Content Of Microorganisms Research Articles

Физиологическое обоснование немедикаментозной методики реабилитации пациентов с хроническим катаральным гингивитом

Treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases is one of the most urgent problems in dental practice. If we take into account the increase in the level of population allergization, tolerance of microorganisms and their associations to drugs, the approach to treatment with drug-free methods remains very relevant. In this study we deals with the etiological factors of chronic catarrhal gingivitis, we analyze the main means of rehabilitation in this disease, which are used in modern times, justified drug-free approach in the rehabilitation method. As the purpose of the study, we identify the theoretical justification and development of drug-free rehabilitation techniques for chronic catarrhal gingivitis, based on the local application of therapeutic concentrations of medical ozone. In this study we investigate the clinical efficacy of topical application of ozonized olive oil in the complex treatment of patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis. During the experiment, the high clinical efficacy of the ozonated olive oil method in patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis was observed, which was used to optimize the pro/antioxidant body system, improve the state of the autonomous system of local immunity of the oral cavity, significantly reduce the values of hygienic indices characterizing the state of the periodontium, significantly reduce the content of microorganisms and their associations, improve clinical indicators. The application method of ozonated olive oil in patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis, has a therapeutic and healing effect, and also meets the requirements for technologies of periodontal rehabilitation.

Изучение химического состава и содержания микроорганизмов в родниковой воде

Изучение химического состава и содержания микроорганизмов в родниковой воде

Analysis for Effect of Chemical Pollutants on Wetland Ecology

Wetlands play an important role in maintaining ecological balance and promoting the development of surrounding economy. Chemical pollutants in industrial wastewater cause serious damage to the wetland ecosystem. For this, taking the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one typical chemical organic pollutant in industrial wastewater as examples, this paper studies the effects of PAH on plants and microorganisms in wetlands. Then, the experimental simulation was conducted to study the degradation and absorption effects of wetland soil sediments and wetland plant (Spartina alterniflora) on PAHs, and also analyse the effects of PAHs on total biomass and microbial active enzymes in wetlands. The results show that the wetland ecosystem has significant absorption and degradation effects on chemical pollutants. The average removal rate of PHE is 26%, and the average removal rate of PYR is 20%; the content of PHE and PYR in leaves of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) is much smaller than that of root system, indicating that the root system of S. alterniflora is the main part of absorbing PAHs. PAHs pollution will cause serious damage to the distribution and content of microorganisms in the wetland. PHE causes the microbial content in the leaves of S. alterniflora to decrease by more than 35%, while PYR causes it to decrease by more than 26%. The plant-microbial combined treatment system in the wetland system can resist the harmful effects of chemical pollutants to a certain extent, and the bacteria in the plant roots are more sensitive to the response of chemical pollutants. This can provide a new research idea for the microbe-plant joint degradation of chemical pollutants in wetland ecosystems.

INFLUENCE OF THYME AND JUNIPER ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PORK BRISKET

The aim of the work is to determine an influence of non-traditional mixtures of spicy-aromatic plants of thyme and juniper, their essential oils and alcohol extracts on the course of microbiological processes in pork brisket. Pork brisket was an experimental sample. It was added with black pepper, thyme and juniper, in the dry condition, as essential oils and alcohol extracts. Pork brisket, added with dry plants, essential oils, extracts of black and fragrant pepper, was taken as a control. According to the microbiological studies, it was established, that an exceed of the standard index of the content of mesophilic-aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (more than 1,0×103 g/CCU) takes place in brisket samples with dry black pepper. And also in samples with thyme and juniper in ratios 0,9:0,7:0,2 and 0,9:0,6:0,3. An exceed of nMAFAM index is also fixed in experiments using essential oils of these spices. It was established, that after 80 min of the experiment, these mixtures remain resistant to spoilage by 20 min longer comparing with using dry black and fragrant pepper. Most intense antibacterial properties relative to the development of microorganisms were observed in experimental samples. It is noticeable in a sample with using dry comminuted spices thyme and juniper in ratios 0,9:0,8:0,1. The use of spicy-aromatic plants of thyme and juniper allow to increase the storage term of ready products.

