI DEVELOPMENT IN CYBERSECURITY: OPTIMIZING DEFENSE WHILE MITIGATING ABUSE AND ADVERSARIAL EXPLOITATION BY ATTACKERS

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a cornerstone in modern cybersecurity. It helps organizations detect threats faster, respond to incidents more efficiently, and adapt to new attack methods that would otherwise overwhelm traditional systems. However, as AI tools grow more powerful, cyber attackers are also learning to exploit them—using AI to bypass security systems, automate phishing, and generate advanced malware. This creates a race between defenders and attackers in the digital world. This work aims to: Explore how AI is currently being used to improve cybersecurity defenses, understand how attackers are leveraging AI to carry out more advanced and targeted attacks, identify approaches that ensure AI technologies are more beneficial to defenders than harmful when misused and recommend responsible and balanced strategies to develop AI tools that strengthen protection without increasing risk. To reach these goals, the study reviews case studies where AI has enhanced threat detection, response, and prevention, also, analyzes documented instances of AI being exploited by attackers, gathers insights through interviews with cybersecurity professionals and AI experts. In addition, it examines existing ethical frameworks and best practices for safe AI development. AI has the potential to dramatically improve cybersecurity capabilities, from identifying vulnerabilities to stopping threats in real time. However, its misuse by attackers poses a growing risk. The future of cybersecurity will depend on how well we manage this balance—ensuring AI is used responsibly and securely to outpace malicious innovation. In addition, this paper investigates the dual role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity within engineering systems. It explores how AI enhances threat detection, intrusion prevention, and real-time response in critical infrastructures such as industrial control systems (ICS), IoT networks, and smart micro grids. However, it also highlights the growing abuse of AI by attackers, who exploit adversarial machine learning and generative models for sophisticated breaches. The study employs a hybrid methodology combining literature synthesis, simulated intrusion detection using deep learning models (e.g., LSTM and OC-SVM), and evaluation of attack resilience under adversarial conditions. The results underscore the importance of integrating explainable AI (XAI), adversarial training, and federated learning into cybersecurity architecture. Recommendations are provided to maximize AI-driven defense while mitigating its potential misuse by attackers. To ensure AI supports defense more than it enables attack: Foster collaboration between industry, governments, and academia to establish ethical AI guidelines, build AI systems with transparency, auditability, and security from the ground up. Also, educate cybersecurity teams on AI use and risks and promote continuous learning and adaptation in AI systems to counter emerging threats. By acting now with care and foresight, we can shape AI into a reliable shield in the digital age, rather than a double-edged sword.

Selected Pathway Analyses to Gain Mechanistic Insights into the Pathogenesis of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most prevalent acquired heart disease in cats and shares many clinical, phenotypical and pathological features with human HCM. Despite its relevance, knowledge on the pathomechanisms underlying the disease is limited. The present study aimed to characterize the molecular phenotypic changes in cardiomyocytes in feline HCM (fHCM) to better understand their contribution to the pathogenesis. To achieve this, the myocardium of the left ventricular free wall of 15 cats with confirmed fHCM and 30 control cats (two age groups: 16 cats 18-month-old, and 14 older adult cats without cardiac disease) were subjected to RT-qPCRs for markers representative of cardiomyocyte function. Overall, all markers were expressed at the highest level in young control cats, and increasing age correlated with decreased expression, regardless of sex. The comparison between the older adult control cats and those with HCM showed increased transcription levels for most markers associated with the disease, and higher expression of all markers in affected male cats compared to females. The constitutive transcription of all markers provides evidence of continuous myocardial adaptation throughout cats’ life. The high transcription values in the myocardium of young healthy cats and male cats affected by HCM suggest a particularly high myocardial responsiveness early in life and with HCM and reveal sex as relevant factor in the disease process. These results support the relevance of age and sex in the cardiac response to HCM in feline hearts.

