Gallic Acid Content Research Articles

Antifungal Efficacy of Gallic Acid Extracted From Pomegranate Peel Against Trichophyton rubrum: In Vitro Case Study

Objectives: Trichophyton rubrum is one of the main pathogens causing superficial dermatophytosis, producing symptoms such as skin itching and pain, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Pomegranate peel extract is rich in gallic acid (GA), which has been reported to have biological effects including antifungal activity. However, the morphological and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of GA on T rubrum are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to determine the antifungal efficacy of GA extracted from pomegranate peel against T rubrum in vitro, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: The effects of 0-, 0.5-, and 1 mg/mL GA in pomegranate peel extract on T rubrum was investigated by detecting cell viability using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the ultrastructure of T. rubrum, and transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the enrichment pathway of differentially expressed genes. The identification of biosynthesis-related and key genes in the pathways involved using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technology. Terbinafine hydrochloride (TERB) as a positive control group. Results: Pomegranate peel extract has a GA content of 1.0 mg/mL. Compared with untreated group, following treatment with 1.0 mg/mL GA content is rich in pomegranate peel extract, and the microstructure of T rubrum is destroyed. TEM results show that the number of lipid droplets in T rubrum was significantly increased, mitochondrial vacuoles degenerated, the serosa were damaged, and the boundary of thallus was unclear. In addition, 1 mg/mL GA can significantly inhibit T rubrum proliferation, and its inhibition ability is better than TERB. Transcriptomics results show that GA can change the gene expression profile of T rubrum, specifically: The biosynthesis was blocked, drug resistance was weakened, the transport of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drugs transporter was increased, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was significantly inhibited. Conclusions: Pomegranate peel extract is rich in GA, which strongly inhibited the growth of T rubrum and reduced its drug resistance. This extract is a promising natural antifungal agent for clinical use.

Full factorial design methodology approach to optimize the elimination of gallic acid from water by coagulation using activated acorns barks as coagulant-aid

This study investigated the elimination of organic matter from water by the coagulation process using a biomaterial ?acorns barks? as a coagulantaid with the presence of aluminium sulphate in low concentration. The removal of gallic acid from water was first studied by two processes: the adsorption on activated acorns barks, and coagulation by aluminium sulphate, separately. The hybrid system was then studied, and the optimal operating conditions were determined. The performance of the hybrid system (coagulation/adsorption) mainly depends on the initial concentration of gallic acid, the coagulant dose and the mass of coagulant-aid. A full factorial design 23 was used to determine the optimum conditions for gallic acid removal. The maximum removal of gallic acid in water was 92.48 %, achieved at 20 mg L-1 of initial gallic acid concentration, 50 mg L-1 of aluminium sulphate coagulant concentration and 1.5 g of activated acorns barks adsorbent mass. The application of these optimal conditions on urban wastewater for the elimination of organic matter has shown the performance of this hybrid system treatment.

청태전의 제조연도에 따른 품질 특성 비교

This study examined the morphological, chemical, and sensory characteristics of cheongtaejeon (Korean traditional fermented ddeok-cha) to determine changes in the tea leaves according to the year of manufacture (aging 1-6 years). The weight and diameter of cheongtaejeon were observed to decrease due to reducing moisture during aging. Color evaluation of cheongtaejeon showed that the infused tea had a gradually decreasing Hunter L value, but the Hunter a and b values increased during aging. Total free amino acid contents were determined to increase during the aging process. However, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of cheongtaejeon were found to fluctuate depending on the aging period. Most catechin contents decreased during aging, but the contents of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin gallate were found to be increased. The aged cheongtaejeon had a higher score for sensory parameters (color, taste, aroma, and overall acceptability) compared to the non-aged cheongtaejeon. Our results can be used as basic data to establish a standardized manufacturing method and improve the quality of cheongtaejeon.

Phenolic composition of common produced raisins in Türkiye

This study aimed to determine individual phenolic compounds of common produced Turkish raisins. As material, Sultan 7, Antep Karasi and Razaki raisins were used. The HPLC method was performed for the analysis of 11 phenolic compounds. The major phenolic acid was trans-caftaric acid and the major flavan-3-ol was also (+)-catechin. The trans-caftaric acid varied between 21.56 and 46.84 µg/g in the samples and (+)-catechin between 2.21 and 74.12 µg/g. Caffeic acid was the second most abundant phenolic acid with 11.06-21.54 µg/g. The highest gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, caffeic acid and quercetin hydrate concentrations were found in Razaki, and trans-caftaric acid, p-coumaric acid and trans-resveratrol in Antep Karasi. The trans-resveratrol was only detected in Antep Karasi raisin with 0.84 µg/g. The strong significant correlations were observed between investigated phenolic compounds. As result, the phenolic profiles of three Turkish raisins were revealed, and the correlations among these compounds were investigated. The findings on raisins indicated that Turkish raisins are a good source of polyphenols.

