Heavy metals are among the most critical pollutants affecting aquatic ecosystems due to their persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation potential. Lake Manzala, the largest coastal lake in Egypt, is increasingly exposed to contamination from agricultural, industrial, and domestic discharges. This study evaluated the potential of Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth) as a bioindicator and phytoremediator of heavy metals in three locations of Lake Manzala. Concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) were determined in water and plant tissues using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Bioaccumulation was assessed using the Biological Accumulation Coefficient (BAC), Bioconcentration Factor (BF), and Translocation Factor (TF). The results showed that metal concentrations in water followed the order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd, with significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) recorded at the northeastern site. P. crassipes accumulated all metals predominantly in roots, with significantly higher concentrations than in leaves (p < 0.05). BF values exceeded 1 for all metals, indicating strong accumulation capacity, while TF values remained below 1, suggesting limited translocation to aerial parts. Significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between metal concentrations in water and plant tissues. These findings demonstrate that P. crassipes is an effective bioindicator and phytostabilizer of heavy metals in freshwater ecosystems. The study highlights its potential application in environmental monitoring and sustainable phytoremediation strategies for polluted aquatic ecosystems such as Lake Manzala.

High cadmium accumulation by common coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.), herbal plant growing and collecting in ruderal habitats.

Differential roles of manganese and zinc on cadmium accumulation in rice: Mechanisms involving transport, antioxidant responses, and gene regulation.

ABSTRACT Oxalate is found throughout the plant kingdom as free oxalic acid, water-soluble potassium and sodium salts, and more commonly as nearly water-insoluble calcium salt. Calcium oxalate occurs as mono- or dihydrate forms. It is often abundant in dicot families within the order Caryophyllales, such as Amaranthaceae, Cactaceae, Polygonaceae, and Portulacaceae, as well as in monocot families within the order Arales (Araceae) and Asparragales (Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asphodelaceae). We describe a relatively simple method for estimating Ca oxalate concentration in plant tissues using thermogravimetric analysis. The technique measures the stepwise mass loss of dry plant tissues as the temperature increases from 100 to 750 °C under an oxygen atmosphere. The calculation of the Ca oxalate amount is based on the mass loss between 490 °C and 750 °C, which results from the CO2 released from Ca carbonate formed through the decarbonylation of Ca oxalate between 400 °C and 500 °C. The method appears specific for Ca oxalate, as carbonate from other potentially co-occurring Mg and K oxalates decompose either below 490 °C or above 1000 °C. Additionally, leaf cystoliths containing Ca carbonate are found in only a few families outside the order Caryophyllales. This paper presents thermogravimetric measurements of Ca oxalate concentration in Cactaceae species differing in life form and habitats and their correlation with the amount of Ca extractable with HCl.

Heavy metal contamination combined with drought stress severely limits wheat productivity and undermines soil health. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of iron modified stilbite zeolite (Fe-SZ) and nanobiochar (Fe-NB) in improving heavy metal mitigation and drought tolerance in a subsequent wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in previously contaminated soil. A controlled pot experiment was conducted using three Fe-NB application rates (Fe-NB1 = 0%, Fe-NB2 = 4%, and Fe-NB3 = 8% w/w) and three Fe-SZ particle sizes, (Fe-SZ1 = 0.5mm, Fe-SZ2 = 1mm, and Fe-SZ3 = 2mm), with drought stress imposed 30days after planting. The most effective treatments significantly improved plant growth and reduced toxic metal uptake. Fe-SZ2 decreased arsenic and lead concentrations in plant tissues by 31.33% and 22%, respectively, while Fe-NB3 (8% w/w) reduced them by 51.13% and 34%. Cadmium levels were reduced by approximately 50% across Fe-SZ and Fe-NB treatments, and Fe-SZ2 further lowered soil Hg by 74.5%. Fe-NB3 consistently provided the strongest overall benefits and improvements were reflected in greater shoot biomass, enhanced root growth, and increased chlorophyll content, although some treatments increased metal bioavailability. These findings demonstrate that Fe-SZ and Fe-NB can serve as effective amendments for reducing heavy metal stress and improving wheat resilience under water-limited conditions.

