Saturated Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Substitution of Pork Fat with Beeswax-Structured Oleogels in Semi-Smoked Sausages

The expansion of the assortment of low-saturated-fat sausages is a trend in healthy eating, and the use of alternative ways to reduce their saturated fat content is required. This study aimed to partially substitute pork fat with 7% and 10% oleogel, obtained by structuring sunflower oil with a two-component mixture of monoglyceride and beeswax, in the recipe for semi-smoked sausage. The physicochemical characteristics of the sausages were evaluated, and the fatty acid profile and sensory properties were analyzed. In the samples where pork fat was partially replaced with oleogel at 7% and 10%, there was a decrease in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) by 35% and 38%, respectively. The addition of oleogel to sausages significantly reduced the content of stearic and palmitic acid, increased the content of linoleic acid, and improved the fatty acid profile. The microstructure of the sausages showed a more homogeneous structure with a lower content of large lipid granules as the amount of oleogel added increased. The sensory analysis showed that the addition of 7% oleogel did not deteriorate the organoleptic properties. Therefore, the partial substitution of pork fat with 7% oleogel can be recommended to produce healthy sausages with improved fatty acid profile and sensory properties.

Compost Improving Morphophysiological and Biochemical Traits, Seed Yield, and Oil Quality of Nigella sativa under Drought Stress

This study aimed to determine the effects of compost amendment on the soil properties, as well as the morphophysiological responses, seed yield, oil content, and fatty-acid profile. of Nigella sativa plants under drought stress conditions. In a split-plot design, the field experiment was carried out during two seasons (2020/2021 and 2021/2022), involving three irrigation regimes (named I100, I75, and I50 of crop evapotranspiration) with three levels of compost application (C0, C15, and C30). Soil porosity, permeability, pore geometry, water-holding capacity, organic content, and soil cation exchangeable capacity were improved in response to applied compost levels. The growth, physiology, biochemistry, and yield characteristics of Nigella sativa plants were positively affected by compost addition but negatively affected by increasing water stress severity. Deficit irrigation regimes increased osmoprotectant substances (i.e., proline, total free amino acids, carbohydrates, and total soluble sugar). Compared to the control (I100), deficit irrigation (I50) reduced fixed and essential oil by 16.64% and 39.57% over two seasons. Water stress increased the content of saturated fatty acids, while unsaturated fatty acids decreased. Compost application of (C30) resulted in a significant increase in seed yield, fixed oil, and essential oil of Nigella sativa plants by 34.72%, 46.55%, and 58.11% respectively, compared to the control (C0). Therefore, this study concluded that compost amendment improved soil properties and significantly mitigated the detrimental effects of drought on Nigella sativa plants, resulting in a considerable increase in seed yield and its oil content, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are distinguished by their beneficial effects on human health.

Effects of dietary α-tocopherol acetate and pomegranate peel extract on growth performance and antioxidative potential and lipid oxidation of meat of broiler

The study compared the effects of dietary supplementation of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) alone or in combination with α-tocopherol acetate (TA) on the performance, carcass traits, serum and meat parameters of broilers. The diets included: CONT: a control diet containing 50 mg/kg TA and 4 % flaxseed oil; TA200: the diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg TA to the control diet; PPE100, PPE200 and TA100+PPE100: the diets supplemented with 100 and 200 mg/kg PPE and 100 mg/kg TA+100 mg/kg PPE to the CONT diet. The dietary treatments had no significant effect on growth performance, internal organ weights and carcass yields. The TA200, PPE100, PPE200 and TA100+PPE100 diets significantly reduced the levels of lipid hydroperoxide and total oxidant and significantly increased the antioxidant level of the serum of broilers. The TA200, PPE100, PPE200 and TA100+PPE100 diets significantly increased the contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-6 FAs and omega-3 FAs, total phenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power, and significantly decreased the concentrations of total saturated fatty acids, total monounsaturated fatty acids, the omega-6:omega-3 ratio and the MDA value of the thigh meat and breast meat compared to the CONT diet. In conclusion, the antioxidant potential and lipid oxidation stability of broiler meat may be improved by supplementing the diet with TA or PPE alone or in combination. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of TA and PPE in combination in the diet was more strong in refrigerated broiler meat enriched with omega-3 PUFAs than that of TA alone.