Effects of intercropping on rhizosphere soil microorganisms and root exudates of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor)

Both yield and quality of Lanzhou lily ( Lilium davidii var. unicolor ) are seriously affected by continuous cropping. We attempted to understand the effects of intercropping on the obstacles associated with continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily ( Lilium davidii var. unicolor ). The changes of rhizosphere microbial biomass and diversity in interplanting and monoculturing systems were studied by using the Illumina HiSeq sequencing technique. The contents and composition of lily root exudates were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). The intercropping results of Lanzhou lily showed: (1) There was no difference in the composition of the rhizosphere soil microbes at the phylum level, but the relative abundance of the microbes decreased; and the relative abundance of harmful fungi such as Fusarium sp . increased. The relative abundance of Pleosporales sp . and other beneficial bacteria were reduced. After OTU (operational taxonomic unit) clustering, there were some beneficial bacteria, such as Chaetomium sp ., in the lily rhizosphere soil in the interplanting system that had not existed in the single-cropping system. We did not find harmful bacteria that had existed in the single-cropping systm in the rhizosphere soil of interplanting system. The above results indicated that the changes of relative abundance of soil fungi and bacteria in lily rhizosphere soil was not conducive to improving the ecological structure of rhizosphere soil microbes. At the same time, the microbial composition change is very complex—beneficial and yet inadequate at the same time. (2) Root exudates provide a matrix for the growth of microorganisms. Combined with the detection of root exudates, the decrease in the composition of the root exudates of the lily was probably the reason for the decrease of the relative abundance of microbes after intercropping. At the same time, the decrease of the relative content of phenolic compounds, which inhibit the growth of microorganisms, did not increase the relative content of rhizosphere soil microorganisms. Changes in amino acids and total sugars may be responsible for the growth of Fusarium sp .. The results showed that the intercropping pattern did not noticeably alleviate the obstacle to continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily, and the change of microbial biomass and diversity was even unfavorable. However, the emergence of some beneficial bacteria, the disappearance of harmful fungi, and other changes with intercropping are in favor of alleviation of obstacles to continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily.

MICROFLORA OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND CONDITION OF ANTI-INFECTION PROTECTION FACTORS IN PERSONS USING DENTAL ORTHOPEDIC CONSTRUCTIONS (DOC)

Aim. To study the qualitative composition, the quantitative content of microorganisms, to assess the viability and functional status of neutrophils in the oral fluid of patients using removable and non-removable DOC. Materials and methods. The present study used a free oral fluid of 100 patients aged 21 to 79 years. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora was determined using the PCR method by means of the Femoflor-16 system (NPO DNA-technology, Russia). Determination of the total number of leukocytes was carried out in Goryaev's chamber, analysis of their viability was carried out with Trypan blue staining. Acridine orange was used to study the indices of lysosomal activity of neutrophils. Oxygendependent metabolism was studied using the Nitro Blue-Tetrazolium (NBT) test, and the phagocytic function was determined by the absorption of latex particles. Results. In persons using dentures, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora of the oral cavity changes. The method of hygienic care of the DOC significantly does not affect the composition of the microflora of the oral fluid of patients. In persons using DOC, a decrease in the total number of leukocytes and their viable forms in the free oral fluid was established. However we registered the stability of functioning of viable neutrophils in patients with removable DOC and a significant decrease in the phagocytic ability and microbicidal oxygen-dependent potential of neutrophils when using non-removable DOC. Conclusion. Foreign body in the form of a removable or non-removable DOC changes the functioning of the factors of congenital anti-infective protection of the oral mucosa, which can lead to the development of infectious complications during dental prosthetics.

Commodity characteristics and quality assessment of green tea sold in retail chains of Saint-Petersburg

Tea is one of the most favorite drinks in the world. About the useful effect of green tea on the human body is known very much. In connection with the fall of the economy, the quality of products entering the trading networks is also deteriorating, so we decided to check the quality of green tea sold by trading networks in St. Petersburg. There are the results of a study on the quality of green tea from different manufacturers in the article and accordance with their normative documents. Organoleptic and physico-chemical methods were used to allowable the quality of tea. We studied these samples for safety according to the maximum permissible content of toxins, radionuclides, mycotoxins and microorganisms in tea. According to the physico-chemical examination revealed violations in terms of: the content of tannin, water-soluble extractive substances, active acidity, increased mold content, which attests about assortment falsification of green tea, the use of poor quality raw materials, violation of technological processes and storage processes. As a result, it can be concluded that in production of tea it is necessary to take into account all regulatory requirements and comply with all technological processes, consider the requirements for storage and transportation of tea, certify the goods and use more manual labor when collecting tea leaves. Trading enterprises should use only certified goods and to use the conclusions of expert laboratoriesmore often.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF EVALUATION OF MICROBIOCENOSIS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE VAGINA, CERVICAL CANAL AND UTERINE CAVITY IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE WITH POLYPS OF THE ENDOMETRIUM

