Contamination Of Water Supplies Research Articles

Many Little Hacks: Agroecological Plant Protection through Regenerative Potato Cropping

Abstract Typically potato farming practices are characterized by tight rotations, intensive tillage and fertilization. This leads to soil degradation, increased pest and disease pressure, and use of chemicals, thereby endangering ecosystem health and contaminating water supplies. Agroecological strategies were tested, including the strategic use of cover crops, reduced tillage, and organic fertilization by compost and transferred mulch of green manures. These practices were shown to improve soil structure, increase soil biodiversity, reduce the need for chemical inputs, and enhance crop resilience against pests and diseases. Findings underscore the effectiveness of agroecological management systems in increasing both ecological and economic sustainability in potato farming. The study argues for a change, away from individual measures and solutions and toward an interlocking ecoagricultural system and systemic thinking to reduce or avoid chemical pesticides, high fertilizer input, and tillage. Information © The Authors 2024

Unraveling the enigma: chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology and its causative factors with a specific focus ondissolved organic compounds in groundwater-reviews and future prospects.

Chronic kidney disease is globally recognized as a highly impactful non-communicable disease. The inability of early identification contributes to its high mortality rate and financial burden on affected individuals. Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) constitutes a significant global public health concern. This condition does not arise from traditional risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis. More than 150 articles were analysed to understand risk factors of CKDu. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between dissolved organic compounds, such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Humic Acid, and the incidence of CKDu. Through a comprehensive literature review, we identified CKDu clusters worldwide, including notable nephropathies, and explored their potential links with organic compounds. Our analysis revealed that organic compounds can leach from sediments and low-rank lignite deposits into groundwater, subsequently contaminating water supplies and food. These compounds have been implicated in the development of diabetes and increased heavy metal mobility, both of which are risk factors for kidney disease. Our findings suggest that exposure to organic compounds may contribute to the etiology of CKDu, underscoring the need for regular monitoring and establishment of baseline and threshold values in water and soil. We also emphasize the importance of analyzing organic compounds in groundwater in CKDu hotspots and establishing distinct registries for CKD and CKDu implementation.

An Introduction to How to Dispose of Unutilized and Expired Medicine: A Comprehensive Review

Medication is chemical compounds that are administered systemically to cure a disease or treat a particular illness's symptoms. The waste of drugs has significant environmental impact. The health care system cannot function without medicines. However, once people recover from the condition, they no longer need the medicines, so they often throw them away. After you throw your medicines in the dustbin, they may get eroded into the soil, reach plants and animals, or get mixed with rain and reach ponds and rivers animals and even humans. Human, cow, and goat milk contain several pharmaceuticals. It is important to keep and discard of medicines in an appropriate way; so that children, teenagers, pets, or even houseguests cannot get access to them easily. Drug disposal is the process of discarding drugs. Expired drugs should be disposed of in a safe and environmentally friendly manner, and the USFDA implemented a 'Drug Take Back program' in order to stop harmful drugs from getting into the environment. Due to inappropriate drug disposal practices, which include flushing drugs down the toilet, burning them and discarding them, or putting them in wastebaskets, which can contaminate water supplies, the nation is currently dealing with a number of issues. It is important to understand the level of community knowledge about this issue. Pharmaceuticals and their byproducts have the potential to be dangerous when present in the environment. They can cause a population's exposure to medications, including aquatic creatures, and increase antibiotic resistance.

Possible Remediation Approaches for Wastewater Containing Dyes; A Review

Abstract One of the most serious environmental problems is water scarcity and water pollution is a worldwide issue that can have an impact on people, plants, animals, and trees. Reusing wastewater makes sense in light of the limited availability of freshwater sources to conserve and expand the pool of available water sources. Numerous things can contaminate water supplies. Although the fundamental concepts are usually the same, the process of water restoration may vary from one location to another based on the source of contamination. Dyes are a versatile group of organic compounds found in many industries ranging from textiles, papermaking, leather tanning, and food processing. However, untreated or partially treated dye-containing wastewater in the environment can have a significant impact on human health and ecosystems. Dyes can color water bodies, making them aesthetically displeasing and inhibiting the penetration of sunlight. This may cause water plants and algae to produce less. While certain dyes are carcinogenic or mutagenic to humans, others are poisonous to aquatic life.