Influence of feeding on different types of pasture on the fatty acid profile and health indices of goat milk

The main objective of the present research was to study the change in fatty acid (FA) composition of milk fat in a Carpathian local breed during grazing on two plots characterized by a different cover with herbaceous species and woody (only herbaceous species: H and high woody species cover: W) allowances with or without concentrate supplementation (Cs: 500 g concentrate/head/d). Thus, four treatments resulted: H-U: only herbaceous species-unsupplemented, H-Cs: only herbaceous species-concentrate supplementation, W-U: high woody species-unsupplemented, W-Cs: high woody species-concentrate supplementation. Individual milk production (n = 10) was recorded daily, and milk samples were collected weekly for a seven-week period (June to August) and analysed for fat, protein, lactose, urea-N, and FAs. Milk production was not influenced by the type of pasture. The daily production of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and protein level increased and the content of fat and urea-N reduced with concentrate supplementation, whereas the content of lactose was similar. The botanical composition of pasture markedly influenced the FA profile of goat milk fat. The goats grazing in scrubland (W group) produced milk fat with higher concentrations of monounsaturated FA (C18:1 t11, vaccenic acid, VA) and polyunsaturated FA (omega 3 and conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) and lower concentrations of hypercholesterolaemic FA (HFA; C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0). Regardless of the botanical composition of the pasture, milk fat of unsupplemented grazed goats had the lowest proportion of HFA, as well as the highest proportions of C18:1 c9, VA, RA (rumenic acid, C18:2 c9,t11), and total n-3 FA compared to the Cs groups (supplemented with concentrate). Concentrate supplementation increased short-chain FA and saturated FA content. In contrast, percentages of the nutritionally desirable FA (C18:3 c9, c12, c15; C18:2 c9, t11, C18:1 t11; C20:5n-3; C22:5n-3, and total n-3 FA) were substantially lower, whereas levels of total n-6 FA, n-6:n-3 ratio, atherogenicity index (AI), and thrombogenicity index (TI) were substantially higher in milk from Cs groups. No interactions occurred between pasture type and concentrate supplementation for milk FA composition. It is concluded that the milk from goats kept unsupplemented on the natural pasture were better in terms of nutraceutical parameters advantageous to human nutrition than the milk produced by concentrate supplementation.

Effect of Buffalo Breed on the Detailed Milk Composition in Guangxi, China.

Buffalo is the second source of milk in the world, and its milk is rich in nutritive components. It is well-known that breed influences milk composition. This work aimed to compare the detailed milk composition of three buffalo breeds (Murrah, Nili-Ravi, and Mediterranean) housed under the same environmental conditions. Mediterranean buffalo milk showed a significantly higher content of fat, protein, and some fatty acids. Moreover, the milk from the Mediterranean breed was characterized by the highest content of sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol, and lanosterol. However, the Murrah buffalo milk contained the highest amount of total unsaturated fatty acids, phosphatidylinositol, and whey proteins. Furthermore, the Nili-Ravi buffalo milk was characterized by the highest content of total saturated fatty acids, phosphatidylglycerol, squalene, lathosterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, and casein fractions. Nevertheless, the lactose and amino acid profiles of the milk remained almost similar across the three buffalo breeds. The generated results in this study enable a comprehensive understanding of the milk constituent variability that is linked to buffalo breeds, which may support the acquirement of essential scientific knowledge on milk ingredient-processing interactions that will offer a foundation of knowledge for Chinese dairy processors in terms of milk processability and innovation.

Implications of Organic Dairy Management on Herd Performance and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles and Interactions with Season.

