Mental health discourses on descendants of Indian indentured labourers in Guyana: A scoping review

Medical Care of Transgender Athletes and Policy Implications: ACSM Contemporary Issue Statement - Erratum.

Reflections Since the Formation of the American College of Epidemiology (ACE) Ethics and Policy Committee, 2023-2025.

Green chemistryis defined asa set of principles that reduce or preventthe use or generationof hazardoussubstances during the design, production, andutilizationof chemical products. The vision of such a paradigm shift in the chemical sciences is that the concept of being green is directly introduced to the molecular design process and is centered on atom economy and the prevention of waste. Thisreview examinesthe principles of green chemistry in relation toagro-industrial wastevalorization, with specific reference to the ecological and economic conditions of India, where approximately 350 million metric tons of annual agro-residues have become a source of serious environmental management issues, such as greenhouse gas emissions through open burning, leachate waste generation through landfills, and effects on the health of the population through poor disposal practices. The analysis summarizes the latest developments in nanotechnology-based catalytic systems, new solvent platforms (ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and supercritical fluids), and integrated biorefineries, and critically reviews the scalability limitations and commercial feasibility. It also discusses more recent developments, such as systems based on nanotechnology, catalyst transformations (homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biocatalysts), and the creation of alternative solvents, such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and supercritical fluids. The virtues of agri-industrial residues and biomass-based feeds are given particular attention in terms of their role in models of the circular economy and the generation of value-added chemicals, fuels, and materials. By illustrating how green chemistry can minimize the environmental footprint of traditional processes and create safer and more economically viable alternatives, this review makes it clear why green chemistry has become a revolution in the field of industrial practice. Lastly, the paper addresses contemporary issues of scalability, economic competitiveness, and regulatory integration and outlines opportunities that will make green chemistry the foundation of sustainable, resource-efficient, and environmentally responsible chemical companies.

ABSTRACT This paper reinterprets the social philosophy of Chapter 24 of John Maynard Keynes’s General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money through a ‘backwards history’ approach, critically engaging with the contributions of Michal Kalecki, Joan Robinson, and H.P. Minsky. By connecting Keynes’s vision of the capitalist society of his time to 21st-century challenges, the paper explores how his ideas can be adapted to address contemporary issues such as geo-political fragmentation, the concentration of power in tech oligopolies (particularly in the United States and China), rising inequality, and the climate crisis. Kalecki’s analysis of the political economy of full employment reveals the structural barriers to equitable growth in a globalized economy dominated by corporate power. Robinson’s critique of military-driven demand highlights the misalignment between Keynes’s ideal of socially beneficial investment and the realities of modern economic priorities. Minsky’s insights into financial instability and ‘money manager capitalism’ underscore the inadequacy of Keynes’s policy framework in addressing the complexities of a financialized world. The paper argues that while Keynes’s call for a balanced economic system remains paramount, his social philosophy must be reimagined to address the interconnected challenges of inequality, technological dominance, and environmental sustainability. The limits of Keynes's social philosophy lie not in its ethical ambitions but in its underestimation of power relations. By adapting Keynes’s vision to these pressing issues, the paper proposes some pathways for a more inclusive and resilient global economy, rooted in the principles of social justice and ecological stewardship.

ABSTRACT Discriminatory algorithms, unauthorized data use, and environmental costs show how artificial intelligence (AI) advancements are tied to larger sociopolitical issues. Through the design and pilot study of AI Dilemmas , an issue‐based traveling exhibition, this qualitative case study explores fostering dialogue on such complex scientific concepts. The findings offer a conceptual design framework to intentionally design for dialogue. Through the pilot study, we observed continuous, on‐topic engagement and dialogue among visitors, who shared personal AI experiences, prior knowledge, and opinions. The dialogues took various forms such as discussions, debate, question‐and‐answer, storytelling, and brainstorming, fostering a rich exchange of ideas and perspectives among visitors. The conclusions speak to the importance of intentional design through an issue‐based approach to foster dialogue about contemporary socioscientific issues, such as AI ethics and biases.

