This study is grounded in the persistent dichotomy between religious and secular knowledge within modern Islamic education, largely influenced by a secular epistemological framework that separates intellectual development from spiritual values. Such a division has contributed to an imbalance in the formation of learners’ holistic character. This study aims to examine Osman Bakar’s intellectual contribution in formulating an integrative framework of knowledge based on the principle of tawhid within contemporary Islamic education. Employing a qualitative approach with a library research design, this study critically analyzes Bakar’s major works in conjunction with relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that Bakar’s concept of knowledge integration—rooted in tawhid, the hierarchy of knowledge, and the notion of dual consilience—offers a comprehensive epistemological solution to the longstanding dichotomy of knowledge. Its application within Islamic educational curricula and institutional structures demonstrates significant potential in cultivating individuals who are intellectually proficient, spiritually grounded, and ethically responsible. Moreover, this integrative paradigm is highly relevant in addressing contemporary global challenges that require the alignment of scientific progress with moral and spiritual values. Therefore, this study recommends the adoption of Osman Bakar’s integrative model as a viable, holistic, and sustainable framework for the advancement of Islamic education in the modern era.

The article explores media literacy as one of the fundamental pillars and a primary requirement of the contemporary educational paradigm. Particular attention is devoted to the inextricable interrelation between media literacy and the development of the creative potential of learners. These elements are identified as vital components in the holistic formation of a personality capable of critical thinking, authentic creative self-expression, and responsible participation within both global and local media environments. In light of contemporary global challenges, and specifically within the context of Ukraine’s national security during the ongoing period of military aggression, media literacy transcends its traditional role as a mere technical skill. It is substantiated as a critical survival strategy and a fundamental instrument for maintaining cognitive sovereignty. The development of creativity within the framework of media education is analyzed through the prism of overcoming "digital consumerism" – a prevalent and concerning tendency where children and youth remain passive recipients of pre-fabricated, often manipulative, digital content. The research advocates for a fundamental shift from passive consumption to active creative practices, where learners are encouraged to transition into the role of proactive producers and consumers who interact with information purposefully and ethically. The author outlines a comprehensive range of practical pedagogical tasks designed to bridge the gap between the development of creative potential and the rigorous critical analysis of media messages. It is demonstrated that the active stimulation of creative thinking encourages students to abandon standardized, repetitive media templates in favor of searching for their own unique and authentic forms of information transmission. This transition inherently and naturally enhances their cognitive resilience against manipulative technologies, disinformation campaigns, and pervasive propaganda clichés. By gaining a deep understanding of the underlying mechanics involved in the construction of an image, narrative, and digital persona, learners develop a significantly heightened sensitivity to fake news and informational distortions. The article concludes that fostering a creative, proactive approach to media interaction is a decisive factor in the development of a gifted personality. Such an individual is not only capable of successfully resisting external informational pressure and psychological manipulation but is also prepared to generate valuable, ethically sound, and high-quality content that contributes to the overall improvement and sanitization of the digital information environment.

This study explores the evolution of international relations under the framework of Islamic principles and examines their relevance in addressing contemporary global challenges. It highlights that Islam presents a comprehensive and balanced system for managing relations among nations, grounded in justice, peace, mutual respect, and adherence to moral and legal commitments. By analyzing foundational sources such as the Qur’an and Sunnah, the research traces the historical development of diplomatic, political, and social interactions in the early Islamic period and beyond. Furthermore, it evaluates how core principles—such as the sanctity of treaties, peaceful coexistence, protection of human rights, and ethical conduct in conflict—have shaped Islamic international relations. The study also discusses the applicability of these principles in the modern world, particularly in the context of globalization, interfaith dialogue, conflict resolution, and international cooperation. It concludes that Islamic teachings offer valuable guidance for fostering equitable and sustainable international relations in today’s complex global environment.