Interest in organic cows' milk has increased due to the perceived superior nutritional quality and improved sustainability and animal welfare. However, there is a lack of simultaneous assessments on the influence of organic dairy practices and dietary and breed drivers on productivity, feed efficiency, health parameters, and nutritional milk quality at the herd level. This work aimed to assess the impact of organic vs. conventional management and month on milk yield and basic composition, herd feed efficiency, health parameters, and milk fatty acid (FA) composition. Milk samples (n = 800) were collected monthly from the bulk tanks of 67 dairy farms (26 organic and 41 conventional) between January and December 2019. Data on breed and feeding practices were gathered via farm questionnaires. The samples were analyzed for their basic composition and FA profile using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. The data were analyzed using a linear mixed model, repeated measures design and multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA). The conventional farms had higher yields (kg/cow per day) of milk (+7.3 kg), fat (+0.27 kg), and protein (+0.25 kg) and higher contents (g/kg milk) of protein, casein, lactose, and urea. The conventional farms produced more milk (+0.22 kg), fat (+8.6 g), and protein (+8.1 g) per kg offered dry matter (DM). The organic farms produced more milk per kg of offered non-grazing and concentrate DM offered, respectively (+0.5 kg and +1.23 kg), and fat (+20.1 g and +51 g) and protein (+17 g and +42 g). The organic milk had a higher concentration of saturated fatty acid (SFA; +14 g/kg total FA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA; +2.4 g/kg total FA), and nutritionally beneficial FA alpha linolenic acid (ALNA; +14 g/kg total FA), rumenic acid (RA; +14 g/kg total FA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; +14 g/kg total FA); the conventional milk had higher concentrations of monounsaturated FA (MUFA; +16 g/kg total FA). Although the conventional farms were more efficient in converting the overall diet into milk, fat, and protein, the organic farms showed better efficiency in converting conserved forages and concentrates into milk, fat, and protein as a result of reduced concentrate feeding. Considering the relatively small differences in the FA profiles between the systems, increased pasture intake can benefit farm sustainability without negatively impacting consumer nutrition and health.

Ecological importance of rare phytoplankton species revealed by their high contribution to unsaturated fatty acids in tropical waters

Abstract There is increasing evidence that rare species play an important role in trophic interactions, but the function of rare species with low biomass in these processes remains unclear. Phytoplankton is placed at the base of lentic and marine food webs and is characterised by a few dominant species and many rare species. While the dominant species contribute most to the primary production, they are often low‐quality food for primary consumers. The rare species may instead provide the essential biochemical nutrients for consumers, especially in eutrophic waters. We hypothesised that the biomass of rare eukaryotic phytoplankton species significantly determines the concentrations of sestonic long‐chain highly unsaturated fatty acids, directly linking them to the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. We applied redundancy analysis and Lasso regression models to identify the species whose population dynamics explain the variations of sestonic fatty acids concentrations in tropical reservoirs and lakes. The lasso models predicted that the dominant phytoplankton species determined the concentration of saturated sestonic fatty acids and that rare phytoplankton species were the main determinant for polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are critical for the food quality of consumers such as zooplankton and promote the energy transfer from primary producers to higher trophic levels in natural waters. In particular, the biomass of the rare species Scenedesmus obliquus was a key variable explaining the variations of α‐linolenic acid, α‐linoleic acid, γ‐linolenic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations. We conclude that the population dynamics of rare phytoplankton species can define the food quality associated with eicosapentaenoic acid for consumers and thus play a critical role in the trophic transfer in the food webs of tropical waterbodies.

Impact of dietary supplementation with Cinnamomum cassia essential oil on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen): Toxicological effects and muscle antioxidant and fatty acid profiles

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the biological effects of dietary supplementation with 0.05% and 0.1% cinnamon essential oil extracted from Cinnamomum cassia on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were significantly higher in fish supplemented with 0.05% cinnamon essential oil than in the control(untreated) group. Muscle reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels were significantly lower in fish supplemented with 0.05% cinnamon essential oil but higher at the 0.1% concentration. Muscle antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly higher in fish supplemented with 0.05% cinnamon essential oil, while ACAP levels were lower in fish supplemented with 0.1%. The total saturated fatty acid content was significantly higher in the muscle of supplemented fish than in controls, while the total monounsaturated fatty acid content was significantly higher only in fish fed 0.1% cinnamon essential oil. Finally, the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly lower in fish fed 0.1% essential oil. Thus, data demonstrated that 0.05% C. cassia essential oil improves fish health by improving performance and muscle oxidant/antioxidant status. Higher doses of cinnamon essential oil produced oxidative stress in muscle, suggesting toxicity at the 0.1% level. Although this cinnamon essential oil diet exerted positive health effects, this diet impaired the muscle fatty acid profile, suggesting adverse impacts on human health.