Regulated water contaminants in community water supplies in the California Teachers Study cohort

Regulated water contaminants in community water supplies in the California Teachers Study cohort

New silica-based adsorbents for water purification: Removal of short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA) at sub-nanomolar concentrations

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widespread in the aquatic environment and also measurable in ground and drinking water. Because of the insufficient PFAA elimination in conventional water treatment processes, e. g. active carbon based methods, consumers in areas with contaminated water supplies are exposed to an elevated health hazard. For this purpose, the applicability of five differentially fluorinated silica-based adsorbents (HSU00107954-958) to remove the potentially human toxic perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids(PFSAs) perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) from water was investigated with regard to removal efficiencies (REs) and equilibrium loadings. During the adsorbent screening at nanomolar concentrations (20.0–33.4 nmol L−1) maximum REs of 46.9% for PFBS (HSU00107954), 79.4% for PFHxS (HSU00107954), and between 86.5 to 96.7% for PFOS (HSU00107956, and HSU00107954, respectively) have been achieved. Even at picomolar concentrations (< 400 pmol L−1) HSU00107954 was still able to eliminate PFBS and PFHxS with an efficiency of 46.3–51.2% and 79.1–88.2%, respectively. Analyses of the equilibrium loadings of the functionalized adsorbents in the concentration range 40.1 pmol to 3.34 nmol L−1 resulted in appropriate linearized Freundlich isotherms for all investigated PFSA. Compared to literature-based Freundlich adsorption coefficients (KF) for granular activated carbon (GAC), the determined KF values (nmol(1−n) Ln m−2) of the most efficient adsorbents HSU00107956 and HSU00107954 for each PFSA were significantly 8–10 and 50–60 times higher, respectively. These proven increased adsorption capacities relative to activated carbon possibly indicate specific PFSA selectivities of the functionalized macroporous silica adsorbents.

Negative Health and Environmental Effects of Oil Exploitation in Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

This research delves into the effects of oil extraction on the ecosystem in Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It specifically examines the degree of degradation, identifies pollutants, and evaluates biodiversity. The water and soil samples taken from the impacted areas have significant pollution, according to the results. According to soil analysis, heavy metal and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations are high and above legal limits. Elevated TPH levels in water bodies present hazards to both human health and aquatic life. The loss of mangroves and the damage caused by oil spill fires to the vegetation worsen ecological degradation. Air pollution and contaminated water supplies are the main causes of the widespread negative effects on public health, which include respiratory conditions and waterborne infections. The report emphasises how urgently environmental degradation must be stopped, biodiversity must be preserved, and public health must be protected in oil-producing areas like Southern Ijaw.

Novel fibrous Ag(NP) decorated clay-polymer composite: Implications in water purification contaminated with predominant micro-pollutants and bacteria

Due to the potential harm caused by emerging micro-pollutants to living organisms, contaminating water supplies by micro-pollutants like EDCs, pharmaceuticals, and microorganisms has become a concern in many countries. Considering both microbiological and micro-pollutant exposure risks associated with water use for agricultural/or household purposes, it is imperative to create a strategy for improving pollutant removal from treated wastewater that is both effective and affordable. Natural clay minerals efficiently remove contaminants from wastewater, though the pristine clay has less affinity to several organic pollutants. Hydrophilic polymers, viz., poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), improve the dispersion of particles, flocculation processes, and surface properties. In this study, PEG grafted with attapulgite, thereby providing a high-specific surface-area, mesoporous materials for the adsorption of micro-pollutants like ciprofloxacin (CIP) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at high rates. A gentle washing process regenerates the clay-polymer material several times with no performance loss, and the natural water implications show fair applicability of solid in decontaminating the CIP and EE2 in an aqueous medium. Further, greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles in situ disperse with the clay polymer efficiently remove the gram-positive and gram-negative bacterium viz., Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are commonly persistent in aquatic environments. The clay polymer outperformed a modified clay composite to eliminate microorganisms and organic micro-pollutants in significant quantities quickly. These results clearly show the importance of fibrous clay-polymer composite for water purification technologies.