ABSTRACT Recent public health crises, such as the SARS and Zika outbreaks and the COVID-19 pandemic, have reinvigorated research into historical health developments, particularly the factors that have driven dramatic increases in life expectancy over the past two centuries. In this context, the fight against infectious diseases has received particular attention. Until recently, however, historical demographers, family historians, and historians of medicine have primarily relied on all-cause mortality analyses or broad cause-of-death groupings. While these approaches have advanced the field, important gaps remain in our understanding of health transitions, the evolution of health inequalities, and their underlying mechanisms. Digitization of individual-level cause-of-death data and the development of the ICD10h classification system offer a promising way forward. We show how this innovation can transform three longstanding debates in historical demography and family history: (1) excess female mortality among children and adolescents, (2) death clustering among infants and young children, and (3) the healthy migrant effect. These debates persist because the mechanisms underlying the observed inequalities remain unclear; identifying the specific causes of death that led to excess mortality—or, in the case of migrants, the sources of survival advantage—provides crucial new insights. Because historical patterns continue to shape contemporary health disparities—excess female mortality and infant and child mortality clustering remain pressing issues in several developing countries, while the healthy migrant effect persists globally—resolving these puzzles is not merely of historical interest but also of urgent relevance today.

The highly hepatotoxic and carcinogenic Aspergillus-derived mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) stimulates hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenesis by activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. This review summarizes the existing information on the molecular pathways of AFB1-induced hepatocellular damage and carcinogenesis through NF-κB-mediated pathways, with an emphasis on the stepwise cascade from AFB1 bioactivation to chronic inflammation. When AFB1 is taken up by the hepatocellular membrane, it is metabolically bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes to yield reactive intermediates (including AFB1-8,9-epoxide) capable of directly covalently altering cellular macromolecules and producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The accumulation of AFB1-derived adducts and ROS leads to the activation of the inhibitor of κB (IκB) via IKK. This activation subsequently facilitates the phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of IκB, allowing NF-κB to translocate into the nucleus. Long-term activation of NF-κB enhances the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), anti-apoptotic factors, and proliferative stimuli, creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment that permits hepatocarcinogenesis initiation. In addition, redox-sensitive signaling cascades propagate NF-κB activation through AFB1-induced oxidative stress. This review identifies some of the main contemporary issues, such as the definition of the upstream molecular sensors that mediate IKK-IKB signaling under various conditions of exposure, mapping of downstream NF-κB effector programs, and the metabolic fate of AFB1 during prolonged pathway activation, which are still of primary concern in terms of translation. In addition, we thoroughly assessed emerging pharmacological interventions targeting the AFB1-NF-κB axis, including natural polyphenols (curcumin and resveratrol), probiotics (Lactobacillus species), antioxidants (alpha-lipoic acid), and novel candidates (phillygenin and copper-albumin complexes). These interventions exert protective effects by inhibiting NF-κB, reducing oxidative stress, and controlling apoptosis. This review offers a mechanistic basis for explaining liver toxicity caused by AFB1 and prioritizes actionable therapeutic targets and future research directions to develop novel prevention and treatment options against aflatoxin-induced hepatic pathologies.

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the financial accounting of organizations' income. Objectives. The article aims to identify the prospects for addressing areas of concern of organizations' income financial accounting. Methods. For the study, I used critical analysis, synthesis, comparison, observation, and systematization. Results. Based on the analysis of the impact of the adoption of the Russian Accounting Standard (FSBU) 9/2025 – Income on topical issues of financial accounting recognition of organizations' revenues, the analysis of innovations in FSBU 9/2025 regarding the interpretation of the economic substance of revenues as objects of financial accounting recognition, criteria for revenue recognition and measurement, as well as the comparison of the new regulations of FSBU 9/2025 with revenue recognition rules in PBU 9/99 and other Russian accounting regulatory documents, and with regulations on revenue recognition under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) system, the article substantiates the degree of convergence between FSBU 9/2025 regulations and IFRS 15 rules, identifies areas of concern of financial accounting recognition of revenues at the present stage, and justifies ways to address them. Conclusions and Relevance. The regulations of FSBU 9/2025 regarding the definition, recognition criteria, and measurement of revenue are largely aligned with IFRS 15 rules, but also have a number of differences from them. Overall, the innovations of FSBU 9/2025 are logical and expedient, but they retain some areas of concern of the financial accounting of organizations' revenues, which can be resolved in the process of further development of the Russian Accounting Standards. The results obtained have both practical and theoretical areas of application in the field of financial accounting.

