Drop Contact Angle Research Articles

Ultraviolet irradiation improves the hydrophilicity and osteo-conduction of hydroxyapatite

BackgroundTreating a titanium or titanium alloy implant with ultraviolet (UV) light is known to improve its associated cell growth and osseointegration. However, little is known about the effect of UV irradiation on hydroxyapatite (HA), which is also used frequently in orthopaedic and dental surgery. Here we examined the effect of UV irradiation on the hydrophilicity of HA, and on its osteoconduction ability in rats.MethodsHA implants of low and high porosity were treated with UV light, and photofunctionalisation was assessed by the contact angle of a water drop on the surface. HA implants were also inserted into rat femurs, and the rats were killed 2 or 4 weeks later. The bone volume and bone area ratio were calculated from microcomputed tomography and histological data.ResultsThe contact angle of a water drop on HA implants of both porosities was significantly reduced after UV irradiation. In the rat femurs, there was no significant difference in the bone volume between the UV light-treated and control implants at 2 or 4 weeks. The bone area ratio for the UV light-treated versus control implants was significantly increased at 2 weeks, but there was no significant difference at 4 weeks.ConclusionsThe surface of UV-irradiated HA disks was hydrophilic, in contrast to that of non-irradiated HA disks. Photofunctionalisation accelerated the increase in the bone area ratio in the early healing stage. This technology can be applied to surgical cases requiring the early fusion of bone and HA.

Improvement of tribological, mechanical and chemical properties of Mg alloy (AZ91D) by electrophoretic deposition of alumina/GO coating

Although Mg alloys are excellent structural materials but their weak tribological and corrosion properties limit their widespread applications. In the present study we aimed to enhance the tribological, surface mechanical and corrosion properties of AZ91D Mg alloy by electrophoretic deposition of alumina/GO coatings (with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt% of GO). The phase composition and microstructural features of the coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Hardness, drop contact angle, and electrochemical impedance tests were conducted to investigate the various properties of the coatings. Our results show that electrophoretic deposition technique is capable of preparation of coatings with very low number of cracks, particularly when higher content of GO (2 wt%) is used. Although coating of only alumina already improved the alloy properties, but incremental addition of GO demonstrated significant improvement in hardness, scratch and corrosion resistances of the coatings. According to our results, the improvement in mechanical properties is mainly due to the effect of GO nanoplatelets in bridging between alumina nanoparticles. On the other hand, GO considerably boosts the corrosion resistance due to its effect in removing the cracks and open spaces from the microstructure. Overall, alumina/GO nanocomposite coatings prepared by electrophoretic deposition demonstrates comparable-level properties with those prepared in the previous researches by thermal spraying methods.

Impact and lifecycle of superfluid helium drops on a solid surface

Superfluid helium droplets impacting on a solid surface behave much differently than any other fluid. After a short period of initial spreading that is similar to classical fluids, superfluid helium drops quickly shrink and disappear as the superfluid drains out through a thin adsorbed layer of helium on the surface. The lifetime and contact angle of these drops is strongly temperature-dependent, and colder drops (with high superfluid fractions) maintain a constant contact angle throughout the contraction. Above ${T}_{l\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}b\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a}$, helium spreads slowly like other classical fluids.

Aluminum Melt Filtration with Carbon Bonded Alumina Filters.

The wetting behavior was measured for Al2O3-C in contact with AlSi7Mg with a conventional sessile drop test (vacuum, 950 °C and 180 min) and a sessile drop test with a capillary purification unit (vacuum, 730 °C and 30 min). The conventional test yielded contact angles of around 92°, whereas the sessile drop measurement with capillary purification showed a strongly non-wetting behavior with a determined apparent contact angle of the rolling drop of 157°. Filtration tests, which were repeated twice, showed that the Al2O3-C filter possessed a better filtration behavior than the Al2O3 reference filter. For both filtration trials, the PoDFA (porous disc filtration analysis) index of the Al2O3-C filter sample was equal to half of the PoDFA index of the Al2O3 reference filter sample, indicating a significantly improved filtration performance when using Al2O3-C filter. Notable is the observation of a newly formed layer between the aluminum and the Al2O3-C coating. The layer possessed a thickness between 10 µm up to 50 µm and consisted of Al, C, and O, however, with different ratios than the original Al2O3-C coating. Thermodynamic calculations based on parameters of the wetting and filtration trials underline the possible formation of an Al4O4C-layer.

Process development of water-based polyurethane with acrylate terminal group under water vapor permeability and water repellency for nylon fabric

This study synthesized water-based polyurethane with acrylate terminal group (WPUA) using the long carbon chain of stearyl acrylate to synthesize hydrophobic poly-stearyl acrylate (PSA). The proposed process could minimize environmental pollution caused by fluorine-containing monomers. As a water-based polyurethane (WPU) end-capping agent, the hydrophobic PSA and the hydrophilic and water vapor permeable WPU are copolymerized to form a WPUA functional resin with simultaneous water vapor permeability (WVP) and water repellency. Here, 2-mercaptoethanol was used to control the molecular weight of PSA to prepare the acrylate end-capping agent. PSA was then employed in WPU to form WPUA, which is characterized by the moisture permeability of WPU and water repellency of acrylic resin simultaneously. During the WPUA process, dimethylacetamide was used as a neutralizer to replace the traditional toxic chemical control drug triethylamine. This study set up the material and chemical structure to replace the toxic chemical-controlled drugs and organofluoride in the traditional preparation of moisture permeable and water repellent materials. The proposed process was proven to reduce the consumption of organic solvent, achieve WPUA copolymer stability, and provided moisture permeable and water repellent functions. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the structure of WPUA, while thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed to establish the thermal properties of WPUA. After the WPUA was padded on nylon fabric, its water drop contact angle was observed through a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the contact angle of nylon fabric increased significantly, water repellency was reached, and WVP rises by 23.75%.