Antibacterial Activity of Crocus sativus L. Petals Extracts against Foodborne Pathogenic and Spoilage Microorganisms, with a Special Focus on Clostridia.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of novel antimicrobial agents able to inhibit or kill food-borne bacteria or to interrupt the onset of food spoilage. Crocus sativus L. petals, typically considered as waste obtained from saffron spice production, could be a source of natural bioactive compounds to be used as food preservatives. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antibacterial properties of two hydroalcoholicsaffron petal extracts obtained by maceration (SPEA) and by ultrasonic bath (SPEB) methods. The main polyphenols identified in both extracts were gallic and chlorogenic acids, representing almost 70% of the phenolic fraction monitored. The antibacterial activity was studied by the agar well-diffusion method, against food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Both extracts showed activity mainly against Gram-positive bacteria, in particular those belonging to the Clostridiaceae family (C. perfringens, C. botulinum and C. difficile), with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 13 to 18 mm. The antibacterial properties against Clostridia were further analyzed, determining MIC and MBC and performing a time-kill test. SPEA showed lower MIC/MBC values (250 mg/mL) compared to SPEB (500 mg/mL), suggesting that it could be more active against the assayed strains, probably because of its higher content of gallic acid. SPEA and SPEB, tested at a concentration of 1 × MIC, showed bactericidal activity against C. perfringens, C. botulinum and C. difficile and these results suggest that saffron petals could represent a valuable natural alternative source to conventional preservatives. Further investigations are needed to evaluate possible applications in the food industry.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pile fermentation degree of Pu-erh tea

During the pile fermentation (PF) process, changes to the polyphenol composition directly affect the quality of Pu-erh tea. In this study, we have applied laboratory-made computer vision system (CVS) and miniature near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to the at-line rapid detection of the PF degree of Pu-erh tea at an industrial scale. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for determining the content of catechins (EGCG, EGC …) and gallic acid (GA). Based on the least-square support vector machine (LSSVM) qualitative model analysis, the texture features and color information extracted by CVS better predicted the degree of PF with a prediction set of 99.30% and calibration set of 100.00% compared to the spectral information extracted by NIRS. The best quantitative models for total catechins (TC), GA/TC, and red and green values of the tea infusion (R-TI, G-TI) were obtained with residual prediction deviations (RPD) of 4.76, 2.36, 5.18, and 4.71, respectively, based on CVS fusion data. And the optimal PF degree of Pu-erh tea was defined when the predicted values of TC, GA/TC, R-TI, and G-TI were in the ranges of 0.46 ± 0.08 mg/g, 19.04 ± 6.67, 74.81 ± 6.37, and 29.81 ± 2.46, respectively. In-situ quality monitoring of Pu-erh tea PF was realized.

Effects of yeast fermented soursop and umbu-cajá pulps on the colonic microbiota of middle-aged hypertensive adults

The effects of umbu-cajá and soursop pulps fermented by the yeast Issatchenkia terricola 129 on the colonic microbiota of middle-aged hypertensive adults were evaluated in vitro fermentation during 48 h. The relative abundance of distinct bacterial groups, pH values, and contents of organic acids, sugars, and phenolic compounds were determined at 0, 24, and 48 h of fermentation. Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745, a recognized probiotic yeast, was used for comparison purposes. During colonic fermentation, maltose, glucose, and fructose were metabolized, resulting in reduced pH values and decreased relative abundance of Bacteroides spp./Prevotella spp. Fermented soursop pulp with I. terricola 129 improved the colonic microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. and reducing the relative abundance of Eubacterium rectale/Clostridium coccoides and Clostridium histolyticum, resulting in the highest prebiotic index. At the same time, the consumption of rhamnose and gallic acid and higher contents of propionic and acetic acids and procyanidin B2 were observed. The effects on colonic microbiota were less pronounced for S. boulardii followed by umbu-cajá pulp with I. terricola 129. The results indicate that fermented soursop pulp with I. terricola 129 may modulate the colonic microbiota of middle-aged hypertensive adults.