This is a review of the work ‘Fundamentos do Direito da Saúde’, developed based on research conducted by faculty members, students, and alumni of the Graduate Program in Health Law at Santa Cecília University. The publication brings together thirteen texts that address structural and complementary foundations of Health Law, articulating theoretical, legal, and institutional bases with applied research on contemporary issues that permeate the organization and protection of health. Received: February 24, 2026 | Accepted: March 2, 2026

Negligence by a healthcare provider is considered a “deficiency in service” by courts. Negligence means failing to take proper care or exercise due diligence when treating a patient. An act is called negligent when it is done without proper attention and caution, or when the standard of care is below what is expected. A rash act is done carelessly without thinking about the consequences. In India, medical malpractice cases are governed by the general principles of the Law of Torts. Before the Consumer Protection Act (CPA), such cases were handled only under tort law. According to Alderson, Negligence is the omission to do something that the conduct of hu-man affairs would do. or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do.[1]Salmond, in his authoritative treatise on the Law of Torts, referred to this definition.[2] Medical Negligence is a growing concern in modern healthcare, with India recording nearly five million deaths annually attributed to it. Judicial forums are increasingly emphasising accountability and the value of human life, highlighting the urgent need for medical professionals to understand legal implications. Ayurveda, through its branch Agadatantra, offers timeless in-sights into medical ethics, responsibilities, and holistic management of health. The classical concept of Chikitsā Chatuṣhpāda—the four limbs of treatment—provides a balanced model for preventing medical negligence by stressing the qualitative involvement of the physician, medicine, nursing care, and patient. This article examines the contemporary issue of medical negligence from an Ayurvedic perspective.

This article explores the concept of family sustenance (al-nafqah) in classical Islamic jurisprudence, examining it both textually and contextually. It then relates this concept to the phenomenon of female breadwinners in Indonesia. In fiqh studies, the ideal concept still points to the dominance of the husband as the family breadwinner, a notion considered irrelevant today. However, Indonesia’s statistics show a high number of married women in this role. Consequently, the modern-era gap in family economic fulfillment has shifted in terms of rights and obligations. While most studies on female breadwinners in Indonesia have analyzed the phenomenon from the perspectives of family sociology, gender, and economics, few have linked it to the normative-ethical framework of Islam. Fazlur Rahman’s Double Movement theory is rarely used to interpret contemporary family income issues. This study bridges the gap between classical Islamic discourse and contemporary social realities in the cultural-practical realm. This normative study is based on a literature review of primary data sources, including Quranic verses related to family livelihood and leadership (e.g., Quran Chapter An-Nisāʾ [4:34]), classical and contemporary interpretations, and the major works of Fazlur Rahman, which form the theoretical foundation of the research. Secondary data were obtained from the 2025 Statistical Data Catalogue for Indonesia (Central Statistics Agency) on the BPS website. The collected data were analyzed using a contemporary interpretive model with a double-movement hermeneutic approach. The results of this study illustrate a shift in financial support from fiqh-oriented to fiqh-priority based on Quranic texts with universal values that aim to fulfill family needs through the dominance of the husband’s financial support. This shift occurred despite the past context being influenced by geographical factors and the patriarchal, particularistic, socio-cultural nature of the Arab nation. In the context of the modern family, however, the role of the wife as a breadwinner is necessary for cooperation between spouses in response to an increase in family members, to minimize gender discrimination, and to improve access to employment and reduce the wage gap. Therefore, Muslim families can realize the method of understanding the text of al-nafqah using universal values such as justice, compassion, trust, equality, deliberation, and protection, which has proven relevant in the modern era. The study contributes to developing a new family structure grounded in religious values that is more inclusive of gender role dynamics in the modern era.