A Review On Competency Mapping of Customer Centric Leadership

The paper focuses on the importance of competency mapping in the creation and sustaining the customer oriented leadership in the corporate culture. This study accentuates the significance of competency mapping as a strategic tool of integration of leadership competency with the organization for bridging competency gaps and to have a commitment towards a culture of continuous improvement and adaptability. Drawing into lessons from cases and dis-segment analysis, capturing sector in its activating particularity the service industry, the paper shows that organizations employing competencies know positive results in terms of leadership performance, customer satisfaction and overall business performance. The results suggest the importance of mainstreaming competency mapping in talent management and leadership development process to maintain a competitive edge in today’s dynamic business environment. The article ends by promoting a synergetic approach to competency mapping that not only identifies the needed skills and behaviours but also inculcates a culture of innovation, strategic thinking, and excellence in service among the leaders. A leader is endowed with traits like administrative acumen, Articulation of vision, Ethics in business, Taking timely & impartial decision, Act as role model for the employees, Make the decentralization of power meaningful, Converting every challenge of the time into an opportunity; Courteous behaviour & last but not the least addressing the problem of the employees, Yes he will be the best leader. Leadership vs Leaders is 2 sides of a coin because both matters. The cynosure is both the leader and accepts that person as his or her is and finds ways to lead and include him or her. One leader focuses on competenciesare similar to knowledge, skills and abilities and skies the feasible path to the individual are in the potentiality and areable to manage others. focusing on leadership, it is about the quality of leaders internal to an organization, rather than on leaders themselves.not only leaders but all of the systems and the processes that produce these leaders.

Perspectives on Implementing Micro-credentials in the Commonwealth Caribbean: A Survey of Stakeholders

Micro-credentials (MCs) have emerged as a transformative tool in education and workforce development, offering flexible, targeted learning opportunities that align with the principles of lifelong learning. This paper presents the findings of a survey conducted among stakeholders in the Commonwealth Caribbean in a baseline study to gauge their awareness, experiences, and attitudes toward MCs. The study reveals that while a majority of respondents are familiar with MCs, significant barriers such as lack of awareness, resistance to change, and limited access to technology hinder their widespread adoption. The paper highlights the potential of MCs to address regional flexible learning and skills gaps, support workforce development, and promote social inclusion, while also emphasizing the need for clear policies, quality assurance frameworks, and stakeholder collaboration. By applying the Lifelong Learning Paradigm, the paper provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the role of MCs in supporting continuous learning, skill development and adaptability. The findings underscore the importance of aligning MCs with industry needs, leveraging technology, and fostering a supportive ecosystem to ensure their successful implementation in the Caribbean. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for policymakers, educators, and employers to integrate MCs into the region’s lifelong learning landscape.

Evaluating ChatGPT-3’s efficacy in solving coding tasks: implications for academic integrity in English language assessments

The purpose of this study was to examine ChatGPT-3’s capabilities to generate code solutions for assessment problems commonly assessed by automatic correction tools in the TEFL academic setting, focusing on the Kattis platform. The researcher explored potential implications for academic integrity and the challenges associated with AI-generated solutions. The investigation involved testing ChatGPT on a subset of 124 English language assessment tasks from Kattis, a widely used automatic software grading tool. The results revealed that ChatGPT independently solved 16 tasks successfully. Data analysis demonstrated that while ChatGPT performed well on simpler problems, it faced challenges with more complex assessment tasks. To supplement quantitative findings, a qualitative follow-up investigation was conducted, including interviews with two EFL assessment instructors. The discussion encompassed methodological considerations, the effectiveness of Kattis in preventing cheating, and the limitations in detecting AI-generated code. ChatGPT independently solved 16 out of 124 assessment tasks assessed by Kattis. Performance varied based on task complexity, with better accuracy on simpler problems. Qualitative insights revealed both the strengths and limitations of Kattis in preventing cheating. While ChatGPT demonstrates competence in solving certain assessment problems, challenges persist with more complex tasks. The study emphasizes the need for continuous adaptation in EFL assessment methodologies to maintain academic integrity in the face of evolving AI capabilities. As students gain access to sophisticated AI-generated solutions, the need for vigilant strategies to uphold originality and critical thinking in academic work becomes increasingly crucial. The study's findings have implications for multiple stakeholders, including (1) awareness of AI capabilities in generating code solutions, necessitating vigilant assessment strategies. (2) Understanding the importance of academic integrity and the limitations of AI in mastering complex assessment tasks. (3) Insights into the interplay between AI, automated assessment systems, and academic integrity, guiding future investigations. This performance illustrates the need for careful assessment design to mitigate the risk of AI-assisted academic dishonesty while maintaining rigorous academic standards.

Changes in radiocarpal and intercarpal arthrodesis incidence in Sweden: A 16-year retrospective analysis of 5 189 surgeries.