Pfaffia glomerata: Gallic acid and phenolic compounds determination

Pfaffia glomerata, known as ginseng-brasileiro, is a root widely used in folk medicine, being effective against inflammation, rheumatism, and fatigue, in addition to present aphrodisiacs and antidiabetics properties. Among the classes of substances reported for the specie, the phenolic acids, in special gallic acid, has shown positive activity to learning and memory, having a considerable effect against neurotoxic and pro-oxidant substances. Therefore, the article’s objective was to quantify gallic acid in the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions from P. glomerata. Thus, the aerial parts of ginseng were collected, dried and subjected to extraction with ethanol followed by fractionation with organic solvents in different polarities, obtaining the hexanic, dichloromethane (CHCl3) and ethyl acetate (AcOEt) fractions. Then, gallic acid was identified by TLC and quantified by HPLC in the ethyl acetate fraction. The total phenolic content was determined in the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions, presenting values of 70,3 mg/g and 118,6 mg/g, respectively. The gallic acid content determined by HPLC in the AcOEt fraction was 904,15 µg/g, while in the CHCl3 fraction it was not possible to quantify. So, the species can be a source of phenolic compounds for possible applications in the pharmaceutical area.

Adsorption of gallic acid by tailor-made magnetic metal-ceramic nanocomposites

In the last years gallic acid (GA) has been used in a growing number of industrial applications, thanks to its interesting properties. Unfortunately, the consequent presence of GA in wastewaters raises significant environmental problems. In this view, two tailor-made magnetic metal-ceramic nanocomposites, obtained from zeolite A, were developed for the adsorptive separation of GA from wastewaters. Optimized configurations of the nanocomposites, to increase their adsorption capacity and stability, were obtained by suitable modification of a patented process.The adsorption process was characterized as regards the role played by the most relevant parameters (kinetics, pH, GA concentration). The GA removal was strongly affected by pH. The experimental results suggested the interactions between GA and the nanocomposites to be based on two different mechanisms.The adsorption kinetics were in all cases described by the pseudo second-order model. The adsorption isotherms data were satisfactorily described by the Sips model, a combination of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm type models.Suitable conditions were found to achieve the GA desorption, as well as the recycle of the magnetic adsorbents. In this view, a procedure for the thermal regeneration of the exhausted adsorbent was developed on the basis of the TG and DTA analyses. In order to offer a more environmentally friendly approach, as well as to achieve a full recovery of the economically valuable GA, a procedure for the alkaline desorption was successfully developed. A detailed cost analysis was also carried out, showing that the specific cost for GA unit volume removal is comparable with those pertaining to alternative methods.

The Phytochemical assay, and in vitro assessment of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of Beta vulgaris L. (Amaranthaceae), and Corchorus olitorius L. (Malvaceae) crude leaf extracts

Background and objective: The traditional herbs Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius are cultivated in Iraq and recorded in the Kurdish ethnobotany for various health problems including expectorant, laxative, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory and to relieve fever and pain. This study aimed to assess and compare the different biological properties of methanolic leaf extracts of Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius cultivated in Iraq and recognize various classes of phytoconstituents present in each one. Methods: The bioactive entities in the crude methanolic leaves extracts of Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius were subjected to phytochemical evaluations. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and egg albumin denaturation assays, respectively. The leaf extracts were tested for antibacterial properties using the agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Results: The crude methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, cardioactive glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. The Beta vulgaris displayed higher gallic acid content 417.90±0.52 mg/gm of the extract compared to 79.85±0.99 mg/gm for Corchorus olitorius with (P <0.001).The antioxidant activity of Beta vulgaris leaves extract was significantly higher with (P = 0.035) in reference to ascorbic acid. Among the selected bacterial species, Klebsiella pneumoniae revealed pronounced sensitivity towards the methanolic extracts of both plants. The Corchorus olitorius leaves extract showed higher antibacterial activity than Beta vulgaris. Beta vulgaris presented greater anti-inflammatory activity at 1000 μg/mL with inhibition of 93.0% compared to 83.2% using acetylsalicylic acid as positive control. Conclusion: The methanolic leaf extracts of Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius possess antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Improvement in color expression and antioxidant activity of strawberry juice fermented with lactic acid bacteria: A phenolic-based research

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of lactic acid bacteria fermentation on color expression and antioxidant activity of strawberry juice from the perspective of phenolic components. The results showed that both Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus were able to grow in strawberry juice, promote the consumption of rutin, (+)-catechin and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, and increase the content of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid compared to group control. Lower pH environment in fermented juice was likely to enhance the color performance of anthocyanins and increase its parameters a* and b*, making the juice appear orange color. In addition, the scavenging capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) were improved and closely related to polyphenolic substances and strain’s metabolites in fermented juice.