Pre-treatment of waste cooking oil by combined activated carbon adsorption and acid esterification for biodiesel synthesis via two-stage transesterification

The abundance of waste cooking oil (WCO) makes it an attractive alternative for biodiesel production. To date, research emphasizing biodiesel production via two-step transesterification from WCO, with the pre-treatment of WCO using combined activated carbon adsorption and acid esterification, is limited. Therefore, it is the aim of this study to (1) reduce the free fatty acid of WCO through a combination of pre-treatment using activated carbon and esterification of acid catalysis simultaneously, (2) maximize the production of biodiesel via a two-step transesterification process, and (3) compare the converted biodiesel against the biodiesel standards. The amount of activated carbon and the reaction time for each step of the transesterification process are varied. The combination pre-treatment method has successfully reduced the FFA content in WCO from 9.297% to below 3%. The produced biodiesel is verified as fully converted biodiesel via solubility testing in ethanol. The optimum conditions for biodiesel production are pre-treatment using 5 g of powdered activated carbon and a reaction time for each transesterification step of 30 min. The biodiesel generated under these conditions meets the biodiesel standards. It has the highest content of saturated fatty acid, with the maximum biodiesel yield of 52.78%.

The role of fatty acids in disturbance of energy processes in the early placenta with cytomegalovirus infection

Introduction. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection directly and indirectly can cause placental dysfunction. One of the reasons for its development may be a deficiency of energy supply due to changes in the level of fatty acids (FA) – the main sources of energy in the cell.Aim. Analysis of the fatty acids concentration and causes of its changes in the placenta during exacerbation of CMV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy.Materials and methods. Biosamples (venous blood, epithelium from the inner surface of the cheek, mucous membrane of the cervical canal, villous chorion) of 32 CMV-seropositive women with an exacerbation of CMV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy (main group) and 30 CMV-seronegative women (control group) were studied. Exacerbation of CMV infection was diagnosed by ELISA to detect IgM and IgG with avidity of 65% or more, PCR to detect CMV DNA. The profile and relative concentration of individual FA in villous chorion lipid extracts were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was determined by a histochemical method on sections of freshly frozen villous chorion tissues.Results. In the main group placentas, the concentration of medium-chain saturated fatty acids was statistically significantly lower: capric by 50%, lauric by 51%, unsaturated myristoleic by 44%; long-chain unsaturated acids: palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids by 52%, 55%, 57% and 64%, respectively; of polyunsaturated fatty acids with a very long chain: eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic by 44% and 41%, respectively. The activity of enzymes: succinate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase decreased.Conclusion. Thus, we found a decrease in energy supply in the placenta during exacerbation of chronic CMV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. Disorders of placental energy metabolism can cause placental insufficiency, which has adverse consequences for fetal development.

Effects of Different Dietary Protein Levels on the Growth Performance, Physicochemical Indexes, Quality, and Molecular Expression of Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)

A 12-week rearing trial was carried out to estimate effects on the growth performance, physicochemical indexes, quality, and the molecular expression of Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) using five practical diets, including dietary protein levels of 220, 250, 280, 310, and 340 g/kg. The results illustrated that the fish's weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly influenced, with an ascending dietary protein level of up to 250 g/kg (p < 0.05). The carp muscle contents of total saturated fatty acids (∑SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA), and fatty acids (∑FA) decreased significantly with the ascending dietary protein levels, except for the 250 g/kg protein diet (p < 0.05). Only the glutamic acid and total essential amino acid (∑EAA) contents were significantly influenced by the ascending dietary protein levels (p < 0.05). The relative GH expression of the carp muscle significantly decreased with the increase in the dietary protein level up to 310 g/kg, and then it significantly increased (p < 0.05). In the intestines, the peak relative TOR expression was observed on the 220 g/kg protein diet, while the relative 4EBP1 expression was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level up to 250 g/kg (p < 0.05). In the muscle, the peak relative TOR and 4EBP1 expression levels were observed on the 250 g/kg protein diet. In gills, the lowest relative Rhag, Rhbg, and Rhcg1 expression levels were observed on the 250 g/kg protein diet. Based on all of the aforementioned results, the optimal dietary protein level for Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (160.24 ± 15.56 g) is 250-280 g/kg.

