In recent years, the continuous application and expansion of unmanned intelligent technology in military maritime equipment have spurred the rapid development of military unmanned maritime vehicles, represented by Unmanned Surface Vehicles and Unmanned Underwater Vehicles. Their accelerating deployment across various maritime domains is profoundly reshaping patterns of maritime military competition and the maritime security order, making them an urgent topic for discussion concerning international maritime peace and development. Furthermore, with their unique advantages such as low cost, potential for mass deployment, high concealment, long endurance, and the avoidance of personnel casualties, unmanned maritime vehicles are redefining maritime situational awareness capabilities for nations, especially small and medium-sized states, to an unprecedented degree. Their large-scale application not only poses severe challenges to traditional maritime rules based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea but also creates uncertainty for the maintenance of the existing maritime security order. Military unmanned maritime vehicles will drive nations toward a re-balance of power. This paper aims to analyze the historical progression and practical application of military unmanned maritime vehicles. It will systematically discuss how they can constructively perform this re-balance function across dimensions such as peacetime, crises, and wartime, and re-examine their potential contributions to the international maritime security order.

This qualitative and bibliographic research is aimed at briefly presenting the “Guide to Literary Works for Middle School”, an educational product developed as a possible suggestion for teachers facing the challenging task of selecting literary books for Middle School students. Given the growing number of available titles in Children's and Young Adult Literature - market niches in continuous expansion - this task becomes increasingly difficult and inevitably leads to the concept of the Culture Industry. The reflections proposed throughout this text aim to respond whether the Guide, within this context, represents a potential rupture or the inescapable continuation of current trends. Thus, Literature, reader development, literary literacy - serving as theoretical foundations for the product - along with the Culture Industry, Mass Culture, and generative themes, are addressed in different sections of the study, which concludes that we may be facing a possible rupture, depending on the understanding of both the developers and the teachers who will use the product.

Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is a naturally susceptible host for the pine wood nematodes (PWNs, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and a dominant afforestation tree species in northeastern China. With the continuous northward expansion of PWNs, P. sylvestris var. mongolica may become a critical conduit for their further expansion. To prevent pine wilt disease (PWD) from spreading via P. sylvestris var. mongolica in northeastern China, it is essential to elucidate its defense mechanisms against PWN and enhance its resistance. Transcriptome analysis of P. sylvestris var. mongolica following inoculation with PWNs revealed the involvement of chalcone synthase (chs) genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, indicating their crucial role in the interaction between P. sylvestris var. mongolica and PWN. Treatment with elicitors known to induce chs gene expression-chitosan (CTS), chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), and sodium alginate (NaAlg)-delayed the progression of PWD, with NaAlg exhibiting the strongest protective effect. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in the pathways related to flavonoid biosynthesis were observed following treatment with 100 mg/L NaAlg, and upregulated expressions of chs genes. This treatment also increased the abundance of key flavonoid pathway metabolites, including phloretin, chrysoeriol, and L-tyrosine. However, inoculation with PWN following 100 mg/L NaAlg treatment downregulated expressions of chs genes and consumed phloretin, chrysoeriol, and L-tyrosine, while promoting the accumulation of p-coumaryl alcohol. The expression of chs genes plays a critical role in the defense of P. sylvestris var. mongolica against PWN infection. Spraying 100 mg/L NaAlg solution before PWN infection activates chs genes in P. sylvestris var. mongolica, regulating the levels of L-tyrosine, phloretin, chrysoeriol, and p-coumaryl alcohol to enhance self-resistance against PWN, thereby delaying the progression of PWD in P. sylvestris var. mongolica. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Abstract For every irrational real , let denote the largest partial quotient in its continued fraction expansion (or , if unbounded). The 2‐adic Littlewood conjecture (2LC) can be stated as follows: There exists no irrational such that is uniformly bounded by a constant for all . In 2016, Badziahin proved (considering a different formulation of 2LC) that if a counterexample exists, then the bound is at least 8. We improve this bound to 15. Then we focus on a “B‐variant” of 2LC, where we replace by . In this setting, we prove that if for all , then . For the proof we use Hurwitz's algorithm for multiplication of continued fractions by 2. Along the way, we find families of quadratic irrationals with the property that for arbitrarily large there exist all equivalent to .