This study evaluated the heavy metal concentration in plant tissues of Jatropha curcas grown in crude oil contaminated soil in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria in 2010. 0.0, 2.0 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0% w/w of the oil constituted the treatments. The results showed a build up of heavy metals in areas of oil impact as the levels of heavy metals including iron, zinc, cadmium, copper, manganese, lead, chromium and nickel were significantly higher (P0.05) in contaminated soils when compared to the uncontaminated subplots. Plant tissues (leaves, stems and roots) analyses also showed significantly higher amounts of heavy metals compared with values obtained from areas not contaminated with crude oil. Although the amounts of metals observed in the present study are below tolerable limits according to World Food and Agricultural Organization and Federal Environmental Protection Agency, with gradual accumulation and biomagnifications of these non-biodegradable elements, a rise to a dangerous or lethal level with their inherent health risks could be envisaged in man and his animals.

Nitrogen (N) management is a key determinant of maize productivity and sustainability, particularly in systems using liquid dairy manure as a nutrient source. This study evaluated how manure application method (surface vs. injection), associated or not with dicyandiamide (DCD), regulates nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), biomass accumulation and nutritional status of maize across two contrasting edaphoclimatic environments in southern Brazil. Field experiments were conducted in a clayey Oxisol and a sandy loam Ultisol under a randomized block design. Injected manure combined with DCD resulted in higher grain yield, greater dry matter accumulation and increased N concentration in plant tissues and grains, especially in the soil with lower N retention capacity. NUE increased markedly with DCD application, reaching gains above 70% in the environment more prone to N losses. The results indicate that subsurface placement of manure combined with temporary nitrification inhibition enhances synchronization between soil N supply and crop demand, improving agronomic efficiency and reducing vulnerability to N losses. Integrated strategies involving manure placement and nitrification inhibition represent a technically sound approach for sustainable maize intensification.

Winter oilseed rape achieves frost tolerance through cold acclimation, which develops naturally in autumn in response to low but non-freezing temperatures. However, ongoing climate change has led to an increasing instability in winter temperatures, with more frequent warm breaks. Such temperature fluctuations can induce deacclimation, resulting in a partial or complete loss of frost tolerance and reduced winter survival. Water management is a critical determinant of plant survival under such conditions, yet its regulation during the acclimation–deacclimation transition remains incompletely understood. This study investigated tissue-specific changes in key components of water management in winter oilseed rape subjected to non-acclimated, cold-acclimated, and deacclimated conditions. Proline accumulation, abscisic acid content in plant tissue and cell sap, and the expression of aquaporin genes BnPIP2 and BnTIP1 were analyzed in leaves, root necks, and roots. Cold acclimation induced a strong accumulation of proline and ABA, accompanied by marked downregulation of aquaporin expression in all tested tissue. Deacclimation resulted in partial reverse of proline and ABA. Aquaporins expression demonstrated tissue-specific recovery, showing increases in all tissue compared to cold-acclimated plants. Our findings demonstrate that coordinated actions of integrated water transport, osmotic adjustment, and hormonal signaling in regulating water balance and frost tolerance during winter temperature fluctuations.

This study comprehensively evaluates the elemental composition of soil and Pinus species needle samples across 25 distinct plots established along the D825 highway in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye. Located at the confluence of the Mediterranean, East Anatolian, and Central Anatolian regions, this area represents a critical ecological transition zone. A total of 75 soil and 75 needle samples were analyzed in triplicate to assess heavy metal contamination and potential toxicity risks across these elevation gradients. According to the results, the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) values for all examined metals remained below zero, categorizing the study area as “unpolluted.” Enrichment Factor (EF) analyses confirmed the lithogenic origin of Cr, Mn, and Ni; however, Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) exhibited an EF of 1.34. This ‘minimal enrichment’ could potentially be associated with anthropogenic pressures, possibly stemming from traffic emissions on the highway. Although current metal levels fall below global toxicity thresholds (WHO/FAO), the positive skewness and high variation in Pb and Cd distributions suggest a likelihood of localized accumulation, which may warrant systematic monitoring. The original contribution of this study lies in its integrated assessment of plant–soil barrier mechanisms within this unique transition zone, demonstrating how forest ecosystems maintain resilience capacity despite ophiolitic parent material contributions. While soil Cr and Ni levels were elevated due to the geological structure, plant tissue concentrations remained within safe physiological limits, suggesting effective stabilization within the soil-biomass matrix. The findings suggest that these forest ecosystems play a key role in maintaining ecological health and environmental sustainability against potential anthropogenic encroachment in this strategic intersection.