Radiocarpal and intercarpal arthrodesis are common procedures for managing advanced arthritis, post-traumatic conditions, and failed interventions. This observational study analysed 5,189 cases of arthrodesis registered in the Swedish National Patient Register between 2008 and 2023 to identify surgical trends and future projections. Of these, 2,434 were radiocarpal and 2,755 intercarpal arthrodesis. Arthrodesis of the radiocarpal and intercarpal joints demonstrate fluctuating trends, regional disparities, and relatively equal rates between men and women. Younger men more often undergo intercarpal arthrodesis, while older women are in majority regarding radiocarpal arthrodesis, potentially reflecting differences in disease presentation, surgical indications, or occupational factors. A slight overall decline in arthrodesis rates suggests a shift towards alternative treatments like denervation or arthroplasty. These findings highlight the need for continued adaptation to evolving surgical techniques and standardised national care programs to optimize patient care and outcomes and mitigate inequalities in health care.

PursuitNet: A deep learning model for predicting competitive pursuit-like behavior in mice.

PursuitNet: A deep learning model for predicting competitive pursuit-like behavior in mice.

Building Bilingual Expertise: Evaluating Professional Development Program for Elementary Teachers in Taiwan

This study evaluates a professional development program for in-service elementary school teachers in Taiwan, focusing on bilingual education through the CLIL approach. The research aligns with Taiwan’s “Bilingual 2030” policy, aiming to enhance English proficiency and global competitiveness among the citizens. The six-credit, 108-hour program includes workshops, collaborative planning sessions, and micro-teaching activities. Using a mixed-methods approach with quantitative surveys and qualitative open-ended questions, the study found significant improvements in teachers’ understanding of bilingual education. Participants moved away from the belief that native-like English fluency and native speakers are essential for effective bilingual teaching, and recognized the benefits of using students’ first language flexibly. Teachers initially sought practical strategies and a deeper understanding of bilingual education, but upon completion of the program, their focus shifted to practical application, collaborative planning, and student motivation. The findings highlight the program’s success in enhancing teachers’ bilingual teaching capabilities for both English-teaching-related and non-English-teaching-related background teachers and underscore the need for ongoing support and resources. This study provides valuable insights for international audiences, suggesting that well-structured professional development programs can significantly improve teachers’ ability to deliver bilingual education. Continuous evaluation and adaptation are crucial to addressing educators’ evolving needs and ensuring sustained effectiveness.

Family Resilience in Adolescent and Young Adult Patients With Hematological Malignancies: A Qualitative Study of Patients and Family Caregivers.

Family resilience plays a vital role in coping with cancer. However, little research has explored how adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with hematological malignancies and their families adapt to cancer, particularly during this critical developmental stage. This study aims to explore how AYAs with hematological malignancies and their families experience the dynamic process of family resilience. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 participants from 26 families, including 19 AYAs with hematological malignancies and 21 family caregivers. Data were collected between April 2023 and March 2025 at two general hospitals in central China. Interviews were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Four themes and 11 subthemes emerged. Theme 1: challenges faced by families: (a) multiple challenges for patients, (b) intense family caregiver burden, and (c) shared fear of relapse and uncertainty. Theme 2: internal adaptation within families: (a) flexible role and responsibility adjustment, (b) fostering shared decision-making and autonomy through communication, and (c) emotional suppression and coping strategies. Theme 3: external social support and resources: (a) received social support, and (b) limitations in the social support system. Theme 4: self-transcendence and growth: (a) personal growth, (b) gratitude toward family and society, and (c) maintaining hope and adjusting plans. This study reveals that family resilience among AYAs with hematological malignancies is a dynamic and cyclical process shaped by continuous adaptation to evolving challenges. While family resilience supports personal growth, families remain under ongoing stress. These findings highlight the need for culturally sensitive and developmentally tailored interventions to better support both patients and caregivers throughout the illness trajectory.

KEY FEATURES OF THE COMBAT USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES BY THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AGAINST UKRAINE IN 2024