Antimicrobial and antitumoral activities of saturated fatty acid solutions

Fatty acids are widely applied in pharmaceutical and cosmetic fabrications. Here, six saturated fatty acids including caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid were tested for the antimicrobial and antitumoral activities. The test for antimicrobial activities of these compound was performed against Staphylococcus aureus DMST 6532, S. aureus ATCC 4330 and S. aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Candida albicans ATCC 17100 using agar cup diffusion method. The cell viability of each fatty acids was accessed using WST-1 assay against colorectal cancer, HCT116, and liver hepatocellular carcinoma, HepG2 and 1321N1 astrocytoma cell line. The low molecular weight fatty acid such as caprylic acid exhibited higher antibacterial activities whereas the long chains had no or very little on antimicrobial activity. Short-chain fatty acids also exerted more efficient activity against Candida albicans. For the anti-tumoral activity, the results showed the viability promotion of cancer cells at the low concentration of fatty acids tested because most of cancer cells might gain the benefit from the saturated fatty acids as its nutrient and promoted the cell growth and their viability. The cytotoxic of fatty acids was detected at the higher concentration. However, the cytotoxicity potential of the fatty acids relied on concentrations of saturated fatty acid and also type of cell lines tested. These obtained antimicrobial and antitumoral characteristics depending on chain length of these saturated fatty acids are beneficial data for designing drug delivery systems using them as the adjunct components for promoting therapeutic action of main incorporated active compound.

Ассимиляция экзогенных жирных кислот в тканях радужной форели Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) в аквакультуре

A comparative study of the fatty acids composition in the feed and food lump from the rectum, and in muscles and internal fat of rainbow trout Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) grown on various diets in June and Septem-ber was carried out. Differences in content of dietary fatty acids in diet 1 and diet 2 were found. Monounsaturated fatty acids predominated in diet No. 1. A significantly higher level of saturated and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet No. 2 was recorded. Concentration of ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets was equal. Despite the differences in the fatty acid composition of the diet, a decreased concentration of fatty acids in the intestines for the two groups of fish was similar and did not depend on the month of the study. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were absorbed more effectively in rainbow trout. Monounsaturated fatty acids showed a low level of assimilation. Significant differences in the content of saturated fatty acids in the food lump from the rectum and in feed was not stated. Monounsaturated fatty acids dominated in muscles and visceral fat of rainbow trout compared to other fatty acids. In June concentration of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in the muscles of trout species of group No. 2 (143.9 ± 8.9 mg/g lipids), while concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids increased in the internal fat of the fish of group No. 1 (310.8 ± 10.8 mg/g lipids). This fact corresponded to the predominance of these classes of fatty acids in the feed of the fish. Concentration of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tissues of the two groups of the fish increased by the end of the exper-iment. Monounsaturated fatty acids were mainly stored in the internal fat of trout, while polyunsaturated fatty acids were deposited in the muscles of the fish.

The Influence of Selected Factors on the Nutritional Value of the Milk of Cold-Blooded Mares: The Example of the Sokólski Breed

This study assessed the effect of access to pasture, lactation number, and foals' sex on the nutritional value of milk (79 samples) from nine mares. The following were analysed: content of dry matter, protein, fat, lactose, and ash; percentages of α-lactalbumin (α-La), β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), serum albumin (SA), immunoglobulins (Ig), lactoferrin (Lf), and lysozyme (Lz) in the total protein; and the fatty acid profile. Mares without access to pastures were shown to produce milk with a higher dry matter content, including fat, lactose, and ash; higher percentages of β-Lg, α-La, Ig, and Lf; and a better fatty acid profile. The milk from mares with access to pasture contained more protein, including higher percentages of SA and Lz. Milk from mares in lactations 4-6 had the highest fat and protein concentrations and the lowest lactose concentration. The α-La level was highest in lactation 1, Lf in lactations 2-3, and Lz in lactations 4-6. Milk from mares in lactations 4-6 had the best fatty acid profile (the lowest concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and the highest concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)). Milk from mothers of female offspring had higher dry matter, fat, and protein concentrations, a higher share of lysozyme, and a better fatty acid profile.