Polyesters Incorporating Gallic Acid as Oxygen Scavenger in Biodegradable Packaging.

Biodegradable polyesters polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) were blended with gallic acid (GA) via cast extrusion to produce oxygen scavenging polymers. The effects of polyesters and GA contents (5 to 15%) on polymer/package properties were investigated. Increasing GA formed non-homogeneous microstructures and surface roughness due to immiscibility. GA had favorable interaction with PBAT than PBS, giving more homogeneous microstructures, reduced mechanical relaxation temperature, and modified X-ray diffraction and crystalline morphology of PBAT polymers. Non-homogenous dispersion of GA reduced mechanical properties and increased water vapor and oxygen permeability by two and seven folds, respectively. Increasing amounts of GA and higher humidity enhanced oxygen absorption capacity, which also depended on the dispersion characteristics of GA in the matrices. PBAT gave higher oxygen absorption than PBS due to better dispersion and higher reactive surface area. GA blended with PBAT and PBS increased oxygen scavenging activity as sustainable active food packaging using functional biodegradable polymers.

Potensi Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera) Terhadap Kadar Kadmium Dan Kreatinin Dalam Darah Sebagai Indikator Kerusakan Fungsi Ginjal Pada Tikus Putih Yang Terpapar Asap Rokok

High exposure of cigarettes in Indonesia causes various disturbances in the body's metabolism, especially in the kidney, which is due to the cadmium metal content. Cadmium induces oxidative stress by the formation of free radicals and decrease natural antioxidant activity in the kidney organs (nephrotoxic). One way to overcome nephrotoxic by decreasing blood creatinine, we can utilize Moringa oleifera (MO) which is known as a "miracle plant" and have high contents of flavonoid groups, phenols, gallic acid, ascorbic acid and carotenoids as antioxidants and natural metal chelating agents. This research aimed to analyze the potential of Moringa leaves in decreasing cadmium and creatinine levels in the blood of white rats due to exposure of cigarette smoke (inhalation) at doses 200, 400 and 800 mg/kgwb. The type of research was an experimental study with quantitative analysis conducted in October 2021 – July 2022. The independent variable was the doses of Moringa leaves extract and the dependent variable were the blood cadmium and creatinine levels of white rats. The blood cadmium level was measured with AAS and the creatinine level was measured with Jaffe method without deproteination by photometry. The results of blood cadmium and creatinine levels in the treatment of MO extract at dose 200 mg/kgwb were 1.288875 μg/L and 0.85 mg/dL; MO extract at dose of 400 mg/kgwb were 0.811 μg/L and 0.775 mg/dL; MO extract at dose 800 mg /kgwb were 0.86275 μg/L and 0.7 mg/dL. Based on statistical analysis using Kruskal wallis, the results of the p value on cadmium levels in the blood were 0.004 < 0.05 and the p value on creatinine levels was 0.003 < 0.05, showed that there were significant differences in blood cadmium and creatinine levels in the treatment groups. Moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera) at a dose of 400 mg/kgwb had good potential in overcoming kidney damage in terms of creatinine levels due to cadmium exposure through cigarette smoke, which was equivalent to 44.3756 grams of fresh Moringa leaves that can be implemented for human as an additional antioxidant for overcoming free radicals. Keywords : Moringa oleifera, Cigarettes Smoke, Cadmium, Creatinine, Rattus norvegicus

Oxygen absorbing food packaging made by extrusion compounding of thermoplastic cassava starch with gallic acid