Petroleum Exploration in the Niger Delta Region and Implications for the Environment: A Review

Petroleum exploration and production in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, has been a significant source of revenue and foreign exchange for the country. Nevertheless, this industry has also been blamed for serious environmental pollution in the region. This review aims to shed light on the implications of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta region and the resultant environmental damage it has caused. One of the most severe consequences of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta is the frequent occurrence of oil spills. Due to aging infrastructure, poor maintenance, and criminal activities such as oil theft, pipeline spills have become a recurrent problem. Oil spills lead to the destruction of farmland, loss of biodiversity, poisoning of water sources, and widespread contamination of ecosystems. Petroleum exploration and production activities release substantial pollutants into the atmosphere, posing a significant threat to both human health and the environment. The burning of natural gas during oil production, also known as flaring, is particularly prevalent in the Niger Delta. This practice results in the emission of toxic gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur dioxide, contributing to climate change, respiratory diseases, and acid rain. Petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta has led to significant damage to forests and mangrove ecosystems. The destruction of these vital habitats has serious implications for species survival. Oil exploration activities often release harmful chemicals and wastes into the region's water bodies. These pollutants infiltrate the groundwater and surface water, leading to contamination that poses severe risks to human health and aquatic life. Contaminated water supplies have been linked to increased instances of skin diseases, as well as liver and kidney problems among the local population. The negative environmental implications of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta also have severe socioeconomic consequences. Displaced fishermen and farmers face declining livelihoods, while sporadic employment opportunities generated by the oil industry do not compensate for the long-term damage inflicted on the region.

Comparison of negatively and positively charged thin‐film nanocomposite membranes for boron removal

AbstractThe increasing demand for boron has resulted in its contamination of water supplies. Nanofiltration membranes, particularly thin‐film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes, have shown promise in removing contaminants. This study evaluated the boron removal capabilities of negatively and positively charged TFN membranes alongside a control thin‐film composite (TFC) membrane without nanoparticles. Piperazine (PIP, for negatively charged membrane) or polyethyleneimine (PEI, for positively charged membrane) aqueous monomer was reacted with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in n‐hexane solution via interfacial polymerization (IP) on the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane substrate to form the TFC membrane. During the TFN membrane preparation, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and sulfocalix[4]arene (SCA4) were introduced as active nanoparticles to the aqueous monomer. Boron removal performance was evaluated using a 10 ppm aqueous boron solution. The PES substrate gave the highest water flux, which was 307.80 LMH. For the TFC membrane, TFC–PIP had a higher water flux at 113.71 LMH than TFC–PEI. Furthermore, the TFN membranes containing the PEI monomer had a lower water flux than those containing the PIP monomer. These findings highlight the potential of TFN membranes, particularly those incorporating nanoparticles, for effective boron removal. Further research and optimization of TFN membranes can contribute to addressing the challenge of boron contamination in water supplies.

Incidence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in private drinking water supplies in Southwest Virginia, USA

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of man-made contaminants of human health concern due to their resistance to degradation, widespread environmental occurrence, bioaccumulation in living organisms, and potential negative health impacts. Private drinking water supplies may be uniquely vulnerable to PFAS contamination in impacted areas, as these systems are not protected under federal regulations and often include limited treatment or remediation, if contaminated, prior to use. The goal of this study was to determine the incidence of PFAS contamination in private drinking water supplies in two counties in Southwest Virginia, USA (Floyd and Roanoke) that share similar bedrock geologies, are representative of different state Department of Health risk categories, and to examine the potential for reliance on citizen-science based strategies for sample collection in subsequent efforts. Samples for inorganic ions, bacteria, and PFAS analysis were collected on separate occasions by participants and experts at the home drinking water point of use (POU) for comparison. Experts also collected outside tap samples for analysis of 30 PFAS compounds. At least one PFAS was detectable in 95 % of POU samples collected (n = 60), with a mean total PFAS concentration of 23.5 ± 30.8 ppt. PFOA and PFOS, two PFAS compounds which presently have EPA health advisories, were detectable in 13 % and 22 % of POU samples, respectively. On average, each POU sample contained >3 PFAS compounds, and one sample contained as many as 8 compounds, indicating that exposure to a mixture of PFAS in drinking water may be occurring. Although there were significant differences in total PFAS concentrations between expert and participant collected samples (Wilcoxon, alpha = 0.05), collector bias was inconsistent, and may be due to the time of day of sampling (i.e. morning, afternoon) or specific attributes of a given home. Further research is required to resolve sources of intra-sample variability.