With the continuous expansion of medical data scale and the iterative development of machine learning technologies, precise prediction of breast cancer is of critical importance for clinical diagnosis and scientific treatment. Although supervised learning algorithms are widely applied, the high dimensionality and redundancy of medical data often lead to a decline in the computational efficiency of these algorithms. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA), as dimensionality reduction techniques, are respectively suitable for efficient dimensionality reduction of linearly separable data and extraction of structural features from nonlinear and complex data. Based on this, this study explores the integrated application of PCA, KPCA, and supervised learning algorithms to optimize the breast cancer prediction performance. Through simulation experiments, the characteristics of supervised learning based on PCA/KPCA under limited sample conditions are verified. Furthermore, based on the Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset, supervised learning models are constructed, incorporating Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost. Model performance is evaluated using accuracy and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The experimental results demonstrate that supervised learning models after dimensionality reduction by PCA and KPCA outperform those built with raw data across various classification metrics.

ABSTRACT Green collaborative innovation critically drives green total factor productivity (GTFP), yet its network impact on GTFP remains unsolved. Based on the urban green collaborative innovation (UGCI) networks constructed by 2011–2021 joint application green patent data from 189 cities, this study applies social network analysis to calculate degree and degree centrality to represent cities’ network location. By utilising two-way fixed effects and quantile regression models, we find that cities’ locations within the UGCI network significantly influence GTFP, as evidenced by the network’s continual expansion alongside pronounced increases in green innovation, particularly in eastern, central and parts of northern China. Besides, central cities in UGCI network consistently enhance GTFP, validated through robustness tests. Heterogeneity analysis elucidates how geographic location and COVID-19 affect GTFP. Mediation analysis identifies energy dependency reduction as a critical pathway for GTFP enhancement. These findings advance strategies for optimising green co-innovation and sustainable development.

Abstract. Stable nitrogen isotope records preserved in marine sediments provide critical insights into Earth's climate history and biospheric evolution. Although numerous studies have documented nitrogen isotope (δ15N) records for various geological systems (Archean to Recent) and paleogeographic settings, the scientific community remains constrained by the absence of a standardized database to systematically investigate their spatiotemporal evolution. Here, we present the database of Deep-time Sediment Nitrogen Isotopes in Marine Systems (DSMS-NI), a comprehensive global compilation of δ15N data and associated geochemical parameters, spanning a vast collection of sediment samples dating from the Recent to the Archean. This database encompasses 70 854 δ15N records derived from 417 publications, systematically organized with 31 metadata fields categories (e.g., chronostratigraphic ages, coordinates, lithology, metamorphic grade, sedimentary facies, references) encompassing 1 999 226 metadata. This repository further incorporates 130 proxy data fields, including 281 215 geochemical data spanning total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and organic carbon isotopes (δ13Corg), major and trace elements and iron species. These integrated parameters enable evaluation of sample fidelity and factors influencing δ15N signatures. The DSMS-NI database will facilitate research for key geological intervals such as the Permian/Triassic boundary and the Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). Researchers can leverage temporal and paleogeographic information, alongside geochemical data, to conduct spatiotemporal analyses, thereby uncovering changes in deep-time marine nitrogen cycles and paleoenvironmental conditions. The database is open-access via the Geobiology portal (https://geobiologydata.cug.edu.cn/, last access: 30 April 2025), allowing users to access data and submit new entries to ensure continuous updates and expansion. This resource represents a vital foundation for studies in paleoclimate, paleoenvironment, and geochemistry, offering essential data for understanding long-term Earth-system processes. The data files described in this paper are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15117375 (Du et al., 2025a).