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in forest soils is a key constraint on the sustainable management and productivity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations. This study investigated how P limitation alters the reciprocal exchange of "photosynthetic carbon and mineral phosphorus" between Chinese fir and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) when the focal plant grows adjacent to neighbors with different degrees of relatedness. An indoor pot experiment simulating heterogeneous P supply was conducted using clonal seedlings of Chinese fir No. 36 as the focal plant, with Chinese fir No. 36, Chinese fir No. 41, and Schima superba as neighboring plants to establish three two-plant combinations: a kin pair (No. 36 + No. 36), a close-kin pair (No. 36 + No. 41), and an unrelated-kin pair (No. 36 + S. superba). Funneliformis mosseae was inoculated into the shared root-zone room connecting the two plants, and the neighbor was subjected to a gradient of P limitation (sufficient P, low P, and zero P). Meanwhile, the focal No. 36 plant received 13CO2 pulse labeling to form a "Chinese fir-AMF-P-limited neighbor" symbiotic network in which No. 36 served as the 13C donor. AMF colonization, seedling growth, and changes in 13C enrichment and P concentration in plant tissues of the focal plant were quantified. Neighbor P limitation significantly increased AMF colonization in roots and whole-plant P concentration of the focal Chinese fir. Following 13CO2 pulse labeling, whole-plant 13C enrichment of the focal plant increased significantly under the neighbor zero P treatment, suggesting enhanced carbon allocation under severe neighbor P limitation. Moreover, under the neighbor zero P treatment, focal plants grown with an unrelated-kin neighbor showed significant increases in stem P concentration (1.86 g·kg-1) and stem atom% 13C (1.50%), whereas focal plants grown with a kin neighbor exhibited a significant increase in root Atom% 13C (1.29%). These patterns indicate that neighbor relatedness may modulate carbon allocation and P acquisition within the mycorrhizal network: in the kin context, the focal plant tended to allocate more photosynthetic carbon belowground and may partially subsidize the AMF carbon demand (i.e., a higher C reward), coinciding with a relatively weaker P accumulation in its own tissues; in contrast, in the unrelated kin context, carbon allocation shifted toward stems and was associated with strengthened P accumulation in stem tissues. Overall, the results highlight the dynamic nature of AMF-mediated carbon-nutrient reciprocity across hosts of contrasting relatedness and provide new insights into how mycorrhizal networks may facilitate plant adaptation to nutrient limitation.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that disrupts plant nutrition and reduces biomass production. This study evaluated the effects of Cd contamination on biomass yield, nutrient status, nutrient use efficiency, and the phytoextraction potential of two tropical forage grasses. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, including three Cd levels (0, 2, and 12 mg kg−1) and two forage species (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça and Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu). Plants were grown in two soils with contrasting physicochemical properties (Typic Hapludox and Typic Quartzipsamment), both limed and fertilized. Cadmium exposure altered nutrient concentrations in plant tissues. Concentrations of N, P, K, S, Cu, and Zn increased with Cd contamination, while nutrient use efficiency declined, particularly at higher Cd levels. These effects were mainly attributed to a concentration effect caused by reduced biomass. U. brizantha showed greater tolerance to Cd stress, with higher biomass production, improved nutrient use efficiency, and greater removal of bioavailable Cd from the soil compared with M. maximus. The results highlight the importance of species selection and proper soil and nutrient management for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.