The article presents an analysis of the concepts of the ideal city as proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright, Paolo Soleri, and Sergey Valentinovich Nepomnyashchy. These thinkers are representative of an intellectual tradition rooted in the notion of "organic architecture," which aims to harmonize the relationship between urban environments, humanity, and nature. The objective of this study is to identify and systematize the key social ideas of each author and to illustrate their relevance in light of contemporary global challenges, such as environmental crises and social inequality. Through a comparative analysis of the social dimensions of these concepts, this research addresses a gap in domestic literature concerning the specific viewpoints of these architects. The findings indicate that, while all three authors focus on minimizing the divide between nature and urban areas, their urban planning approaches differ considerably. For instance, Frank Lloyd Wright’s "Acrotown" embodies a decentralized model, whereas Paolo Soleri’s "Arkosanti" and Sergey Nepomnyashchy’s "Heliocluster" advocate for high-density structures. The comparative analysis further reveals an evolution in the social ideals and values embedded within these architectural theories, transitioning from utopian visions to pragmatic solutions. The originality of this work lies in its thorough comparative analysis and contextualization of S. V. Nepomnyashchy’s contributions within the broader framework of organic architecture. The practical implications of this research highlight the necessity of reviving certain principles established by the founders of organic architecture to devise sustainable urban models that effectively address the pressing needs of contemporary society. This work aims to provide guidance for enhancing current urban practices amid ongoing global challenges.

This study examines the reconstruction of philosophy- and theology-based curriculum thought developed by Harun Nasution as a framework for integrating Islamic sciences with general sciences in Islamic higher education. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this research analyzes key scholarly works that discuss curriculum reform, the integration of knowledge, and the intellectual transformation of Islamic educational institutions influenced by Nasution’s rational-theological paradigm. The findings indicate that Nasution’s thought promotes an integrative model that harmonizes rationality and spirituality, thereby overcoming the traditional dichotomy between religious and general sciences. His framework emphasizes the incorporation of philosophy, theology, and modern social sciences as foundational pillars for expanding students’ intellectual capacity and fostering critical, analytical, and adaptive thinking. The study also confirms that this paradigm contributed significantly to the institutional transformation from IAIN to UIN and the strengthening of interdisciplinary academic traditions. The study concludes that Nasution’s approach provides a relevant and progressive basis for reconstructing the curriculum of Islamic higher education. Its practical implications include the adoption of discussion-based pedagogies, the enhancement of hermeneutic competence, and increased innovation in interdisciplinary research. Overall, this reconstruction offers a holistic and future-oriented model of Islamic higher education that responds effectively to contemporary global challenges, including those of the Industrial Revolution 5.0 era.

The article presents an expanded theoretical and methodological justification of the author’s approach to shaping the architectonics of sustainable development financial policy, conceptualized as an integrated system of instruments, mechanisms, and strategic decisions aimed at ensuring the balanced socio-economic development of the state. It emphasizes that sustainable development financial policy functions as a strategic instrument of public regulation, enabling the rational allocation of financial resources, maintaining macroeconomic stability, enhancing national economic competitiveness, and creating the conditions necessary for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. In light of contemporary global challenges— including environmental threats, energy instability, structural imbalances, and rising social risks—the study substantiates the need to reformat the conceptual foundations of financial policy and conduct a comprehensive audit of its core components. The research proposes an original model of the architectonics of sustainable development financial policy, structured around four key dimensions: budget strategy, fiscal policy, investment policy, and the system of financial control. It is argued that the ecological orientation of budget strategy, the stimulation of sustainable expenditures within fiscal policy, the support of green technologies through investment instruments, and the introduction of ESG reporting into financial control collectively form a new logic of public governance oriented toward long-term resilience and responsibility. This architectonic framework enables the redirection of financial flows toward environmentally safe, socially significant, and economically efficient projects, ensuring the systemic integration of sustainable development principles into the state’ s financial policy. The study concludes that the proposed approach provides a methodological foundation for the modernization of public finance, enhances the effectiveness of financial regulation, and creates the conditions necessary for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the long-term perspective. This model may serve as a basis for developing strategic policy documents, improving institutional mechanisms, and designing new financial policy instruments oriented toward sustainability, innovation, and accountability.