Endometrial polyps are benign neoplasms arising in the uterine cavity. The exact causes of the appearance of endometrial polyps are unknown. Recently, in the literature there are data on the factors predisposing to the development of the disease, which include, the chronic inflammatory process in the female genital organs.The purpose of the study was to evaluate the microbiocenosis of the vagina, cervical canal and uterine cavity in women of reproductive age with polyposis of the endometrium.Material and methods of investigation. Thirty women of reproductive age were examined, of which 15 women with endometrial polyps (the main study group) and 15 gynecologically healthy women (control group). All examined general clinical methods of research, ultrasound, hysteroscopy, as well as bacterioscopic and bacteriological studies, ELISA and PCR contents of the vagina and cervical canal cervix, aspirate the uterine cavity.Results of the study and their discussion. In the main group, the normocoenosis of the vagina is defined only in 3 (20%) women, the intermediate type in 4 (26.7%) cases, dysbiosis in 5 (33.3%) women, colpitis caused by fungi of the genus Candida spp. - in 2 (13,3%) patients and trichomonadi colpitis - in 1 (6,6%) patients of the main survey group. With vaginal dysbiosis, a high content of anaerobic microorganisms is established. The examination of the microflora of the cervical canal by PCR method and also by bacteriological culture showed that 12 (80,0%) patients with endometrial polyposis had a wide spectrum of viral-bacterial associations of microorganisms, with the most frequently determined 2-3 component combination of them. The study of contamination of the uterine cavity showed that of the total number of patients in 6 (40,0%) the presence of a viral and/or bacterial agent was detected.Conclusions. The conducted study showed that in 53,3% of patients with endometrial polyps there is a chronic inflammatory process of the uterine mucosa, against a background of disturbance of the state of the microflora of both the vagina and the cervix in 80% of the examined. The presence of chronic persistent infection can have an effect on the development of morpho-functional changes and hyperproliferative processes of the endometrium.

The resistance of chernozem soil microorganisms to soluble copper compounds

Аim. Determination of resistance of Ukrainian chernozem soil microorganisms to the influence of toxic copper(II). Methods. Content of copper-resistant microorganisms in chernozem was determined by counting colonies on a solid nutrient medium containing Cu(II). Resistance of microorganisms was determined by cultivation in the medium with concentration gradient of Сu2+. Results. Microorganisms resistant to toxic copper(II) by ultrahigh concentrations were shown to be present in chernozem soil. Microorganisms grew in the medium containing up to 500 mg/l Cu2+ (CuSO4 solution) and up to 10000 mg/l Cu2+ (in complex with citrate). Chelation of copper(II) with citrate was found to lead to increase of microbial resistance in 20 times. It was determined that a vanishingly small number of microorganisms resistant to toxic copper by ultrahigh concentrations can exist in a natural ecosystem. The number of viable microorganisms decreases with the increase in the content of Cu2+ that is described by the hyperbolic curve. Conclusions. The proposed methodological approach not only allows to isolate copper-resistant microorganisms from natural ecosystems of all geographic zones of the globe, but also avoid complex genetic transformations in order to obtain perspective genetically modified strains for further application in biotechnologies for purification of industrial wastewater.
 Keywords: copperresistant microorganisms, chernozem soil of Ukraine, diversified microbial community, environmental biotechnologies.

Analysis of genome size, CG content and characteristics of microorganisms’ environment habitats

Analysis of genome size, CG content and characteristics of microorganisms’ environment habitats

Perbaikan Kualitas dan Dekontaminasi Mikroba Kedelai Edamame Dengan Teknik Ozonated Water