This article is about the Bosnian animated series Bruca Braca Bruda Brada which deals with contemporary social issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on Švrakino selo, a predominantly working-class neighbourhood on the outskirts of Sarajevo. The series’ creators are Helem Nejse, a Sarajevo-based hip-hop band. The humour stands out because of the linguistic subtlety through which contemporary society is portrayed, focusing especially on the Sarajevo area. Stylistically, the slang, the wordplay, the counter-images of real-life politicians, criminals and events are all part of a layered storyline, painting an image of a society trapped for over three decades in the limbo of expectations of a better life. The analytical framework consists of the following units, superficially functioning as general knowledge scripts: names, nationalism, (local) patriotism, know-it-all and corruption. However, these scripts, in the context of the analysed material, become restricted, making the humorous interpretation challenging not only to an international audience, but also to native speakers in some instances. Stylistic traits of the selected material are observed, together with additional linguistic devices that enhance humour. Culture-specific expressions and other important contextual segments are also explained where necessary.

Despite their small size, postage stamps are culturally significant artifacts that reflect the artistic, technological, and political contexts of their production. Although the material composition of stamps from many European countries, including Italy, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, has been studied, Swiss postage stamps remain largely unexplored. In this study, we present the first systematic material characterization of 98 Swiss stamps issued between 1850 and 1908 using a combination of non-invasive analytical techniques including Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) together with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). In specific cases, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was also applied. Our results highlight the predominant use of Prussian blue as a blue pigment, whereas ultramarine appears more frequently in early editions. There is greater diversity in red inks, which consist of both inorganic pigments such as vermilion, chrome orange, and red lead, and organic dyes such as eosin Y, carminic acid, and alizarin from 1882 onwards. Yellow and green inks reflect standard formulations, the latter resulting from the combination of Prussian blue and chrome yellow, broadly corresponding to those used in contemporary foreign issues. Brown and gray inks were obtained from a mixture of carbon black and a red or white pigment, respectively. This study sheds new light on the material history of Swiss postage stamps and highlights the value of combining spectroscopy, imaging, and chromatography techniques in philatelic research and, more broadly, in heritage science.

Contemporary social work faces mounting pressure to transcend its historically Eurocentric theoretical foundations and engage more meaningfully with diverse epistemological traditions. Indigenous value systems, characterised by holistic well-being, relational ontologies, communal responsibility, and deep ecological connectedness, offer substantial conceptual resources for enriching social work practice in ways that are culturally responsive, community-centred, and structurally transformative. This review article examines the theoretical and practical dimensions of synergising social work with Indigenous value systems to address pressing contemporary social challenges, including mental health crises, child welfare concerns, environmental degradation, and entrenched social inequalities. Drawing on a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature and authoritative international reports, the article identifies key convergence points between social work and Indigenous epistemologies, critically analyses the decolonisation imperative within the profession, and proposes a conceptual framework that integrates Indigenous knowledge systems into mainstream social work theory and practice. The framework emphasises four interlocking principles: epistemic pluralism, relational accountability, cultural safety, and structural transformation. The article further discusses implications for social work education, policy formulation, and frontline practice, whilst acknowledging the significant challenges posed by institutional inertia, tokenism, and unresolved tensions between Western and Indigenous paradigms. It is suggested that the genuine integration of Indigenous value systems into social work holds considerable promise not only for improving outcomes for Indigenous populations but also for reinvigorating the broader social work profession in its pursuit of social justice and human dignity.

The Ethical and Religious Directives (ERDs) guide the delivery of health care in Catholic hospitals across the United States. This study seeks to understand the perceptions and experiences of medical trainees in a Catholic health care system on key ethical issues pertaining to the ERDs. Medical students from a Jesuit Catholic university were recruited via email to complete a self-administered online survey on seven contemporary ethical issues: Catholic Healthcare Systems as Safety Nets; Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Prevention; Gender-Affirming Care; Fertility; Maternal Endangerment and Pregnancy Termination; Elderly Care; and Brain Death and Organ Donation. Each student ranked the seven issues in order of priority and responded to further questions for the top three issues ranked. Free responses were analyzed with reflexive thematic analysis with an interpretivist approach. Forty respondents (40/972; 4.12%) completed the entire survey. Maternal endangerment was the most commonly selected issue (N = 37). A statistically significant association was identified between religion (observance and self-identification) and the selection of Contraception and STI Prevention (p = 1.0 × 10-4; p = 0.011, respectively). In qualitative analysis, concern for patient welfare, navigation of value conflicts, and expression of uncertainty emerged across themes. The findings of this study suggest that medical students' ethical reasoning and experiences may be in tension with the ERDs. Recommendations include promotion of familiarity and alignment with the ERDs through the exploration of specific scenarios and exposure to ERD-coherent practices throughout medical training. Medical students from a Jesuit Catholic university were surveyed for their opinions on seven contemporary issues related to the Ethical and Religious Directives, which guide Catholic healthcare provision in the United States. The issue of Maternal Endangerment and Pregnancy Termination was the most commonly chosen topic. An association between religion and selection of the topic of Contraception was detected. Free responses across topics demonstrated concern for patient welfare, navigation of value conflicts, and expressions of uncertainty. Medical students from a Jesuit Catholic university were surveyed for their opinions on the Ethical and Religious Directives.