Purpose: The purpose of this research case study is to examine the metaphysical architecture of Chapter 15 of the Bhagavad Gita, specifically the Aśvattha (World-Tree) metaphor, as a foundational model for global systems thinking. It analyzes the "Puruṣottama Yoga" paradigm to distinguish between perishable, imperishable, and supreme aspects of reality for diagnosing contemporary global challenges. Additionally, the study evaluates the impact of Transcendent Ethical Leadership by leveraging the concept of the "Supreme Person" to move beyond transactional models toward self-actualization and resilient decision-making. Methodology: This qualitative exploratory research utilizes a systematic collection of data from reputable academic repositories, Google Scholar, and AI-driven large language models to ensure a comprehensive information base. The gathered data is rigorously examined through the SWOC and ABCD analysis frameworks to align with the specific research objectives of the study. By integrating these strategic tools with interpretive insights from GPTs, the methodology provides a multi-dimensional evaluation of the Puruṣottama Yoga paradigm. Results/Analysis: The analysis demonstrates that the Aśvattha metaphor provides a robust systemic framework for diagnosing global challenges at their root causes within human consciousness. Through SWOC and ABCD frameworks, the research identifies that the Puruṣottama paradigm effectively shifts leadership from ego-centric power toward a model of transcendent ethical detachment. Ultimately, the study concludes that integrating this "Puruṣottama Ethic" fosters conscious interdependence, offering a viable ontological foundation for global sustainability and peace. Originality/Value: This research case study provides a pioneering bridge between ancient Vedic metaphysics and modern organizational theory by reframing the Aśvattha (World-Tree) metaphor as a sophisticated model for global systems thinking. Its primary value lies in establishing the "Puruṣottama Yoga" paradigm as a robust ontological foundation for Transcendent Ethical Leadership, offering a strategic roadmap to harmonize material sustainability with spiritual flourishing. Type of Paper: Qualitative Exploratory Research Analysis.

This research article provides a detailed analysis of the punishments for alcohol consumption, adultery, and slander (Qazf) during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and examines them in a comparative framework with the interpretations and ijtihad of contemporary Islamic jurists. During the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the limits prescribed by Shariah were not only clear and strict but were also intended to ensure social discipline, moral training, judicial transparency, and the protection of human dignity. The prohibition of alcohol, the punishments for adultery, and the strict evidentiary requirements in cases of slander formed the foundation of judicial and social policies of that era. Their enforcement promoted fear of God, justice, and moral upbringing in society.The study also highlights that contemporary jurists, while preserving the spirit of classical limits, have provided ijtihadi interpretations suitable for addressing complex social, legal, and ethical issues of the present era. Modern scholars suggest that in the implementation of punishments for alcohol, adultery, and slander, flexibility, consideration of social conditions, and respect for human rights should be taken into account. In this way, Islamic limits can be harmonized with contemporary judicial systems, international laws, and human rights standards, ensuring justice, morality, and peace in society.The comparative analysis of classical policies and contemporary jurisprudence indicates that while the principled stability of Islamic law is maintained, practical implementation is possible through ijtihad. This review also shows that Shariah is not merely a legal code but a practical and flexible system that promotes social balance, moral development, and judicial justice. Furthermore, ijtihadi interpretations have the capacity to implement Islamic limits effectively, ethically, and practically in accordance with contemporary global challenges, international laws, and social circumstances.This study critically examines historical and contemporary jurisprudential sources, including Hadith, Quranic verses, classical fatwas, and modern fiqh literature, providing an academic foundation for understanding how the limits on alcohol, adultery, and slander in Islamic law remain effective in promoting social justice, judicial transparency, and ethical conduct across eras.

Purpose This study examines the limitations of the dominant Anglo-American Research University model in addressing contemporary global challenges. By revisiting Confucius’ legacy, it explores his dual imaginaries of the ideal individual ( Junzi ) and social order ( Tianxia ) to propose a new framework for higher education. Design/Approach/Methods The study utilizes The Analects as its primary source to analyze Confucius’ educational philosophy. The “Confucius pragmatic paradigm” was adopted to interpret The Analects , which highlights the situational and participatory nature of Confucius’ dialogs, treating utterances as speech acts where the speaker's intentions are as crucial as the literal meaning. Findings This study underscores the relational, contextual, and internally driven nature of Confucius’ thought, emphasizing the organic integration of individual self-cultivation with the construction of a well-ordered society. It argues that Confucian ideals offer valuable insights for transforming higher education to better address global fragmentation and the evolving landscape influenced by AI-driven transformations. Originality/Value By engaging with Confucian thought, this study challenges prevailing neo-imperial ideologies in higher education and argues that each higher education model is underpinned by distinct imagined ideals of personhood and societal organization. It suggests a Confucian-inspired model that is more responsive to contemporary global needs.