Isolation and Characterization of Heavy Metal-Tolerant Bacterial Isolates from Industrial Effluents in Uttar Pradesh, India

Industrial activities over the past century have significantly increased human exposure to pollutants such as heavy metals. Industrial emissions of heavy metals, which are carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic, contaminate natural water supplies and the agricultural environment. Due to the high concentration of heavy metals in industrial effluents, the bacteria present there naturally develop resistance to heavy metals. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize bacteria resistant to heavy metal, lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) from sites contaminated by industrial effluents in Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 58 bacterial isolates were isolated from 9 samples according to their various morphological parameters and 32 isolates were found positive for all heavy metals, which revealed that samples contained metal-resistant bacterial diversity. Two isolates were identified up to species level based on their physiological, biochemical and molecular characterization as Comamonas testosteroni (S4C1) and Bacillus cereus (S5C3). Both isolates are highly resistant to lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) and they show different MICs against the above heavy metals at different levels. A growth experiment showed that the presence of heavy metals concentration had no discernible impact on the growth rate among the isolates. Gel analysis showed interesting patterns of protein expression were observed in the presence of various heavy metals. MALDI-TOF analysis found that specific proteins (S layer protein, F0F1ATP synthase subunit b, Flagellin, 50S ribosomal protein L4, Molecular chaperone) were overexpressed in the presence of heavy metals. As a result, identifying the heavy metal resistance bacteria and their proteins study could be useful as a preliminary investigation for the development of prospective bioremediation agents of potentially hazardous waste treatment technology.

The role of vulnerability assessments in USA agricultural animal operations

Major disaster events such as hurricanes, floods, fires, earthquakes and tornadoes pose significant challenges to agricultural production every year. Commercial livestock and poultry operations are highly dependent on favourable environment, weather conditions and infrastructure to thrive. Adverse conditions during extreme weather events and other emergencies can result in significant loss of animals and commodities due to disruptions in utilities and critical services, facility damage, contamination of feed and water supplies, environmental extremes and biosecurity lapses. The effects on production can be long lasting and cumulative. Being able to identify, assess and mitigate potential vulnerabilities that lower risk helps organisations to prepare for and recover from these events. This paper provides an overview of the vulnerability assessment process in the United States that focuses on general and better practices that should be considered when applying these principles to commercial livestock and poultry operations. This approach has broad advantages for all countries where livestock and agriculture are exposed to these risks.

Isolation and Identification of Vibrio Species from Different Types of Water Sources Along with Their Drug Susceptible Pattern

Abstract Background: Human activities are almost usually the cause of contaminated water supplies and places with large population densities and intensive land usage are particularly prone to pollution of drinking water sources. It is challenging to detoxify polluted water sources. Cholera is an acute form of diarrheal disease that plagued human civilization over the centuries. Vibrio spp., commonly found in aquatic environments, are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the world, those may spread to humans through the ingestion of contaminated drinking water or exposure to seawater. Methods: In the present study, a total of 12 samples were collected from four types of water sources for the isolation of Vibrio spp. along with their drug-resistant pattern through conventional, biochemical, and antibiotic disc diffusion methods. Results: The samples were enriched into alkaline peptone water and then inoculated into culture media such as nutrient agar, MacConkey, and TCBs agar medium. After incubation for 24 h at 37°C on TCBS agar, yellow and green colonies were screened out for biochemical identification. Nonsucrose-fermenting Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio mimicus, and Vibrio vulnificus showed green colonies, and sucrose-fermenting Vibrio cholera and Vibrio alginolyticus showed yellow colonies on TCBS. The antibiotics ERY (15 μg), PCN (10 μg), CEX (30 μg), and VAN (30 μg) were completely resistant while the more effective antibiotics against Vibrio spp. were SXT (25 μg), CHL (30 μg), and GEN (30 μg). However, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin showed moderate efficacy. Conclusion: To expand current knowledge on the occurrence, ecological niche, and persistence of potential human pathogenic Vibrio spp. in aquatic environments, the extensive laboratory experiment is required. To sum up, this kind of information is crucial for bringing attention to the existence of Vibrio spp. and enabling prompt implementation of preventive measures.

Health Issues Caused by Water Pollution to Predict Using Logistic Regression Model By IJISRT

Water pollution is the entry of substances into streams that make water unsafe for human use and disrupt marine natural frameworks. The mockery of water can be achieved by many different poisons, as well as harmful substances, oil, but also disease-causing microorganisms. Damaged current and additionally deplorable sanitation are associated with the transmission of contaminations eg cholera, dehiscence, loose bowels, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Missing, insufficient, or improperly supervised water and disinfectant administration open people up to the preventable well- being of gambling. Cholera micro-organisms are unlikely to cause disease in all individuals exposed to them, but they actually shed the microbes in their stools, which can contaminate food and water supplies. Contaminated water supplies are a major source of cholera. Bacteria can be viewed as: Surface or well water. Using artificial intelligence technology, we predict cholera disease.

Avian architects: Technology, domestication, and animal minds in urban America.