Potamon persicum Pretzmann,1962’nin et verimi ve kimyasal bileşimi

In this study, morphometric measurement, meat yield, moisture, pH, protein, fat, fatty acids and ash content were determined in a total of 102 (15 female and 87 male) freshwater crab (Potamon persicum Pretzmann,1962) caught from Aşağı and Yukarı Çay of Pertek, Tunceli. Meat yield in male and in female crabs were found to be as 12.75±0.38% and 10.93±0.32%, respectively. It has been observed that moisture and protein amounts were higher in female crabs than in male crabs. The amounts of fat were 0.96±0.31% in male crabs and 0.97±0.35% in female crabs. The amount of ash was 2.68±0.04% in male crabs and 2.66±0.03% in female crabs. It was determined that the content of monounsaturated fatty acids (female:male 33.56%:37.44%) in female and male crabs were higher than polyunsaturated (female:male 24.19%:21.62%) and saturated fatty acid (female:male 28.11%:32.85%) content. The highest fatty acid was found to be as omega-9, in terms of omega-3 (male crabs 8.54%, female crabs 14.85%), omega-6 (male crabs 10.04%, female crabs 5.46%) and omega-9 fatty acids (male crabs 23.65%, female crabs 19.14%) in freshwater crab (Potamon persicum Pretzmann, 1962) meat.

Differences in Muscle Lipogenic Gene Expression, Carcass Traits and Fat Deposition among Three Iberian Pig Strains Finished in Two Different Feeding Systems.

The Iberian pig breed includes several well-differentiated strains. The present study evaluated carcass traits, fat deposition and muscle expression of important lipogenic genes (SCD, ME1, ACACA, FASN, EGR1, ACOX and ACLY) using 65 male pigs of 3 Iberian strains (20 Lampiño, 23 Torbiscal, and 22 Retinto) finished either in a conventional, concentrate-based system (CF) or in montanera (MF), a traditional free-range system with acorn feeding. Torbiscal had the highest ham, Longissimus thoracis and prime cuts yields, and the thinnest subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Retinto had the highest monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and percentage of intramuscular fat (IMF), while Lampiño had the greatest content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indexes in SAT. Conventionally finished pigs had the highest ham, L. thoracis and prime cuts yields, and SFA. Montanera-finished animals had the highest PUFA and MUFA contents, and the lowest AI, TI and n6/n3 ratio in SAT. In relation to gene expression, Retinto had the greatest SCD, FASN and ACLY levels. Most studied genes were overexpressed in CF pigs. In conclusion, MF pigs had healthier fat than CF pigs, and Retinto had the healthiest fat and the greatest lipogenic trend in muscle, supported by IMF and lipogenic gene expression.

Effects of Goat Manure Fertilization on Grain Nutritional Value in Two Contrasting Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Varieties Cultivated at High Altitudes

In this study, the effects of goat manure fertilization (2, 4, 8, and 12 Tn/ha) on the grain yield, organic compounds, and mineral composition of two quinoa varieties (CICA-17 and Regalona Baer) were evaluated under field conditions in Northwest Argentina. The results indicate that fertilization improved the quinoa grain yield and total protein content. Low manure doses positively affected the fatty acid (FA) profile, and significant changes were determined for the monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acid contents of CICA-17 and on the saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents of R. Baer seeds. The amino acid contents were positively affected in CICA-17 and negatively in R. Baer. Soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), major elements (K, Si, P, Mg, Ca, and Na), minor elements (Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, and Cu), and ultratrace elements (Cr and Li) were detected and discussed in terms of their impact on human nutrition and health. Conclusively, manure addition affected some essential amino acids, the desaturase activity, the n6:n3 and SFA/UFA ratios, the atherogenic index, soluble sugars, and mineral content, and the fatty acid metabolism of each variety was differently affected, especially the C16 and C18 desaturase activity, which responded differently to various manure doses. Manure addition is a promising alternative to improve the nutritional quality and functionality of quinoa grains, but the response is not linear.