Quality, contamination of microorganisms and pesticide residues is a major requirement in edamame export trade. Ozonated water technique is expected to replace the use of chlorine in suppressing microorganism contamination and maintaining quality. Research objectives: a) To determine the effect of various conditions of ozone concentration on quality and contamination of microorganisms on edamame soybeans, b) Comparing the effectiveness of Ozonated Water technique with chlorination, and c) Obtain optimal Ozonated Water method in maintaining quality and eliminating contaminants of microorganisms. The research method used CFRD with 2 Factors ie Factor A of ozone concentration (0, 3, 6 and 9 ppm) and Factor B is Chlorine concentration (0, 100 and 175 ppm) repeated 3 times. The statistical analysis used the Analysis of Variance with the F test and the further difference statistical test of a) the organoleptic quality with Hedonic test includes color, aroma, sweet taste and Hedonic Quality Test for Foreign Odor b) microbiological examination (Total Plate Count). The results are: a) Ozone and chlorine treatment can reduce the total content of edamame microorganisms compared to control, and ozone treatment is more effective in reducing total microbial than chlorine; b) Ozone or Chlorine treatment has no effect on hedonic color and sweetness value in edamame; and c) Ozone treatment may decrease the value of edamame aroma compared with chlorine control and treatment, although in fact Ozone treatment does not contribute to foreign odors or chemical odors to edamame. The conclusion of Ozonated water technique can significantly decrease microorganisms  contamination and maintain the color quality, sweet taste and donate foreign odors in edamame. Keywords— Ozonated Water, Chlorine , Edamame, Microorganisme

Some of the Important Physical and Chemical Properties of a Number of Mineral Waters Widely used in Everyday Life

Background. Water quality is one of the most important factors that have a decisive influence on the human body.Objective. The aim of the paper is the research of important physical and chemical properties of mineral water determining its influence on the human body.Methods. Main criteria relating to drinking water quality are studied: redox potential (ROP), pH, total hardness, total microbial count. The indicator of overall water toxicity should be taken into account as well determined by bioassay and provides an objective assessment of the influence of the sample on the organisms.Results. The obtained results indicate that the pH of the water under investigation is within the limits established by the existing norms for drinking water. All samples have a weak alkaline reaction рН (7.1–8.39). Total water hardness is within 1.5–7 mmol.ekv/dm3 and corresponds to the data set by the manufacturer and the existing regulations. The exception is the water of the brand "Smarty Family". Its hardness is a little bit below the index indicated on the label. All studied samples of mineral water for children had similarity values and germination energy higher than control (distilled water). This indicates a lack of general toxicity and balance of salt content in the samples. The values of these indices in samples of mineral natural dining and mineral natural medical dining water are lower than in the control. The exception is water "Myrgorodska Lagidna", which indicators are almost the same as control. As to the ROP indicator value, no water brand corresponds to the ROP values of the human body biological fluids, in particular the children’s biological fluids. Most samples of natural mineral dining and natural mineral medical-dining water (except water brands "Polyana Kvasova" and "Borjomi") have a high content of microorganisms and don’t meet the standards for bottled water.Conclusions. Investigated mineral natural dining and mineral natural medical dining water can be used in the line functions, but on a microbiological index and ROP needs further control.

Seafood products notifications in the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database: Data analysis during the period 2011–2015

Through the analysis of the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal, this study aimed at highlighting the most relevant noncompliance affecting seafood and explore possible relationships between variables characterizing notified products. Trends in RASFF notifications can be useful to improve controls and audits of official authority and the safety management of fishery products from Food Business Operators. During the five-year period analyzed (2011–2015), 16304 original notifications were logged on the RASFF database, of which 16.6% (2713) involved seafood. Seafood notifications were issued in most of the cases by Italy (35.7%) and Spain (19.3%) that were also the countries with the highest number of notified products (15.37%), followed by Vietnam and Morocco. Notifications were mainly triggered during official control activities on the market (43%) and border checks (42.8%) and in the 39.3% of cases they were classified as serious. The first two reasons that led to notifications were non-compliant content of heavy metals (fish and cephalopods) and pathogenic microorganisms (bivalve molluscs). At border level, seafood was rejected in 37% of cases, especially (41.1%) because of poor temperature control, unsuitable transport conditions or fraudulent/absence of health certificate. Patterns emerged in this study give a and 'up-to-date' evidence of those that are current issues of the sector. However, even though the RASFF represent a useful “data mine” essential for risk assessment process, limitation arises since, despite the legal obligation for all members, regulatory non-compliant products are not always notified.

PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD FOR PASTEURIZATION OF FRESH SUGARCANE JUICE

Pasteurization methods using pulsed electric fields (PEFs) have proved efficient at non-thermal inactivation of microorganisms and pathogens. The methods usually use a series of high intensity, narrow band electric fields that pass through target mediums where they induce irreversible damage to cellular membranes leading to the death of microorganisms by internal content loss breakage of cell homeostasis and other effects. This research proposed a simple, lab-scale PEF pasteurization equipment that uses common output electric voltages (220V and 110V, which provide electric power of 5.5 and 2.75 kV/m, respectively) with a simple designed Human-Machine Interface control. At a voltage of 110V, the equipment was tested with non-sterilized Czapek medium which showed more than 1.42-log reduction in the microbial density at 30s of the treatment and temperature below 60 o C. A test on suspended E. coli in modified Czapek medium also indicated an inactivation of most of bacterial cells after 40s of the treatment. We then applied the equipment to pasteurize fresh sugarcane juice and, as a result, the content of native microorganisms in sugarcane juice was reduced 1.2-log cycle, compared to that of original juice before the treatment.

PENGARUH SUMBER BAHAN ORGANIK YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP KUALITAS PEMBUATAN MIKROORGANISME LOKAL (MOL)

This study aims to determine the content of microorganisms from local microorganisms and determine their quality. This research is a descriptive study, where the results of the analysis of microbial content are described by the standard microbial content in Local Microorganisms. The results showed that Local Microorganisms from the leaves of Kirinyu, Gamal, Lamtoro and vegetables wastes contained Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces mushrooms, Actinomycetes fungi, and phosphate solvent bacteria (BPF). Local microorganisms from these materials have not been able to produce good quality because they are still lower than the minimum technical requirements based on Minister of Agriculture Regulation number 70 of 2011, while Saccharomyces mushroom microorganism content, pH and phosphate solvent bacteria (BPF) are in accordance with technical requirements all types of local microorganisms positively contain phosphate solvent bacteria (BPF).

New regulations for accessing plant biodiversity samples, what is ABS?

In Rio de Janeiro, in order to preserve biodiversity a virtuous circle was set up in 1992: The sustainable use of biodiversity (genetic resources) will generate benefits which will then be used to preserve biodiversity. The Nagoya Protocol elaborated in 2010 was designed to bring clarification and allow the practical implementation of this virtuous circle of access and benefit sharing. The scope was clarified: research on genetic and biochemical content of plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. Since many countries have now implemented access rules, it is important for academic and industrial users of biological resources to be fully aware of the regulations and to respect them.

Characteristics of the composition of the psychrotrophic microflora of frozen beef in the process of storage

In the technological process of obtaining raw materials and food products, the main task is to ensure their safety. During the curing of beef meat, the risks are most often associated with microbial contamination. The purpose of the work was to investigate the dynamics of quantitative content and generic composition of psychrotrophic microflora in the process of storage of frozen beef with different initial microbial sowing. The investigated samples were divided into four groups, depending on the initial content of the psychrotrophic microflora. The first group of psychrotrophic microorganisms was up to 103 CFU/cm3 from the surface; second group of 103 to 104 CFU/cm3 of washed away; the third – from 104 to 105 CFU/cm3 of washed away; the fourth is more than 105 CFU/cm3 of washed away. It was established that during the storage of beef in the frozen state, the rate of development of the psychrotrophic microflora is 3,0-32,6 times faster than the mesophilic microflora. Also it was found the higher the initial microbial sowing of beef, the faster the pace of development of the microflora in the process of storing meat in the frozen state. Therefore, when choosing meat storage conditions (temperature, term), the initial microbial contamination of the carcass surface with a psychrotrophic microflora is important. It was found that from beef with low microbial sowing it is allocated three classes of psychrotrophic bacteria: Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes i Pseudomonas. The largest part of the cooled meat was 56.2 ± 2.4% of the genus Acinetobacter, and the smallest 12.5 ± 0.8% Pseudomonas. After 20 days of storage of beef in the frozen state, the growth of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas was 1,4 times (P ≤ 0.05) due to the reduction of the Acinetobacter species of microorganisms. At the same time, the bacteria of the genus Alcaligenes were stably high in both frosty and frozen meat – 31.2–32.7%, respectively. Identification of psychrotrophic microflora with an initial content of mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms 6.5 ± 0.5×103 and 4.2 ± 0.2×103 CFU/cm3 of the washed away, has established an increase in the number of identified genera. Among the already identified three genera in the washed away from beef of this group, bacteria of the genus Flavobacterium i Aeromonas are isolated, both in frozen meat and after storage in a frozen state. When identifying a psychrotrophic microflora with a significant initial microbial sowing (the number of mesophilic bacteria is greater than 5.9 ± 0.4 × 104 and psychrotrophic 3.7 ± 0.2×104 CFU/cm3 washed away the surface) was established an increase in generic composition. Thus, in the psychrotrophic microflora, 5 to 10% of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae genus, gram-positive sticks and cow's bacterial forms began to stand out from 3 to 5%. Consequently, the conducted searches have found that with an increase in the initial microbial contamination of beef, the quantitative genetic composition of the psychrotrophic microflora increases. As a result, the storage period of frozen beef and the hygienic and technological quality of meat is reduced.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTESTINE MICROBIOME OF REPUBLIC OF GUINEA AND RUSSIAN FEDERATION RESIDENTS