Control of oxygen levels in package headspace directly preserves quality and safety of packaged foods and beverage. This research aimed to produce oxygen scavenging bio-based plastics to control oxygen contents in food packaging. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was produced via extrusion compounding with different gallic acid (GA) contents (1–10%) and linear-low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Morphology, relaxation behavior, surface and mechanical properties and oxygen scavenging capacities were investigated. Increasing GA content plasticized and facilitated starch melting. GA likely induced H-bonding and esterification with the TPS phase, which apparently modified mechanical relaxation behavior and interacted with LLDPE via C–H bonded aromatic rings. Increasing GA to 5% gave more homogeneous microstructures and miscible GA, while a further increase caused clumps that likely reduced surface area available for oxygen. XRD intensity of TPS/LLDPE linearly decreased with increased GA that likely led to increased water vapor permeability possibly due to decreased crystallinity of the polymers. Studies of oxygen scavenging at 4, 25 and 50 °C showed enhanced capacity with increasing temperature that facilitated reaction between GA and oxygen. Minimum residual oxygen level decreased with GA content and temperature, from 4 to 50 °C. Rates of oxygen scavenging increased and residual oxygen decreased linearly with GA content. Compounding bio-based polymers with GA via in-situ extrusion efficiently produced active films which could be used to control oxygen in food packaging. • Novel oxygen absorbing bio-based polymer via extrusion compounding with gallic acid. • Gallic acid bonded starch and LLDPE, improving compatibility and plasticization. • Oxygen scavenging kinetics increased with temperature and gallic acid contents. • Minimum residual oxygen contents as low as 16% was reached by 5 days at 50 °C.

Active caseinate/guar gum films incorporated with gallic acid: Physicochemical properties and release kinetics

Composite active films based on sodium caseinate/guar gum were prepared by the incorporation of gallic acid at different concentrations to investigate its effect on the structure, physicochemical properties, and the release kinetics from the film. The incorporation of gallic acid imparted changes in the FT-IR spectra. Water vapor permeability (WVP) of films decreased up to 21% after the incorporation of gallic acid in the film. The gallic acid released from the films GAI* 60 μg.ml−1 , GAII* 250 μg.ml−1 and GAIII* 650 μg.ml−1 was 67%, 32% and 30% respectively. Similarly, the diffusion coefficient was also affected by an increase in the concentration and was: 8.10 × 10 −12 m 2 s −1 , 6.23 × 10 −12 m 2 s −1 , and 4.5 × 10 −12 m 2 s −1 for GAI, GAII and GAIII films respectively. Molecular docking suggested the potential inactivation of oxidative enzymes due to binding of gallic acid near their active sites. Therefore, gallic acid releasing films maybe considered as an active food packaging for fruits and vegetables (F&V). • Physicochemical properties of caseinate films were modified by the incorporation of gallic acid. • Permeability and light barrier properties of the films were significantly affected by the incorporation of gallic acid. • A maximum of 67% of gallic acid was released from the film with lowest gallic acid concentration. • The DPPH antioxidant activity of food simulant solutions ranged between ∼40 and 80%. • Oxidative enzyme inactivation by using phenolic compounds is a new concept in food packaging domain.

Phytochemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacities of Apple Juice Fermented by Probiotics During Refrigerated Storage and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion.

The phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant capacities of fermented apple juice (FAJ) by Lactobacillus plantarum 90 (Lp90) and Lactobacillus acidophilus 85 (La85) during refrigerated storage and simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGD) were investigated. Viable counts of Lp90 and La85 were decreased, while phenolic content and antioxidant capacities were improved during refrigerated storage, especially for the increased chlorogenic acid content. Ester content was decreased slightly after refrigeration, while the primary esters including ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ketone content was increased significantly after refrigeration (p < 0.05). In addition, viable counts of Lp90 and La85 remained higher than 6 log CFU/mL after SGD. The presence of probiotics delayed the decrease of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability and increased ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of FAJ. The contents of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid, and phlorizin were decreased, while ellagic acid and rutin contents in FAJ were significantly increased after SGD (p < 0.05).

Preparation of Eu(III) Complexes Containing Maleopimaric Acid Anhydride with Ultra-narrow and Efficient Fluorescence Emission for High Determination on Gallic Acid in Acetonitrile Solution.