This study examines the relationship between population distribution and land area in Sri Lanka’s Western Province, a region experiencing rapid urbanization and high population density, particularly within the Colombo, Gampaha, and Kalutara districts. Accelerated urban growth in this province has generated critical challenges related to land use, infrastructure provision, and resource allocation. To analyze these dynamics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient is employed to assess the strength and direction of the relationship between population size and land extent at the Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) level. The study utilizes secondary data obtained from the Department of Census and Statistics (2020), including official population figures and land area measurements for each DSD. The data is systematically processed for statistical analysis, enabling the identification of meaningful relationships between population density and land availability. In addition, Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques are used to visualize spatial patterns, enhancing the interpretation of population distribution across the province. The findings indicate that urbanization patterns and land-use configurations significantly influence population distribution in the Western Province. High population densities are frequently concentrated in areas with limited land availability, intensifying competition for land, infrastructure, and essential services. This imbalance underscores the need for region-specific planning strategies that address the distinct demographic pressures faced by individual DSDs. The implications of this research are particularly important in the context of continued urban expansion, where effective land management and informed planning are essential for sustainable development. Policymakers and urban planners are encouraged to adopt data-driven strategies that align population growth with land-use planning to ensure balanced urban development. By clarifying the relationship between population distribution and land area, this study contributes valuable insights to support sustainable, resilient, and inclusive urban planning in Sri Lanka’s Western Province.

With the continuous expansion of data trading, the data supply chain system has gradually developed and improved. However, frequent security issues during the data transaction process have seriously hindered the development of the digital economy. As a key link in the data supply chain, the data trading market needs to use blockchain technology to achieve full-chain supervision of the data supply chain, which has become a top priority. Based on prospect theory, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model composed of data suppliers, consumers and data trading markets at all levels. The main factors affecting the system game strategy are discussed. The results show that: (1) The development of the data supply chain system can be divided into three stages, and blockchain technology plays a key role in realizing full-chain supervision of the data transaction process. The costs of blockchain adoption, market rewards, and penalties significantly affect the behavior of all parties. (2) The behavior of data suppliers has strong negative externalities and affects other participants. In addition, the larger the size of the data transaction, the lower the probability of breach by the data provider. (3) Adopting blockchain technology and implementing effective incentives can promote the development of the data supply chain.

Herbaceous plants from dry forests respond to different levels of light availability over time and space through strategies that promote their establishment and survival. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of the perennial herb Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd., which is pantropically distributed and forms dense populations in the Caatinga, under varying light availabilities. The treatments applied were full sun and 70%, 50%, and 30% light availability, each with 30 replicates. Vegetative, reproductive, and phenological responses were monitored over six months, during which the plant’s reproductive cycle was completed and water availability was higher. In T100, plants showed greater height, diameter, leaf production, flowers, fruits, and seeds. In contrast, reduced light availability led to lower values in these traits but resulted in increased leaf area, seed viability, and higher fruit/flower and seed/fruit ratios as compensatory responses. These findings suggest that higher light availability increases the establishment success of the studied species, although reduced light does not necessarily limit its reproductive success. The study highlights its adaptability to different light conditions and its potential for continued population expansion in dry tropical forests, despite fluctuations in light availability.

With the rapid development of higher education and the continuous expansion of asset scale, informatization construction has become a key path to improve the efficiency of asset management in colleges and universities. This paper deeply analyzes the prominent problems existing in the current informatization construction of asset management in colleges and universities, mainly including: the widespread phenomenon of "information silos" and low system integration; single function of management platforms, making it difficult to support full lifecycle management; low data quality and lagging dynamic updates, hindering accurate decision-making; prominent information security risks and privacy protection challenges; and the lack of informatization literacy among management teams, restricting the effectiveness of new system applications. In response to these problems, this paper proposes systematic countermeasures: first, strengthen top-level design and build an integrated intelligent asset management platform to promote system interoperability; second, utilize new-generation information technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence to achieve dynamic monitoring and intelligent decision-making for assets throughout the entire process from "entry" to "exit"; third, establish and improve a data governance system to ensure the accuracy, integrity, and timeliness of data; fourth, strengthen information security protection and build a comprehensive data security and privacy protection mechanism; fifth, strengthen the construction of professional teams and enhance the informatization literacy and comprehensive capabilities of management personnel. Research shows that through the deep integration of technological empowerment, institutional innovation, and management transformation, the bottlenecks in the informatization construction of asset management in colleges and universities can be effectively broken, promoting the transformation of asset management towards digitalization, intelligence, and refinement, providing solid support for the connotative development and modernization of governance capabilities of colleges and universities.