This study aims to analyze the meaning, objectives, and implications of integrating religion and science in the development of contemporary Islamic education and scientific paradigms. It employs a qualitative approach using a conceptual-philosophical literature review of twenty academic publications from 2016–2025. Data were analyzed through iterative thematic synthesis involving reflective coding and classification into ontological, epistemological, and axiological dimensions. The findings indicate that integration is understood as a proportional harmonization between revelation and reason rather than a methodological fusion. Three strategic objectives are identified: constructing a holistic unity-based scientific paradigm, strengthening scientific ethics in response to the moral crisis of modern science, and developing civilization-oriented Islamic education. This study contributes an integrative analytical framework positioning integration as a normative-operational paradigm in educational and scientific development. Its novelty lies in affirming integration not only as a philosophical principle but also as applicable to the construction of a non-dichotomous, ethical, and contextual Islamic education paradigm responsive to contemporary global challenges.

This study aims to examine how Islamic teaching materials are developed and managed at Telkom University, with a particular focus on integrating the values of sustainable development into the curriculum. The research seeks to understand how these materials are designed to remain relevant to learning outcomes while responding to contemporary global challenges. The study employs a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews with lecturers and academic managers, direct observations of the learning process, and analysis of institutional documents related to curriculum and teaching material development. This approach allows for an in-depth understanding of both the process and the context of material development. The results show that Islamic teaching materials are systematically designed in accordance with learning outcomes and incorporate key dimensions of sustainable development, including economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. The development process emphasizes collaboration and deliberation through structured discussions before each semester, ensuring that the materials remain relevant to regulations and current social issues. In conclusion, a collaborative and sustainability-oriented model of teaching material development enhance the relevance of higher education and supports student engagement and achievement.

Persistent inertia in global production and consumption systems continues to exacerbate environmental degradation, threatening planetary resilience. With ecosystems approaching their biophysical limits in resource, material, and energy provision, incremental change is no longer adequate. In an era of rapid socio-economic and technological transformations, there is a pressing need to re-conceptualize and operationalize sustainability principles across industrial and societal domains. This study undertakes a systematic and integrative review of peer-reviewed literature in the domains of sustainability and sustainable manufacturing, applying a thematic synthesis approach to consolidate theoretical, empirical, and practice-oriented insights. By critically examining the evolution, scope, and intersections of these concepts, the research develops updated, holistic definitions of “Sustainability” and “Sustainable Manufacturing” that reflect contemporary global challenges and opportunities. The proposed definitions aim to advance conceptual clarity, enhance cross-disciplinary coherence, and provide a robust foundation for both scholarly inquiry and policy-industry alignment toward a more regenerative and equitable future.

This community service project aimed to analyze strategies for strengthening the Disaster-Resilient Tourism Village (Desa Wisata Tangguh Bencana) in Nagari Aia Angek, X Koto District, Tanah Datar Regency, by focusing on two core approaches: socializing the potential of local hot springs as a tourist attraction and implementing an integrated digital marketing strategy to ensure the village's sustainability. Utilizing socialization and participatory workshop methods, the project found that raising awareness about the hot springs not only increased the community's understanding of their economic and environmental conservation value but also successfully reinforced the local identity as a natural tourism destination. Furthermore, the adoption of an integrated digital marketing strategy proved significantly effective in expanding tourism promotion, attracting visitors from diverse regions, and building a positive image for the tourism village at regional and national levels. The successful synergy between managing valuable local resources and leveraging modern digital technology has created a development model that is demonstrably resilient, adaptive, and sustainable. This outcome underscores that successful tourism village development relies not just on natural potential but crucially on the ability of local stakeholders to integrate traditional local wisdom with modern strategies, positioning Nagari Aia Angek as an exemplary model for disaster-resilient tourism villages relevant to contemporary global and local challenges.