Two novel Eu(III) complexes constructed by maleopimaric acid anhydride (MPA) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (Bpy) / 1, 10-phenanthroline (Phen), named as MPA-Bpy-Eu / MPA-Phen-Eu, have been synthesized by a one-step precipitation method. FTIR, UV, TG, elemental analysis, XPS, and ESI-MS revealed the successful coordination of Eu(III) ions with MPA and Bpy / Phen through Eu-O and Eu-N bonds, respectively. Introducing MPA into coordinate structure increased the electron cloud density in 3d5/2 orbit of Eu(III) ions, enhanced the absolute quantum yields of MPA-Bpy-Eu (89.27%) and MPA-Phen-Eu (94.41%), and decreased the full width at half maxima of 5D0 → 7F2 transitions of MPA-Bpy-Eu (2.23nm) and MPA-Phen-Eu (2.93nm), respectively. The fluorescence quenching experiments showed that there was a good linear relationship between the relative fluorescence intensity of MPA-Bpy-Eu and gallic acid (GA) concentration in acetonitrile solution in the range of 0 to 8.41 × 10-2mM. The results of UV-vis spectra, the fluorescence lifetimes, and the quantum yields demonstrated that the dynamic quenching model played a major role in the quenching process of GA on MPA-Bpy-Eu. The quenching process of GA on MPA-Phen-Eu involved dual fluorescence quenching mechanistic pathways, including static and dynamic models.

Phytochemistry and Antihyperglycemic Potential of Cistus salviifolius L., Cistaceae.

Cistus salviifolius has been previously reported as a traditional remedy for hyperglycemia. However, the plant has been scarcely investigated from scientific point of view. Thus, the aim was to examine the chemical composition and to evaluate its antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential in vitro. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were evaluated for total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content using spectrophotometric methods. Detailed chemical characterization was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile was assessed by gas chromatography technique. The potential in diabetes treatment was evaluated through tests of free radicals neutralization, inhibition of lipid peroxidation process, and test of ferric ion reduction; activity in tests of inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 was also evaluated. High content of phenolics (majority being tannins) was detected; detailed HPLC analysis revealed high content of gallic acid, followed by rutin, chlorogenic and caffeic acids. The VOCs analysis determined sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes as the main groups of compounds. The assays classified extracts as potent neutralizers of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil and nitroso radicals formation and potent inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In conclusion, Cistus salviifolius represents a rich source of phenolics and essential oil with sesquiterpenes. The established results suggested its promising antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities.

Anti-Quorum Sensing and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Pelargonium × hortorum Root Extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Combinatorial Effect of Catechin and Gallic Acid.

HPLC-UV was used to compare the major constituents of two Pelargonium × hortorum cultivars and Pelargonium sidoides root extract. It revealed the presence of catechin and gallic acid in high concentrations and the absence of umckalin in P. × hortorum root extracts. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was screened against 19 Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. P. × hortorum root extracts showed the lowest MIC values (512-1024 µg/mL). This activity was concluded to be attributable to the high concentrations of catechin and gallic acid. The anti-biofilm activity of catechin, gallic acid, and their combination was examined by a crystal violet assay. The combination reduced the percentage of strong and moderate biofilm-forming isolates from 52.63% to 5.26%. The impact on lasI and lasR genes expression using qRT-PCR and simultaneous docking against LasR protein was explored. The combination downregulated lasI and lasR gene expression in eight and six P. aeruginosa isolates, respectively, and showed the greatest docking score. Additionally, the in vivo protection capability of this combination in infected mice showed enhancement in the survival rate. Our study revealed the potential biofilm and quorum-sensing-inhibitory activity of the catechin and gallic acid combination as a novel alternative to inhibit bacterial pathogenicity.

Individual and synergistic effect of multi-frequency ultrasound and electro-infrared pretreatments on polyphenol accumulation and drying characteristics of edible roses

The freeze-dried (FD) edible roses with high content of bioactive substances and superior flavor have been favored by consumers. Nevertheless, the development of freeze-dried rose industry has been plagued by a long drying time and low efficiency. This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment (UP) in multi-frequency modes and electro-infrared pretreatment (EIP) prior to FD on polyphenol accumulation and drying characteristics of roses. The mechanism was explored by the changes in microstructure, equivalent circuit parameters, and phenol identifications of rose. The results showed that the FD time of roses decreased by 26 % after ultrasonic-infrared sequential synergistic pretreatment (UP + EIP) due to the damage of cell membrane permeability from UP. The quality attributes of UP + EIP products including color, phenols, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates) remarkably improved. UP + EIP significantly (p < 0.05) increased the content of polyphenols, namely quercetin-3β-d-glucoside, phlorizin, procyanidin B2, gallicacid, and rutin in the FD roses quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS). Therefore, UP + EIP is an effective pretreatment method for shortening FD time and producing high-quality FD rose products with enhanced polyphenol content.