Effective climate policies for ‘all seasons’: novel evidence from 40 countries

Cyclocybe chaxingu is a well-known edible fungus in China, in which pileus size and color are key traits determining its commercial value. However, the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the morphological development of its pileus remains limited at present. To address this, our study first completed the high-quality genome assembly of the monokaryotic strain Ag.c0002-1 of albino C. chaxingu, anchoring it to 13 chromosomes via Hi-C technology. The final genome size was 51.7 Mb with a GC content of 51.06%, and 11,332 protein-coding genes were annotated. Phenotypic observations and comparative transcriptome analyses were then conducted on the pilei of the brown cultivar Ag.c0067 and the white cultivar Ag.c0002 at the primordium, elongation, and mature stages. Phenotypic analysis revealed continuous pileus expansion accompanied by progressive color lightening in both cultivars during development. Comparative transcriptomic analyses revealed significant differences in gene expression patterns between the two cultivars across developmental stages. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that pileus expansion is closely associated with pathways related to DNA replication, cell cycle of yeast, carbon metabolism, and carbohydrate digestion and absorption. Among these, differentially expressed genes involved in cell division tended to be downregulated, whereas genes associated with energy metabolism and substance transport were upregulated, providing the necessary energy and material support for pileus growth. Changes in pileus pigmentation were primarily associated with tyrosine metabolism, betalain biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, and melanogenesis pathways. Notably, the downregulation of tyrosinase genes and the upregulation of glutathione S-transferase genes during development may represent major molecular mechanisms underlying pileus color lightening. Overall, this study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating pileus development and pigmentation in C. chaxingu, while also offering valuable theoretical support for genetic analysis of basidiomycete morphogenesis and the molecular breeding of edible mushrooms.

Introduction. HIV infection remains a priority public health problem in the Russian Federation and the Kyrgyz Republic. According to the WHO and UNAIDS classification, both countries are categorized as having a concentrated epidemic type. Over the past two decades, there has been a transformation of the epidemic process from the predominance of parenteral transmission routes to the dominance of sexual transmission mechanisms. Objective. Comprehensive comparative epidemiological analysis of the dynamics and structure of HIV infection incidence in the Russian Federation and the Kyrgyz Republic for the period 2014–2024. Materials and methods. The study was based on analysis of official statistics and data from medical surveillance forms. Descriptive epidemiological methods were applied: analysis of morbidity (incidence) and morbidity burden (prevalence), spatial distribution, age structure, transmission routes, and antiretroviral therapy coverage. Results. In Russia, morbidity decreased by 38 % (from 58.4 to 36.08 per 100,000 population) while morbidity burden increased by 68 % (from 494.6 to 831.44 per 100,000). In Kyrgyzstan, morbidity increased by 63 % (from 8.4 to 13.7 per 100,000) and morbidity burden increased by 119 % (from 85.6 to 188.1 per 100,000). Heterosexual transmission became the dominant route: in Russia – 80.9 %, in Kyrgyzstan – 56.6 %. Morbidity was concentrated in working-age groups. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage in Russia was 89.8 % among registered patients, in Kyrgyzstan – 70.3 % with viral suppression achieved in 90 %. Conclusions. Russia demonstrates epidemic stabilization, while Kyrgyzstan shows continued expansion. The transformation of transmission routes requires reorientation of prevention strategies toward the general population. There is a need to strengthen patient retention in the surveillance system and develop interstate cooperation.

