Oleic Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Effect of Genotype-by-Environment Interaction on Oil and Oleic Fatty Acid Contents of Cultivated Peanuts

Twenty-seven genotypes of varieties and advanced breeding lines were grown in two locations in three years with three replications to estimate the effects of the genotype-by-environment interaction (G × E) on the oil and oleic fatty acid contents of cultivated peanuts. Oil and oleic fatty acid contents were quantified using NMR and GC, respectively. The tested lines were genotyped with functional SNP markers from the FAD2A and FAD2B genes using real-time PCR and classified into four genotypes. The results indicated that Alabama was the environment that better discriminated the test genotypes during the year 2012. Eight promising selected genotypes #12, #15, ARSOKR, Brantley, GaHO, M04-149, M04-48, and SunO97R showed wide adaptation and high-oleic acids of 83.02%, 81.32%, 82.03%, 81.15%, 79.21%, 80.94%, 82.46%, and 82.18%, respectively. The Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model that combines the conventional analyses of variance for additive main effects with the principal component analysis (PCA) for the non-additive residuals was applied to estimate the additive effects from FAD2A and FAD2B genes and the G × E interaction. The results indicated significant G × E interactions for oleic fatty acid contents. No correlation between oil content and FAD2A and FAD2B genes was found. The FAD2B gene had a larger additive effect than the FAD2A gene. The results from this study may be useful not only for peanut breeders, but also for food processors and product consumers to select suitable cultivars.

Studying fatty acid content in red blood cell membranes in diabetic retinopathy of type 2 diabetes patients

Introduction. Studying pathogenetic pathways that are formed under conditions of hyperglycaemia and trigger further metabolic changes resulting in diabetes complications over time are of special interest both in theoretical and practical medicine. Membrane of the red blood cell that stays in blood constantly and relatively durable is an obvious participant of all metabolic changes and cannot but reflect changes in metabolism. Objective: to study content of fatty acids (FAs) in red blood cell membranes of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and methods. The study enrolled 73 subjects maximally matched by age and gender: 50 patients with established long-lasting T2D complicated with DR and 23 patients in the control group. All the biochemical tests were performed at the certified laboratory under the standard methods. Gas chromatography was applied to study FA spectrum. Statistical analysis was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Results and discussion. The key difference between the lipid metabolism of patients with complicated long-lasting T2D and healthy subjects was a significant difference in FA content redistribution in the red blood cell membranes represented by increased “saturation”. The content of saturated FAs (SAFAs)in patients with DR was higher than in the CG: 1.5-fold for palmitic (С:16), 2-fold for myristic(С:14), pentadecanoic (С:15) and margaric (С:17) (Р < 0.05). The content of saturated stearic (С:18) FA was not changed significantly.The content of unsaturated FAs(USFAs) have changed multidirectionally: the content of linoleic (С18:2) and arachidonic (С20:4) decreased 1.5-1.7-fold, respectively. The content of linolenic (С18:3) increased 2-fold, and content of oleic FA (С18:1) was not changed significantly. Conclusion. Study of the fluctuations of FA levels in red blood cell membranesplays animportant role in the development of insulin resistance, T2D and its microvascular complicationsthat can be applied in creating treatment and prevention strategies ofDRin type 2 diabetes patients.

Yield and quality of sunflower oil in Ultisol and Oxisol under water regimes

ABSTRACT Extreme natural events influencing soil water availability are major factors limiting yield and oil quality in oilseed crops. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of water deficit and surplus water on yield, oil content and on the fatty acid profile of sunflower plants sown in main and second crop seasons in two soil classes in Rio Grande do Sul State. The experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS (Ultisol) and Panambi, RS state, Brazil (Oxisol), Brazil, and comprised three water conditions (water deficit, water surplus and control) in a randomized block design. The hybrid Helio 250 was sown in early September (main crop season) and in early January (second crop season) in both soil classes. Yield, yield components, oil content, oil yield and fatty acid profile were herein analyzed. Yield and yield components were affected by water conditions, sowing dates and soil class. The soil class had no significant effect on oil content, yield or quality. Water deficit was more harmful to oil yield and quality than water surplus. Water deficit was responsible for increased oleic fatty acid contents and for linoleic content reduction.