Relations between human beings and non-human fauna have assumed increasing centrality in contemporary legal and political agendas, driven by the intensification of global ecological crises, the accelerated loss of biodiversity and the expansion of ethical debates concerning the protection of sentient beings. In this context, this article undertakes a comparative analysis of the normative models and public policies aimed at the protection of fauna and nature developed in South America and in the European Union, seeking to identify convergences, divergences and structural limits within these experiences. The study adopts a functional comparative law approach, combining normative, jurisprudential and institutional analysis. On the one hand, it examines the consolidation, within the European Union, of a highly institutionalised regulatory model centred on animal welfare and the legal recognition of animal sentience, structured through supranational legislation and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. On the other hand, it analyses the emergence, in South American countries, of constitutional and jurisprudential innovations incorporating ecocentric perspectives, particularly through the recognition of the rights of nature and the expansion of legal protection for fauna as an integral component of ecological systems. The findings indicate that, although the European model presents greater normative uniformity and institutional capacity for implementation, it remains constrained by a predominantly instrumental and anthropocentric logic. By contrast, South American experiences offer significant conceptual advances by extending legal protection beyond the human sphere yet face substantial challenges of practical effectiveness. It is concluded that these distinct normative trajectories may be understood as complementary in the construction of more coherent and effective public policies capable of addressing contemporary global socio-environmental challenges.

Climate change is one of the major contemporary global challenges, with impacts on territories and societies, particularly in highly vulnerable countries like Peru. In this context, this article aims to analyze the scientific output on climate change in Peru during the period 2001–2025, through a bibliometric study designed to characterize its evolution, impact, collaboration patterns, and main predominant thematic approaches. A quantitative, descriptive, and analytical approach was adopted, based on bibliometric techniques applied to the Scopus database. The final corpus consisted of 867 scientific articles analyzed using the Bibliometrix and Biblishiny software. The results show sustained growth in scientific productivity with a marked intensification since the last decade, as well as a high level of participation in international collaboration networks. In terms of impact, a concentration of citations and h-index is observed among a small number of authors, institutions, and journals with global reach. The thematic analysis reveals a predominance of the socio-environmental approach, focusing on the Andean territory, biodiversity, deforestation, and the interactions between human and non-human dimensions. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate the consolidation of climate change as a priority research field in Peru and underscore the need to strengthen interdisciplinary studies that integrate the analysis of the built environment, territorial planning, and architecture in the face of current climate challenges.

Acceleration in environmental pollution driven by rapid industrialisation and urbanisation is burdening the ecosystem with various hazardous waste and effluents. Improper waste disposal practices have introduced various pollutants, including plastics, pesticides, heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), into atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic environments, thereby affecting agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. Acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, developmental toxicity, cardiovascular dysfunction, endocrine disruption, and nervous system damage are the major complications caused by environmental pollutants. The limitations of conventional chemical treatment methods highlight the need for biology-based alternatives. Being a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution, bioremediation utilises potential microbes to decontaminate the environment. Conventional bioremediation techniques, although efficient, have foundered in the complete elimination of pollutants, highlighting the need for a molecular approach for total mitigation. In this review, we have highlighted modern molecular techniques, such as Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), that have revolutionised the process, facilitated efficient removal and promoted environmental sustainability. This review advances the field by framing bioremediation within contemporary global challenges such as heavy metal toxicity, microplastic accumulation, and pesticide persistence, and by emphasising iterative refinements through computationally derived gene delivery models that offer targeted, ecologically safer alternatives to conventional approaches. We have summarised the advancements in gene editing technology, which could be a more efficient technique for the remediation of various environmental pollutants.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of the state’s role in the field of international cooperation under the influence of contemporary global challenges, among which the COVID-19 pandemic, economic turbulence, and the full-scale military aggression against Ukraine have become decisive. Building on a synthesis of Ukrainian scholarly perspectives and relevant empirical evidence, the study examines how the functional purpose of the state has evolved from a traditional domestic regulator toward an institutional coordinator of multi-level partnerships encompassing financial, security, humanitarian, and recovery-oriented cooperation. The paper elucidates the regulatory and legal foundations of this transformation, associated with the introduction of martial law, the revision of strategic policy documents, and the recalibration of foreign-policy priorities. It is demonstrated that special governance regimes and accelerated decision-making procedures have expanded the state’s capacity to conclude intergovernmental agreements, participate in international financial-support mechanisms, implement EU programmes, and establish long-term security partnerships. Particular attention is devoted to the growing significance of external financing, which in 2023–2024 covered a substantial share of state budget expenditures and became a systemic resource for defence, macro-financial stability, and reconstruction. The article argues that international cooperation is increasingly becoming a key instrument of national resilience and state modernisation. The study outlines перспективні directions for improving public policy, including institutional modernisation, deeper European integration, the development of security formats, optimisation of external-assistance management, and an expanded role for territorial communities in international projects. Finally, the paper formulates research priorities for further inquiry into institutional resilience, the effectiveness of international financial mechanisms, and Ukraine’s integration into contemporary models of global governance.