The gut microbiota of healthy people, living in different regions, may vary considerably. The article presents the results of comparative qualitative and quantitative study of the intestine aerobic and anaerobic microbiota of residents of the Republic of Guinea (46) and Russia (60). The content of microorganisms (Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Candida spp., non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria and others) in 1.0 gram of faeces was determined by bacteriological methods. Generic and species identification was performed using Vitek 2 Compact (bioMerieux, France), tube biochemical tests and MALDI-TОF mass spectrometry (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Pearson χ2 criterion, p 0.05 and Fisher’s exact test (medstatistica.ru) were used to assess the differences in the compared groups. 95% confidence intervals were calculated by the method of Wilson. Microbiological disorders were characterized by a decrease in the number of obligate microorganisms, an increase in the number of facultative (opportunistic) microorganisms (above 106 CFU/g) and the emergence of their associations. Dysbiotic disorders were identified in both compared groups: in 100% patients from Republic of Guinea (95% CI:92.3–100) and in 86.7% patients from St. Petersburg (95% CI:75.8–93.1). Severe degree of microbiota disorders in the residents of the Republic of Guinea was revealed at 19.6% (95% CI:10.7–33.2), in group of residents of St. Petersburg in 9.6% (95% CI:4.2–20.6). In both groups the microbiota disorders of third degree were detected less frequently, compared with the microbiota disorders of second degree. The study has found no significant differences in the content of obligate bacteria (Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.), however, significant differences in the species composition of the facultative part of the microbiota were revealed. The residents of the Republic of Guinea had “atypical” E. coli (lactosonegative and hemolytic) and non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria Comamonas kerstersii more frequently. Opportunistic microorganism associations have been found in 30.4% of the residents of the Republic of Guinea (95% CI:19.1–44.8) and 18.3% of residents of St. Petersburg (95% CI:10.6–29.9). Opportunistic microorganism associations from the residents of the Republic of Guinea always contained Staphylococcus aureus. It is necessary to conduct further research on a bigger population to access the differences in the compared groups in Staphylococcus aureus and Hafnia alvei.

Microbiological activity of southern chernozem dependent on agrotechnic measures in the dry steppe zone of the lower Volga Region

The results of studying the influence of agrotechnical measures on the indica-tors of the biological activity of the southern chernozem are presented. For the first time in the Volga region, the carbon content in soil microorganisms is revealed, de-pending on agrotechnical backgrounds. The agrotechnical methods that allow regulating the biological state of the soil in the arid steppe of the Lower Volga region are substantiated.

Analysis of Storage Sludge Composition Characteristics and Evolutionary Regularity in the Hunhe River Basin

With the acceleration of urbanization, the accumulation of storage sludge in the Hunhe River Basin has increased year by year, creating a potential and long-term threat to the environment. In order to realize the resource-saving and harmless treatment of storage sludge, the composition of storage sludge and the evolvement rule were analyzed and researched. The basic physicochemical properties (water content, pH, volatile organic compounds (VS), and total alkalinity), nutrient index (TC, TN, C/N, TK, and TP), microbial composition, and heavy metal contents and fraction were analyzed. The results showed the VS and various nutrient element contents decreased with the prolongation of storage time, and changes in water content were not obvious, which was independent of the storage time and only relevant to natural conditions. The pH was maintained at around 7, and the bacteria predominated in microorganisms, accounting for about 90%. The content of anaerobic microorganisms increased. The contents and fractions of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg did not change significantly, but the content of Cu was higher than the Chinese standard for agricultural utilization (GB 4284-1984). Therefore, there is a larger risk of storage sludge for agricultural use. Therefore, the analysis of the composition and evolution of storage sludge in the Hunhe River Basin is of great significance for further resource treatment of sludge.