Zinc- and nickel-induced changes in fatty acid profiles in the zinc hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri and non-accumulator Arabidopsis lyrata

This pilot study aimed at comparing zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) effects on the fatty acid (FA) profiles, oxidative stress and desaturase activity in the Zn hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri and the excluder Arabidopsis lyrata to allow a better picture of the physiological mechanisms which may contribute to metal tolerance or acclimation. The most significant changes in the FA composition were observed in the shoots of the hyperaccumulator and in the roots of the excluder, and were not only metal-dependent, but also species-specific, since the most significant changes in the shoots of A. halleri were observed under Ni treatment, though Ni, in contrast to Zn, was accumulated mainly in its roots. Several FAs appeared in the roots and shoots of A. lyrata only upon metal exposure, whereas they were already found in control A. halleri. In both species, there was an increase in oleic acid under Ni treatment in both organs, whereas in Zn-treated plants the increase was shown only for the shoots. A rare conjugated α-parinaric acid was identified only in the shoots of metal-treated A. halleri. In the shoots of the hyperaccumulator, there was an increase in the content of saturated FAs and a decrease in the content of unsaturated FAs, while in the roots of the excluder, the opposite pattern was observed. These metal-induced changes in FA composition in the shoots of A. halleri can lead to a decrease in the fluidity of membranes, which could diminish the penetration of ROS into the membrane and thus maintain its stability.

Analysis of performance and emission patterns of novel biofuel feedstock neat coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD) fuelled single‐cylinder diesel engine

AbstractThis study examined the potential of using coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD), a by‐product of the processing of edible oils, as a diesel engine fuel. The major novelty of this study is to assess the CFAD as a viable feedstock of biodiesel to address global energy demands. CFAD has not been specifically researched as a feedstock for producing biodiesel or as a fuel for diesel engines, despite the fact that numerous studies on the production and performance of biodiesel have already been conducted. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), and FTIR were used to analyze the fuel. According to the results of the GC test, CFAD oil contains 91.53% saturated fatty acids, compared with only 8.47% unsaturated fatty acids. High saturation values can be seen in myristic acid (16.92%) and lactic acid (45.33%). Longer hydrocarbon chain lengths indicate higher energy density and boiling point, which also indicate lesser volatility. At a frequency of 1708.54 cm−1, C─H stretching vibrations have been identified through FTIR investigation. The vibrations of C─C stretching at 1465.47 cm−1 indicate the presence of alkenes/fingerprint phase. The blends used for this investigation include 90% diesel with 10% CFAD (CFAD10), 80% diesel with 20% CFAD (CFAD20), 70% diesel with 30% CFAD (CFAD30), and 100% CFAD. The CFAD 10%, 20%, and 30% blends as well as the CFAD100 had brake thermal efficiency values of 27.24%, 26.23%, 24.88%, and 21.52%, correspondingly, at full load. The average increment in brake‐specific energy consumption for CFAD10, CFAD20, CFAD30, and CFAD100 over diesel fuel was 8.23%, 10.88%, 13.77%, and 25.90%, respectively. The behavior of CFAD exhibits reduced cylinder pressure because of the large content of moderate saturated fatty acids in this substance. The net heat release rate (NHRR) and cylinder pressure have a similar relationship in that the NHRR increases with increasing diesel volume. In comparison to diesel, the CO emissions from the CFAD20, CFAD30, and CFAD100 blends increased by 10.79%, 16.66%, and 35.89% at maximum load, respectively. It has been reported that NOx is reduced more significantly the more CFAD is present in the mixture. The blend CFAD10 had the least amount of smoke. The high viscosity of the CFAD and its blends influences the fuel droplets range and the development of spray in the cylinder, which results in delayed combustion and higher unburned hydrocarbon emissions.

Fatty Acid Composition of Selected Street Foods Commonly Available in Malaysia.

Despite growing evidence of increased saturated and trans fat contents in street foods, little is known about their fatty acid (FA) compositions. This study aimed to analyse the saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and trans fatty acids (TFAs) content of 70 selected and most commonly available street foods in Malaysia. The street foods were categorised into main meals, snacks, and desserts. TFAs were not detected in any of the street foods. Descriptively, all three categories mainly contained SFAs, followed by MUFAs, and PUFAs. However, the one-way ANOVA testing showed that the differences between each category were insignificant (p > 0.05), and each FA was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from one to another. Nearly half of the deep-fried street foods contained medium to high SFAs content (1.7 g/100 g-24.3 g/100 g), while the MUFAs were also high (32.0-44.4%). The Chi-square test of association showed that the type of preparation methods (low or high fat) used was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the number of SFAs. These findings provide valuable information about fat composition in local street foods for the Malaysian Food Composition Database and highlight the urgency to improve nutritional composition.