Heavy metal contamination, particularly from lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn), poses significant ecological and public health concerns. This study evaluated metal uptake, translocation, and tolerance in Gerbera jamesonii through a controlled hydroponic experiment with five Pb and Zn treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 mg L−1), each replicated five times (n = 5), and a greenhouse pot experiment using five soil Pb treatments (S1–S5; 0–15202 mg kg−1), each replicated eight times (n = 8), arranged in a completely randomized design. In hydroponics, Pb was largely immobilized in roots, with bioconcentration factors (BCF) > 1 and translocation factors (TF) near zero at all concentrations, confirming minimal root-to-shoot movement and strong phytostabilization potential. Zn showed moderate accumulation in roots and shoots at low concentrations but caused toxicity and complete mortality at 30 mg L−1, indicating metal-specific physiological thresholds. In pot experiments, G. jamesonii displayed dose-dependent reductions in shoot and root biomass yet survived and continued accumulating Pb in roots under moderate contamination. Zn concentrations in plant tissues remained stable across soil treatments, suggesting efficient internal regulation. Overall, G. jamesonii effectively immobilizes Pb while exhibiting sensitivity to elevated Zn, supporting its suitability for Pb phytostabilization in contaminated soils, with further research needed to refine field-scale applications.

Brackenridgea foxworthyi (Elm.) Furtado (Ochnaceae) is a Philippine endemic nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator plant with restricted distribution in the island of Palawan. In this study, the potential influence of leaf architecture on the metal uptake capacity of this plant growing in two ultramafic formations with different land-uses: Rio Tuba, Bataraza (with mining activity), and Sitio Magarwak, Puerto Princesa City (no mining). Leaf architecture analysis showed no significant difference (p-value=0.0667) between the leaf venation (semicraspedodromous) and blade classification (microphyll) between the two sites. However, Rio Tuba samples had narrower and longer leaf size (mean length=132.43 mm, mean width=33.20 mm) than Magarwak (mean length=104.07 mm, mean width=38.87 mm). Meanwhile, Rio Tuba samples showed higher Ni concentration in plant tissues compared to Magarwak. Futhermore, physicochemical properties of the soil in Magarwak showed optimal conditions for Ni hyperaccumulation, but in Rio Tuba the topsoil was thicker, which could explain the elevated Ni content present. In general, our results showed that variation in leaf architecture has no direct impact on the metal uptake capacity of B. foxworthyi due to the low variation of leaf area and venation between the two sites. Further efforts to elucidate the unique potential of the plant to hyperaccumulate metals are recommended to maximize the role of native hyperaccumulators for ecological restoration and conservation measures. Keywords: hyperaccumulators, leaf architecture, Ni accumulation, phytomining, soil

Brackenridgea foxworthyi (Elm.) Furtado (Ochnaceae) is a Philippine endemic nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator plant with restricted distribution in the island of Palawan. In this study, the potential influence of leaf architecture on the metal uptake capacity of this plant growing in two ultramafic formations with different land-uses: Rio Tuba, Bataraza (with mining activity), and Sitio Magarwak, Puerto Princesa City (no mining). Leaf architecture analysis showed no significant difference (p-value=0.0667) between the leaf venation (semicraspedodromous) and blade classification (microphyll) between the two sites. However, Rio Tuba samples had narrower and longer leaf size (mean length=132.43 mm, mean width=33.20 mm) than Magarwak (mean length=104.07 mm, mean width=38.87 mm). Meanwhile, Rio Tuba samples showed higher Ni concentration in plant tissues compared to Magarwak. Futhermore, physicochemical properties of the soil in Magarwak showed optimal conditions for Ni hyperaccumulation, but in Rio Tuba the topsoil was thicker, which could explain the elevated Ni content present. In general, our results showed that variation in leaf architecture has no direct impact on the metal uptake capacity of B. foxworthyi due to the low variation of leaf area and venation between the two sites. Further efforts to elucidate the unique potential of the plant to hyperaccumulate metals are recommended to maximize the role of native hyperaccumulators for ecological restoration and conservation measures. Keywords: hyperaccumulators, leaf architecture, Ni accumulation, phytomining, soil