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the combat employment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2024. The study focuses on the tactical and technological transformation of drone warfare, which includes the integration of strike, reconnaissance, and increasingly autonomous FPV (First-Person View) drones. Special attention is paid to the emergence of fiber-optic-controlled FPV drones—an innovative response to the growing effectiveness of Ukrainian electronic warfare (EW) systems. The use of these drones enables operators to maintain reliable communication and precision targeting even under intensive jamming conditions. The article also explores the evolving tactics of mass UAV usage, including multi-wave attacks, variable flight altitudes, complex route planning, loitering techniques, and integration with cruise missile strikes. The incorporation of decoy UAVs such as "Gerbera" and "Parodiya" into operational planning demonstrates a deliberate effort by Russian forces to overload and deceive Ukrainian air defense systems. The findings reflect an overall shift toward layered, adaptive, and technology-intensive models of aerial assault. In addition, the paper highlights the increased decentralization of drone deployment to the platoon and company level, where FPV drones are used for highly precise strikes on vehicles, personnel, and infrastructure. The analysis addresses economic and psychological dimensions as well, noting the low cost and high impact of FPV drones, which intensify battlefield pressure and degrade enemy morale. Overall, the study argues that UAVs—particularly FPV systems with advanced control mechanisms—are redefining the structure of modern warfare. Their rapid proliferation, customization, and integration into joint operations call for equally dynamic countermeasures, including enhanced EW, automated target recognition, and scalable air defense architectures. These conclusions underscore the strategic importance of drone warfare and the urgent need for continuous doctrinal and technological adaptation.

Developing the Strategic and Master Plan for Information and Communication Technology at the IT Agency of the State of Tocantins

The rapid evolution of digital governance necessitates strategic planning to ensure efficiency, transparency, and adaptability in public service delivery. This paper presents the development of the Strategic and Master Plan for Information and Communication Technology (PEDTIC) at the Tocantins State Information Technology Agency (ATI/TO), a pivotal initiative aimed at strengthening digital transformation efforts in Tocantins, Brazil. The PEDTIC was built upon three foundational diagnostic assessments: the Governance of ICT, the Strategic IT Plan (PDTI), and the ABEP-TIC Index evaluation. These diagnostics provided a comprehensive analysis of ATI/TO’s digital service capabilities, governance structures, and alignment with state objectives. The methodological approach combined situational assessments, regulatory reviews, management interviews, and benchmarking against national best practices. The findings highlighted gaps in IT governance, data integration, and digital service effectiveness. By aligning ATI/TO’s strategic vision with the broader objectives of the Tocantins government, the PEDTIC establishes a framework that prioritizes structured governance, risk management, and the enhancement of public digital services. This study discusses the lessons learned from the diagnostic phase, emphasizing the importance of clear communication, cross-department collaboration, and proactive risk management in digital transformation. The PEDTIC provides a structured action plan with clearly defined objectives, performance indicators, and accountability mechanisms to ensure continuous improvement and adaptation. The results of this initiative have already led to a significant improvement in ATI/TO’s ranking in the ABEP-TIC Index, demonstrating tangible progress in digital governance. Additionally, this paper explores the implications of ATI/TO’s transformation towards a more strategic operational model, shifting from purely technical functions to a leadership role in state digital governance. The conclusions drawn highlight the critical need for structured digital strategies, ongoing capacity-building initiatives, and stakeholder engagement to sustain long-term advancements in public digital services. The PEDTIC serves as a case study for other government institutions aiming to implement structured and scalable digital transformation initiatives.

Comprehensive Risk Management Framework for Mitigating Geological, Environmental, And Operational Risks in Road Construction Projects

Road construction projects are inherently complex, involving numerous challenges that span geological, environmental, and operational domains. As infrastructure development continues to expand globally, the need for robust risk management frameworks has become critical to ensure safety, sustainability, and project success. This paper presents a comprehensive risk management framework designed to mitigate the multifaceted risks associated with road construction, focusing on geological, environmental, and operational factors. By systematically identifying, assessing, prioritizing, and addressing these risks, the framework enables project managers and stakeholders to enhance decision-making processes, minimize negative impacts, and optimize resource allocation. Geological risks, such as landslides, soil instability, and seismic activity, are some of the most significant challenges in road construction. These risks can lead to delays, cost overruns, and even catastrophic failures if not properly managed. The proposed framework integrates advanced tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and risk simulation models, including Monte Carlo simulations, to assess geological risks more accurately. These models allow project managers to predict potential outcomes based on geological variability, enabling them to design effective mitigation strategies, such as soil stabilization techniques or alternative route planning. Environmental risks also play a crucial role in road construction projects, particularly in an era of heightened environmental awareness and regulatory scrutiny. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are essential components of the risk management framework, systematically evaluating the potential ecological consequences of construction activities, including habitat disruption, pollution, and water quality degradation. The framework promotes the adoption of sustainable practices and compliance with environmental regulations, ensuring that road construction projects minimize their ecological footprint. By incorporating stakeholder engagement and participatory approaches, the framework ensures that local communities and environmental organizations are actively involved in identifying and addressing environmental concerns. Operational risks, including project delays, labor shortages, equipment failures, and supply chain disruptions, are equally critical to the success of road construction projects. The comprehensive risk management framework emphasizes the importance of proactive project management and the use of real- time tracking tools, such as project management software, to monitor and mitigate operational risks. Additionally, the framework employs both qualitative and quantitative risk assessments to evaluate the likelihood and impact of these risks, helping project managers prioritize resources and implement appropriate contingency plans. One of the key components of the framework is the use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) for risk prioritization and mitigation strategy selection. MCDA enables decision-makers to evaluate various risk factors based on multiple criteria, such as severity, cost, and feasibility, facilitating a balanced and data-driven approach to risk management. By considering diverse perspectives and trade-offs, project managers can identify the most effective and sustainable risk mitigation strategies. This comprehensive risk management framework also emphasizes continuous monitoring and adaptability. As road construction projects evolve, so do the risks associated with them. The framework advocates for ongoing risk assessments and updates, allowing for timely adjustments to risk mitigation strategies. By fostering a culture of continuous improvement and stakeholder collaboration, the framework ensures that road construction projects are not only resilient to current risks but are also prepared to adapt to emerging challenges..