Recurring global financial crises and widening distributive inequalities expose the systemic failures of the conventional market efficiency paradigm in ensuring economic stability and justice. This article aims to reconceptualize financial markets through a moral-economic equilibrium approach as an alternative to the mainstream model. Employing a qualitative method via a critical literature review of conventional and Islamic economics, the study deconstructs the underlying assumptions of both systems to produce a new theoretical reconstruction. Research findings indicate that Islamic financial markets function as equilibrium systems that simultaneously integrate economic efficiency, moral values, and social objectives. The core foundation lies in the prohibition of Riba, Gharar, and Maysir, integrated with risk-sharing mechanisms and organic linkages to the real sector. This moral-economic equilibrium demonstrates that market efficiency and distributive justice can harmoniously synergize within the Maqashid al-shariah framework. In conclusion, the article asserts that Islamic financial markets represent a value-based financial paradigm oriented toward socio-economic welfare and sustainable development. The primary theoretical contribution is the provision of a new analytical framework that synthesizes moral and economic dimensions into a single, cohesive equilibrium construct to address the limitations of the efficiency paradigm in responding to contemporary global economic stability challenges.

Purpose The construction sector in Ghana is increasingly embracing sustainable practices in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in areas such as urban development and climate action. Government initiatives, including the Ghana Building Code (GS 1207:2018) and the National Environment Policy (2012), underscore the need to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. This study adopts the Knowledge-Based View (KBV) to examine how project management knowledge influences project sustainability. It further investigates the moderating effect of organizational culture and the mediating role of team collaboration in this relationship Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 384 project managers in Ghana's construction industry using a convenience sampling technique. The analysis was conducted with SMART PLS software, utilizing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and bootstrapping methods Findings The findings indicate that project management knowledge significantly enhances project sustainability. Team collaboration and organizational culture also exert a positive and significant impact on project sustainability. Mediation analysis further reveals that team collaboration partially mediates the relationship between project management knowledge and project sustainability Practical implications To achieve sustainable project outcomes, project managers should adopt strategies that foster collaboration and effective knowledge management. Integrating project management knowledge into daily operations through seminars, training and knowledge-sharing sessions can enhance team expertise in sustainable practices and better prepare teams to address emerging project challenges Originality/value This study offers a fresh perspective on the role of project management knowledge in enhancing project sustainability within Ghanaian public institutions. Addressing an underexplored area, it integrates sustainability principles into project management frameworks, specifically in the context of public sector operations in underdeveloped countries. The research highlights how Ghanaian project managers can align project processes with social, economic and environmental goals while addressing contemporary local and global sustainability challenges

The development of Islamic political thought cannot be separated from the historical context and social dynamics surrounding it. One significant period that influenced the direction of this thought is the era of Western colonialism in the 19th to early 20th centuries. During this period, much of the Islamic world was under Western colonial rule, which had a profound impact on the social, political, and intellectual conditions of Muslims. Within the Muslim community itself, various internal issues related to religious understanding arose, causing difficulties in facing the dominance and hegemony of the West. Islamic political thought became one of the fields of study in political science, which is not only relevant today but also gained attention during the classical Islamic period. This study is highly significant, both in the development of knowledge and as a framework for political practice. Therefore, it is important to study Islamic political thought, as it provides deep insights into political dynamics and Islam’s contribution to shaping existing political systems, as well as offering perspectives that are useful in facing contemporary global challenges.