In the mid-nineteenth century, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) was introduced to the United States, quickly spreading across the country. For a brief period in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the observation of sparrow behavior was something of an urban pastime. Traits such as intelligence, reason, persistence, and craftsmanship were conferred onto sparrows by American urbanites. This paper argues that sparrow intelligence was often conflated with domestication: the ability of the birds to adapt to living alongside humans. Praise for the ingenuity of sparrows generally revolved around their nest building, particularly when such structures overcame the challenges posed by urban infrastructure and technology. Sparrows were far less praiseworthy when they caused electricity outages or contaminated water supplies. The sparrow in the United States demonstrates how the relationship between these anecdotes and their implications for animal minds was mediated by the technology and infrastructure of cities. Admirers of sparrows were not measuring the birds' mental capacity, but rather their ability to adapt to human habitations. Sparrows were only granted intelligence once they had demonstrated their ability to become domesticated.

Peranan Sektor Pertambangan dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Implikasinya pada Lingkungan

The region's mining industry is one endeavor aimed at enhancing economic conditions. To be sure, a major boost to economic growth can come from involving the mining industry as one of the tactics to strengthen the local economy. The aim of this study is to determine the degree to which environmental sustainability is taken into consideration during the planning and execution of mining operations, as well as the environmental repercussions that these activities produce in the context of economic development. The research methodology used in this study is qualitative normative juridical descriptive research. Literature reviews from books and journals are used in the data collection method. According to the study's findings, mining operations can harm nearby ecosystems by degrading the soil, contaminating water supplies, and emitting harmful air pollutants. Human health as well as the survival of the local flora and wildlife may be seriously impacted by mining waste and the pollution that results from it. Innovation and green technologies in the mining industry can assist lessen harmful effects on the environment. Keywords: Economics, Environment, Mining.

Novel electrochemical sensing platform for accurate detection of benzylpenicillin based on a graphene oxide-manganese ferrite modified carbon paste electrode

Antibiotic overuse and environmental disregard result in water supply contamination, caused antibiotic resistance. Given the global health concern, developing a sensitive, simple, and low-cost antibiotic sensor is critical. In this study, graphene oxide was incorporated with MnFe2O4 to modify the carbon paste electrode (CPE) as a new electrochemical platform for detecting benzylpenicillin, the widely used antibiotic. A comparative chemical and structural characterization of the synthesized MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and GO/MnFe2O4 nanocomposites (NCs) verified that the successful integration of spherical particles of MnFe2O4 NPs onto GO nanosheets produces a rough surface. Furthermore, the structure and electrochemical characterization of the developed GO/MnFe2O4/CPE were conducted via field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The proposed electrode presented enhanced active surface area and electrocatalytic performance due to the superior features of the used modifiers, which work synergistically. The GO/MnFe2O4/CPE demonstrated a high-performance benzylpenicillin sensing platform, giving a detection limit of 145 nM and sensitivity of 15.16 μAμM-1cm−1 as measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) within two dynamic ranges of 1–100 μM and 100–1000 μM. The created sensor was applied as a practical apparatus for the electrochemical determination of benzylpenicillin in water samples.

THERMAL POLLUTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH: A REVIEW

Thermal pollution, primarily caused by industrial discharges and power plants, significantly impacts both environmental and human health. This review explores the sources, ecological consequences, and emerging concerns regarding human health linked to thermal pollution. Power plants, particularly nuclear and coal-fired, release heated water into natural bodies, disrupting aquatic ecosystems by altering species composition, increasing metabolic rates, and reducing dissolved oxygen levels, which are vital for aquatic life. Urbanization, stormwater runoff, and deforestation exacerbate this issue by increasing surface temperatures and contributing to the degradation of aquatic habitats. Furthermore, climate change intensifies thermal pollution, compounding its environmental effects. This review also investigates the lesser-explored human health implications of thermal pollution, particularly through the contamination of water supplies and disruption of aquatic resources. While much research focuses on ecological impacts, there is a growing need for studies addressing how thermal pollution indirectly affects human populations, such as through compromised food chains and degraded water quality. Mitigation strategies, including cooling towers, green infrastructure, and riparian buffer restoration, offer potential solutions. However, the review highlights significant gaps in understanding the full scope of thermal pollution’s effects on human health and emphasizes the need for future interdisciplinary research to bridge these gaps.

The state of G. lamblia and C. parvum contaminants in water supply and their management strategy

The state of G. lamblia and C. parvum contaminants in water supply and their management strategy