SUMMARYBacterial cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan (PG), a primary load-bearing layer that forms a protective exoskeleton around the cytoplasmic membrane. PG is a heteropolymer composed of glycan chains attached to short peptides that are crosslinked to each other, forming a mesh-like macromolecule that prevents osmotic lysis of the cell. Far from being a static exoskeleton, PG is a dynamic living polymer that undergoes continuous synthesis, expansion, remodeling, and turnover throughout the bacterial cell cycle. Central to the dynamic nature of PG is a finely tuned balance between two seemingly opposite processes-synthesis and hydrolysis. The PG synthases, which are essential for bacterial viability, have long been recognized as excellent drug targets and have therefore been studied extensively for decades. On the other hand, the significance of PG hydrolysis in diverse fundamental PG processes has become increasingly evident in recent years. Bacteria encode several highly conserved PG hydrolases with distinct substrate specificities that contribute to critical cellular processes, including cell wall expansion during growth, cell division, remodeling, and recycling, as well as predation and pathogenesis. Consequently, PG hydrolases represent promising targets for the development of novel antibacterial therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the classification, physiological functions, and regulatory mechanisms governing the PG hydrolases in the model organism Escherichia coli and highlights parallels among related taxa across the bacterial kingdom.

Continuous eyebox expansion in holographic near-eye displays using a liquid crystal tunable active beam deflector

ObjectiveOver the past decade, the German tele-emergency medical system (tele-EMS) has undergone continuous expansion. This growth has introduced a range of innovations that have transformed the daily work of tele-EMS physicians. At the same time, it has also brought new challenges, including parallel rescue operations, supra-regional deployments, and an increasing number of patient cases. To address these issues, the utilisation of an artificial intelligence (AI) system developed specifically for tele-EMS physicians was investigated.MethodsAs part of a qualitative study, 11 tele-EMS physicians were interviewed to understand their perspective on the implementation of AI in the field of tele-emergency medicine. The interview questionnaire covers a range of topics, including requirements and concerns of tele-EMS physicians regarding the use of the specific AI system, as well as their willingness to work with this system in future.ResultsThe results of the study reveal that, despite certain concerns and fears, tele-EMS physicians are generally positive about the implementation of AI technology in prehospital tele-emergency medicine. When designed effectively, the system is considered potentially suitable for reducing the workload of tele-EMS physicians and improving the quality of patient care.ConclusionsThis study addresses a significant gap in the field of telemedicine research by examining perceptions of tele-EMS physicians regarding the implementation of AI in prehospital tele-emergency medicine, while also outlining critical ethical considerations related to AI integration in tele-emergency care. Furthermore, it provides a set of items for a qualitative interview study that can be easily adapted for use with other medical technologies.

RT-PCR assay development of ITS and toxin gene regions of, Aetokthonos hydrillicola, a known epiphyte of the invasive species Hydrilla verticillata.

The modern human is influenced by the evolution of technologies and the continuous expansion of artificial intelligence (AI). This article aims to analyze the dimensions of AI in a century marked by significant technological progress. We highlight a series of useful AI programs that facilitate the performance of various tasks, including text and presentation generation, as well as the improvement of audio, video, and design quality. At the same time, the study emphasizes the impact of these technologies on professional and creative practices, underscoring the need for the responsible use of AI tools in line with the trends of contemporary society. The scientific approach provides an overall perspective on the integration of AI into processes within the creative industries.

The rapid advancement of digital transformation, the widespread adoption of mobile devices, and the development of automated logistics and payment infrastructures have collectively accelerated the growth of the e-commerce market. The pandemic-induced shift toward online consumption has led to lasting structural changes in consumer behavior, while platform companies have reorganized the competitive landscape by integrating logistics and payment systems. Among various platform types, open markets have strategically leveraged key e-commerce platform characteristics to deliver efficient services, resulting in a surge of new users and positioning them as leading players in the market. Despite the continued expansion of the e-commerce market and the broader electronic commerce industry particularly centered on open markets existing studies on e-commerce platforms have primarily focused on development directions, user characteristics, and case analyses. Consequently, there remains a lack of research that directly examines platform attribute factors in relation to users. The research method involves collecting a sample of open-market users and conducting an empirical analysis to identify how key e-commerce platform attributes price efficiency, logistics efficiency, platform reliability, and customer relationship management affect user satisfaction and continuous usage intention. Furthermore, by examining previous research findings on platform characteristics and attributes within electronic commerce and applying them specifically to open-market users, this study aims to determine which characteristics generate significant effects for these users. Based on these findings, the study seeks to propose optimal marketing strategies and platform operation measures that can effectively enhance user experience within e-commerce platforms.