Canola Oil in Lactating Dairy Cow Diets Reduces Milk Saturated Fatty Acids and Improves Its Omega-3 and Oleic Fatty Acid Content.

To produce milk that is healthier for human consumption, the present study evaluated the effect of including canola oil in the diet of dairy cows on milk production and composition as well as the nutritional quality of this milk fat. Eighteen Holstein cows with an average daily milk yield of 22 (± 4) kg/d in the middle stage of lactation were used. The cows were distributed in 6 contemporary 3x3 Latin squares consisting of 3 periods and 3 treatments: control diet (without oil), 3% inclusion of canola oil in the diet and 6% inclusion of canola oil in the diet (dry matter basis). The inclusion of 6% canola oil in the diet of lactating cows linearly reduced the milk yield by 2.51 kg/d, short-chain fatty acids (FA) by 41.42%, medium chain FA by 27.32%, saturated FA by 20.24%, saturated/unsaturated FA ratio by 39.20%, omega-6/omega-3 ratio by 39.45%, and atherogenicity index by 48.36% compared with the control treatment. Moreover, with the 6% inclusion of canola oil in the diet of cows, there was an increase in the concentration of long chain FA by 45.91%, unsaturated FA by 34.08%, monounsaturated FA by 40.37%, polyunsaturated FA by 17.88%, milk concentration of omega-3 by 115%, rumenic acid (CLA) by 16.50%, oleic acid by 44.87% and h/H milk index by 94.44% compared with the control treatment. Thus, the inclusion of canola oil in the diet of lactating dairy cows makes the milk fatty acid profile nutritionally healthier for the human diet; however, the lactating performance of dairy cows is reduce.

The effect of N-stearoylethanolamine on cholesterol content, fatty acid composition and protein carbonylation level in rats with alimentary obesity-induced insulin resistance

The effect of N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) on liver free fatty acid composition, cholesterol content and carbonylated protein level in rats with obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR) was studied in the work. The experimental insulin resistance was induced by prolonged high fat diet (58% of energy derived from fat) for 6 months combined with one injection of low-dose (15 mg/kg) of streptozotocin. The lipid assay showed a rise in liver free cholesterol content anda significant reduction in cholesterol esters level. Analyzing liver fatty acid composition, a decrease in polyunsaturated of fatty acid (PUFA) level and an increase in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content was found. Fatty acid imbalance with high content of MUFA was associated with elevated level ofprotein carbonylation. The NSE administration (50 mg/kg of body weight) for 2 weeks decreased free cholesterol content, increased cholesterol esters level and reduced free oleic fatty acid content in the liver of rats with IR. The effect of NSE on lipid imbalance led to a decrease in protein carbonylation level that may result in improvement of transmembrane protein function under obesity-induced insulin resistance state.

Changes in chemical composition of Phoenix canariensis Hort. Ex Chabaud palm seed oil during the ripening process

The aim of this investigation is to compare the physicochemical properties and chemical composition of Phoenix canariensis seed oil at different stages of seed date ripening. It was demonstrated that the saponification number of the oil increases during the maturation from 179.24 to 191.28 (mg KOH/g of oil), whereas the seed oil yield, the iodine number, the p-anisidine value, the peroxide value, the acidity and the unsaponifiable matter decrease from 14.73% to 10.36%, from 89.37 to 76.66 (g/100 g of oil), from 5.51 to 3.67, from 17.66 to 3.62 (mequiv. O 2/kg of oil), from 1.49% to 0.59% and from 2.72% to 1.77%, respectively. The tocol content increases as the maturity advanced. The percentages of sterols show continuous changes during ripening. The saturated fatty acid content increases throughout the ripening process. The oleic fatty acid content decreases during the seeds maturation, but increases at the end, whereas linoleic acid content initially shows an increase, and then a decrease. The total phosphorus content decreases during the period of ripening. The three samples of the seed oil show a high kinetic stability during the heating and cooling, as characterised by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC curves reveal an increase in the melting point from −7.73 °C to 3.71 °C but the melting enthalpy remains the same, 62.06 J/g, during the ripening of the dates.