Brackenridgea foxworthyi (Elm.) Furtado (Ochnaceae) is a Philippine endemic nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator plant with restricted distribution in the island of Palawan. In this study, the potential influence of leaf architecture on the metal uptake capacity of this plant growing in two ultramafic formations with different land-uses: Rio Tuba, Bataraza (with mining activity), and Sitio Magarwak, Puerto Princesa City (no mining). Leaf architecture analysis showed no significant difference (p-value=0.0667) between the leaf venation (semicraspedodromous) and blade classification (microphyll) between the two sites. However, Rio Tuba samples had narrower and longer leaf size (mean length=132.43 mm, mean width=33.20 mm) than Magarwak (mean length=104.07 mm, mean width=38.87 mm). Meanwhile, Rio Tuba samples showed higher Ni concentration in plant tissues compared to Magarwak. Futhermore, physicochemical properties of the soil in Magarwak showed optimal conditions for Ni hyperaccumulation, but in Rio Tuba the topsoil was thicker, which could explain the elevated Ni content present. In general, our results showed that variation in leaf architecture has no direct impact on the metal uptake capacity of B. foxworthyi due to the low variation of leaf area and venation between the two sites. Further efforts to elucidate the unique potential of the plant to hyperaccumulate metals are recommended to maximize the role of native hyperaccumulators for ecological restoration and conservation measures. Keywords: hyperaccumulators, leaf architecture, Ni accumulation, phytomining, soil

Endophytes play important roles in plant metabolite synthesis, and certain strains were capable of producing bioactive compounds identical to those of their hosts. However, it remains unknown whether culturable endophytes of S. acutum can synthesize intermediate metabolites for the plant principal bioactive compound-sinomenine (SIN) or the compound itself. In this study, we investigated the successions of the culturable bacterial community and the alkaloid profiles within S. acutum endophytes across ten iterative enrichment cultivations using Czapek-Dox and Gause’s No. 1 chemically defined media. The results demonstrated significant alterations in the composition and structure of the endophytic consortium and metabolites of the endophytic consortium during iterative cultivation. Priestia aryabhattai dominated the community in the first generation, whereas Microbacterium paraoxydans and Bacillus velezensis became dominant by the tenth generation. SIN was detected at the first and the fifth generation, with declining concentrations, and was absent at the tenth generation. Correlation network analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the relative abundance of P. aryabhattai and the SIN content. Furthermore, a specific strain, L15, identified as P. aryabhattai, was isolated from the iterative culture. UPLC-MS/MS analysis of P. aryabhattai L15 metabolites confirmed the presence of SIN, alongside other alkaloids including cyclanoline, N-methylhigenamine-7-O-glucopyranoside, and isoquinoline. Further metagenomic analysis also indicated that the relative abundance of P. aryabhattai was significantly (p < 0.05) positively correlated with the SIN content in plant tissues. This study systematically elucidated the role of endophytic bacteria and provides potential strains for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and pharmaceutical research.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-026-02965-4.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils severely impairs plant growth, disrupts microbial communities, and threatens food safety due to its high toxicity and mobility. Conventional remediation methods are often expensive and environmentally unsustainable. In contrast, plant-microbiome interactions offer an eco-friendly solution to reduce Cd accumulation and improve plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) are known to improve plant growth and resilience in Cd-contaminated soils. However, the mechanisms by which AMF and MHB co-inoculation could reduce soil Cd contamination by altering the rhizosphere fungal community remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate how co-inoculation with AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) and MHB (Alcaligenes faecalis) affects plant Cd uptake and soil Cd content, and how it reshapes the cucumber rhizosphere fungal community. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with four treatments: CK (no inoculation), Fm (AMF inoculation), Af (MHB inoculation), and FA (AMF + MHB co-inoculation). Co-inoculation with AMF and MHB (FA) significantly reduced Cd concentrations in both plant tissues and soil. Fungal communities were profiled using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS region, and diversity metrics and structural changes were assessed through PCoA and DESeq2. Co-inoculation (FA) significantly reshaped the fungal community, increasing the relative abundances of beneficial phyla such as Mortierellomycota, Basidiomycota and Glomeromycota, while decreasing the abundance of potentially pathogenic Ascomycota. Double inoculation with AMF and MHB also enhanced fungal diversity, as measured by the Simpson index, and enriched specific OTUs. This study uncovers the mechanisms through which AMF-MHB co-inoculation reduces Cd concentrations in both plants and soil by altering the cucumber rhizosphere fungal community composition. These findings demonstrate that AMF-MHB co-inoculation is an effective, biologically driven strategy for remediating Cd-contaminated soils by restructuring cucumber rhizosphere fungal communities.