Continuous Learning and Adaptation of Neural Control for Proprioceptive Feedback Integration in a Quadruped Robot

Continuous Learning and Adaptation of Neural Control for Proprioceptive Feedback Integration in a Quadruped Robot

A review on the effectiveness of red teaming exercises in modern cybersecurity

Red teaming exercises have become an essential tool in modern cybersecurity, providing a proactive approach to assessing and enhancing defensive capabilities against sophisticated threats. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of red teaming by analysing its core methodologies, tools, and emerging adaptations. A detailed examination is provided regarding adversary simulation and emulation techniques, emphasizing the use of frameworks such as MITRE ATT&CK and Breach and Attack Simulation (BAS) platforms. Physical security assessments also play a significant role, with red teaming techniques continuously evolving to address new architectures like cloud computing, serverless environments, and microservices. Evaluating the effectiveness of red teaming exercises requires a robust framework, incorporating key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics. However, challenges persist in measurement and attribution, necessitating accurate and reliable methods to truly assess the impact of these exercises. Common challenges are discussed, together with operational risks and ethical challenges. Looking towards the future, the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation on red teaming is analysed, along with the rise of purple teaming and the application of red teaming strategies within Zero Trust architectures. These trends highlight the continuous adaptation required to address the dynamic threat landscape. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the evolving methodologies and future directions of red teaming exercises.

AI-driven security architecture: Innovations in autonomous threat response

This article presents a comprehensive overview of AI-driven security architectures and innovations in autonomous threat response. As cybersecurity landscapes evolve with increasingly sophisticated threats, traditional security approaches relying on signature-based detection and human intervention prove inadequate against modern attack methodologies. The paradigm shift toward autonomous security systems leverages machine learning and artificial intelligence to enable continuous adaptation and proactive defense mechanisms. The article examines foundational components of AI-driven security architectures, key innovations including reinforcement learning, generative adversarial networks, security orchestration platforms, and implementation strategies and best practices. While highlighting transformative potential, the article also addresses significant challenges, including model interpretability, adversarial vulnerabilities, computational constraints, and ethical considerations that security practitioners must navigate when deploying these advanced systems.

The meaning of innovation in the umrah business process: A qualitative study on umrah travel

This study focuses on examining the integrative factors that determine successful innovations in the business process of Umrah in PT. Umi Muthmainah Berkah Umrah and Hajj Travel are located in Surabaya. The factors examined were technology, regulation, human resource (HR) quality, and pilgrims' trust. The method used was qualitative, with a case study approach and data collection through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. The results showed that while digitized systems bolster operational efficiency and convenience for pilgrims, a far greater hurdle in human resources limits the ability to utilize technology. Travel companies are subject to strict compliance requirements, which necessitate continual adaptation and travel agency innovation. The human resource quality gained through systematic and ongoing training fosters successful innovation, while trust from pilgrims significantly affects business reputation and sustainability. This study affirms the synergistic integration of technology, regulation, human resources, and congregation trust, which constitute the pillars of innovation and umrah business success. The study results suggest directions for management to focus more on the enhancement of technology and human resources, and for the government to formulate pro-innovation policy regulations. This study also encourages the public to be more discerning in selecting a Umrah bureau to receive optimal and more trustworthy services.