Registration of the Oilseed Sunflower Genetic Stocks HA 458, HA 459, and HA 460 Possessing Genes for Resistance to Downy Mildew

Within the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) breeding community, there is a need for additional sources of downy mildew [caused by Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & De Toni] resistance to combat economically damaging races in North America. Our objective was to produce three genetic stocks, each with a different source of downy mildew resistance, in the genetic background of HA 434, a recently released sunflower maintainer germplasm with high oleic fatty acid content in the seeds. We used the backcross and pedigree breeding methods, with HA 434 as a recurrent parent. Gas chromatography analysis of seed oil composition and greenhouse testing of downy mildew resistance were used during the development process and for progeny testing of the finished genetic stocks. As a result, three oilseed sunflower genetic stocks, HA 458 (Reg. No. GS‐51; PI 655009), HA 459 (Reg. No. GS‐52; PI 655010), and HA 460 (Reg. No. GS‐53; PI 655011), have been released which are resistant to downy mildew and possess a high‐oleic fatty acid profile in the seed oil. The experimental designations for HA 458, HA 459, and HA 460 were 06GH 116‐9, 06GH 113‐4, and 05GH 138‐4, respectively. These genetic stocks were released by the USDA–ARS and the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, ND, to fill the urgent need in the sunflower industry for donor lines with elite genetic background and The USDA–ARS and the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, ND, have developed and released three oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genetic stocks, HA 458 (Reg. No. GS‐51; PI 655009), HA 459 (Reg. No. GS‐52; PI 655010), and HA 460 (Reg. No. GS‐53; PI 655011), resistant to downy mildew [caused by Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & De Toni]. These genetic stocks were developed to provide diversity for resistance against downy mildew, a major sunflower disease under moist, cool environmental conditions. The sources of resistance for HA 458 and HA 459, which are PI 468435 and PI 435434, respectively, had not been used resistance to common races of downy mildew.

Influence of environment on growing period and yield, protein, oil and α-linolenic content of three chia ( Salvia hispanica L.) selections

Chia ( Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual summer herb, and a member of the Labiatae family. Three selections, named Tzotzol, Iztac 1, and Tliltic, were planted at different elevations in three Inter-Andean valleys of Ecuador (Patate—2042 m, Guayllabamba—2200 m and Salinas—1621 m) to assess performance and seed quality. Length of growing period was influenced by location, with Tzotzol and Iztac 1 increasing with elevation. Iztac 1 had the highest seed yield at all three locations, with the difference between Iztac1 and Tzotzol being significant ( P < 0.05). Similar protein contents were found among selections, within a site, except for Patate where Tliltic had a higher content. Seed at the Salinas site contained significantly ( P < 0.05) higher α-linolenic and lower linoleic and oleic fatty acid contents than seed produced at the other two sites. In general seed yield, protein content, and fatty acid composition of the three selections were similar, and in some cases higher, than those reported for other ecosystems in which chia has been grown.

Effect of drought on oil, fatty acids and protein contents of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds

The rainfed groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) crop suffers from moisture stress of varying intensity at different growth stages. The effect of drought on oil, protein and fatty acid contents were studied in 12 genotypes that differed in seed quality traits. The genotypes were subjected to mid-season and the end-of-season drought in field experiments at ICRISAT Asia Center (IAC), Patancheru, India, conducted during the 1991/92 and 1992/93 postrainy (November–April) seasons. Mid-season drought was imposed between 40 and 80 days after sowing (DAS). The crop received normal irrigation, 50 mm at 10 day intervals, before and after the imposition of mid-season drought until harvest. Using the line-source sprinkler technique, end-of-season drought of varying intensity was imposed from 80 DAS until harvest. Mid-season drought had no significant effect on the content of oil, protein and fatty acids other than eicosenoic fatty acid. End-of-season drought significantly reduced total oil, and linoleic and behenic fatty acid content, and significantly increased total protein and stearic and oleic fatty acid content. However, genotype by treatment interactions were found. In ICGVs 88369, 88371, 88381, 88382 and 88403, total oil content remained unaffected while oleic fatty acid content increased under end-of-season drought. These were identified as desirable parents for a breeding program to develop cultivars suitable for rainfed cultivation.