Contemporary mental health issues among college students are characterized by increasing complexity, concealment, and digitalization, while traditional mental health education models face practical dilemmas such as the decoupling of knowledge and action and the mismatch between supply and demand. Based on the theory of pedagogical integration, this paper explores how AI technology drives the transformation of mental health education toward literacy cultivation and precision intervention by creating deep experiential scenarios, constructing personalized support systems, and implementing data-driven process evaluations. The results indicate that under the premise of adhering to educational laws and ethical norms, the orderly promotion of deep integration between AI and mental health education is an effective measure to build a high-quality psychological education system and respond to the needs of the era.

This paper examines how the ‘empowerment spiral’ of early US media literacy – rooted in Freirean critical pedagogy and South American liberation theology – was rebranded as the ‘Pastoral Circle’ for Catholic educators in the early 1990s. Through discourse analysis of the Catholic Connections to Media Literacy (1992) curriculum kit, the article explores how theological and pedagogical concepts were selectively rearticulated to align with Catholic institutional authority. While preserving critical pedagogical practices such as dialogical reflection, the rebranding simultaneously served hegemonic purposes by subordinating media literacy to papal doctrine and avoiding references to radical social movements. Findings recover the direct roles of Catholic liberation theology and its Catholic labour movement antecedents in the history of critical media literacy. Discussion re-centers discourses of the Global South in the history of critical pedagogy in North America and globally, suggesting further research to explore how political, institutional, and cultural forces silenced and obscured the prominent roles of South American liberation theology in critical media literacy specifically, and critical pedagogy broadly. This historical analysis offers insight on contemporary issues in critical media literacy and critical pedagogy amidst current political actions to limit the study of diversity, equity, inclusion and so-called ‘controversial topics’ in schools and universities.

ABSTRACT Enrollment in Jewish congregational schools continues to decline, with children themselves often driving the decision to leave. This study centers student voice by examining how 68 learners aged 9–17 experience supplementary Jewish education. Findings from focus groups and interviews with students primarily in Reform congregational schools show that students prioritize social belonging, meaningful peer relationships, and opportunities for choice. They seek substantive conversations about contemporary issues and practical skills like conversational Hebrew. Students emphasized teacher quality and identified significant misalignments between their priorities and adult assumptions. Their perspectives illuminate what sustains engagement and drives disengagement in voluntary Jewish educational settings.

This study aims to analyze the legality of medical injections during fasting from an Islamic jurisprudence perspective by examining two main approaches: textual and substantial. The research arises from contemporary issues caused by the development of medical technology, which has introduced modern treatment methods such as injections that are not explicitly discussed in classical fiqh literature. Using a qualitative method with a library research approach, this study draws on classical fiqh texts, contemporary literature, and related scientific journals. Data were analyzed inductively through a review of concepts, arguments, and the legal istinbath methods used by scholars. The findings reveal two main trends in understanding the legality of medical injections during fasting. The textual approach argues that injections do not invalidate the fast because they do not enter through natural channels (al-manafiz al-ma‘rufah), such as the mouth and nose, and are not categorized as eating or drinking. In contrast, the substantial approach holds that injections may invalidate the fast if they function as substitutes for eating and drinking, particularly nutritional injections. Therefore, classifying the type of injection is crucial in determining its legal ruling. This study concludes that an integrative-substantial approach is more relevant for addressing contemporary issues by distinguishing between nutritional and non-nutritional injections. Non-nutritional injections do not invalidate the fast, whereas nutritional injections do. These findings contribute to the development of more contextually grounded contemporary Islamic jurisprudence and provide practical guidance for Muslims and medical professionals in observing the fast without neglecting health considerations.