The release of nano-sized metal particles into the environment, along with the associated risk of their migration through the food web, is linked to the widespread application of nanomaterials in industry and agriculture. In this study Mentha spicata L. plants were exposed to silver nanoparticles (1–2 nm) at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L over a 28-day period, employing two distinct application methods: root application and foliar spraying. Silver content in plant tissues, soil samples, and herbal infusions prepared from exposed spearmint leaves was determined via atomic absorption spectrometry. In root-applied treatments, silver predominantly accumulated in the soil; however, translocation to the leaves was also detected, reaching a maximum concentration of 16.9 mg/kg in leaves at the highest exposure level (100 mg/L Ag nanoparticles). Silver nanoparticles significantly reduced the soil basal respiration rate compared to the control on the 7 and 30 days of incubation. When silver nanoparticles were applied to the foliage, accumulation in the leaves (5.04–140.4 mg/kg) was observed, alongside excretion through the root system into the rhizosphere (up to 2.41 mg/kg). Interestingly, silver nanoparticles enhanced photosynthetic efficiency in the plants by increasing β-carotene and chlorophyll content, and they also stimulated higher antioxidant activity compared to untreated plants. During brewing, silver extraction into the infusion was below 1% for soil-applied treatments but ranged from 22 to 98% for foliar applications. Risk assessment indicated that prolonged consumption of mint infusion containing silver concentrations exceeding 0.348 mg/L could pose adverse health effects.

Sucrose is the central unit of carbon and energy in plants. As the product of photosynthesis, it is transported from source-to-sink tissues across both short and long distances. Subcellular sucrose concentrations strongly influence rates of transport within cells, tissues, and organs. Moreover, as a central metabolite, its concentration influences the rates of many enzymatic reactions. Measuring sucrose concentration with subcellular resolution remains challenging, especially for the cytosol, which hosts many critical enzymatic reactions and, in many cells, occupies only a thin layer between the vacuole and the plasma membrane. Here, we review the methods that have been utilized to measure subcellular sucrose concentrations in plant cells. The approaches covered include microautoradiography, non-aqueous fractionation, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, mass spectrometry imaging, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) nanosensors, direct sampling, and theoretical modelling. We provide perspectives on the use cases for these methods and discuss developments towards resolving subcellular sugar concentrations in live tissues.

Abstract The expansion of white mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) cultivation onto low-fertility sandy soils necessitates to enhance oil productivity and establishing environmentally friendly soil relations as part of a sustainable development strategy. Combining organic soil amendments with natural biostimulants could offer an integrated solution by improving both the root zone environment and plant physiological performance. A two-year field study (2023/2024-2024/2025) employed a split-plot design to investigate the effects of plant compost (0, 5, 10, 15 tons per hectare) as a main plot and foliar biostimulants (seaweed extract at 2, 4 ml L −1 ; moringa leaf extract at 15, 30 %; active yeast at 6, 12 ml L −1 ) as sub-plots on white mustard grown under drip irrigation. All compost and biostimulant treatments significantly improved growth, yield, and biochemical parameters relative to the control. Compost rate at 15 t ha −1 yielded the highest values for vegetative growth (e.g., plant height, leaf area), yield components (pod number, seed yield), and fixed oil production. Among biostimulants, seaweed extract at 4 ml L −1 was most effective. A significant interaction was observed, with the combination of 15 t ha −1 compost and 4 ml L −1 seaweed extract producing the most pronounced results, increasing seed yield per hectare and oil yield by approximately 305 % and 875 %, respectively, compared to the untreated control. This treatment also maximized photosynthetic pigments and NPK content in plant tissue. The integrated application of 15 t ha −1 plant compost and 4 ml L −1 seaweed extract is a highly effective, sustainable cultivation strategy for maximizing growth, seed yield, and oil content of white mustard in sandy soils.