Fabricating Janus membranes via physicochemical selective chemical vapor deposition

AbstractMembranes with asymmetric wettability‐Janus membranes‐have recently received considerable attention for a variety of critical applications. Here, we report on a simple approach to introduce asymmetric wettability into hydrophilic porous domains. Our approach is based on the physicochemical‐selective deposition of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on hydrophilic polymeric substrates. To achieve selective deposition of PTFE, we inhibit the polymerization reaction within the porous domain. We prefill the substrates with glycerol, containing a known amount of free radical inhibitor, and utilize initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) for the polymerization of PTFE. We show that the glycerol/inhibitor mixture hinders the deposition of PTFE within the membrane pores. As a result, the surface of the substrates remains open and porous. The fabricated Janus membranes show stable wetting‐resistant properties, evaluated through sessile drop contact angle measurements and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD).

Immobilization of gelatin on the oxygen plasma-modified surface of polycaprolactone scaffolds with tunable pore structure for skin tissue engineering

In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds were fabricated via the freeze-casting method. Moreover, the surface of prepared constructs was modified using an oxygen plasma treatment technique for grafting the gelatin in order to improve physicochemical and biological properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) micrographs demonstrated interconnect and unidirectional pore channels. At the same time, the modification procedure showed slight effects on the lamellar microstructure of pores. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy determined chemical characterization, which evaluates the effect of the surface treatment on the chemical structure of scaffolds. The wettability of the constructs was investigated by a water drop contact angle and swelling ratio tests. The results illustrated an increment in hydrophilicity after oxygen plasma modification, while the immobilization of gelatin enhanced more the potential of interaction with water molecules. Moreover, the increase in the biodegradation ratio was observed after modification. The in-vitro performance of constructs before and after gelatin immobilization was investigated bt the cell culture assay. Accordingly, modified scaffolds with gelatin support cell attachment and filopodia formation compared with the PCL ones. Besides, the biocompatibility of polymeric matrixes was proved by MTT assay. The results suggest that gelatin grafting on oxygen plasma modified PCL scaffold can be useful in wound healing.

Existence of water repellency and its relation to structural stability of soils in a tropical Eucalyptus plantation forest

Water repellency is a globally well-known phenomenon in soils that is found to have direct or indirect impacts on vast majority of soil characteristics and dynamics. In this study, we aimed to examine the influence of soil water repellency on the structural stability of soils considering water stability of aggregates at the depths of 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, and 20–25 cm. A Eucalyptus plantation forest characterized by steep slopes was selected for the study and the land was separated into three blocks (B1, B2, B3) considering the slope. The percentage of water stable aggregate (%WSA) was determined using a wet sieving apparatus. Water repellency in soils was examined using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test and the sessile drop contact angle method. The water repellency and the organic matter content were highest in the topsoil (0–5 cm) and decreased with increasing soil depth showing strong negative exponential relationships. The clay content of B1 and B2 soils increased, and that of B3 decreased with increasing depth. The %WSA of the soils was very high showing >85% on the topsoil layer (0–5 cm), and >70% throughout the profile. Below 15 cm, B3 soils showed significantly higher water repellency compared with B1 and B2, however, showed no significant difference in %WSA compared with B1 and B2 soils. Although the primary cause of the reduction in the water repellency and %WSA with increasing soil depth seems to be the decrease in organic matter content, clay content can also be considered to have a pronounced influence. Despite the fact that the %WSA was very high on the surface, topsoil evidenced severe erosion corroborating that the improved stability of aggregate governed by water repellency does not necessarily lower the erosion. The %WSA might not be an effective indicator of the susceptibility to topsoil erosion in lands with steep slopes (>10°). Severe erosion in these sloped lands can be considered as resulted by the detachment of aggregates without disintegration, due to low cohesiveness and ease of detachment of aggregates as instigated by water-repellent conditions.

The Effect of Various Surface Treatments of Ti6Al4V on the Growth and Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells

The physical and chemical properties of the material surface, especially its roughness and wettability, have a crucial effect on the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. The aim of this study is to select the most appropriate surface modifications of Ti6Al4V implants for pre-colonization of the implants with adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) in order to improve their osseointegration. We compared the adhesion, growth, and osteogenic differentiation of rat ASCs on Ti6Al4V samples modified by methods commonly used for preparing clinically used titanium-based implants, namely polishing (PL), coating with diamond-like carbon (DLC), brushing (BR), anodizing (AND), and blasting (BL). The material surface roughness, measured by the Ra and Rq parameters, increased in the following order: PL < DLC ˂ BR ˂ AND ˂ BL. The water drop contact angle was in the range of 60–74°, with the exception of the DLC-coated samples, where it was only 38°. The cell number, morphology, mitochondrial activity, relative fluorescence intensity of osteogenic markers RUNX2, type 1 collagen, and osteopontin, the calcium consumption by the cells and the alkaline phosphatase activity depended on the surface roughness rather than on the surface wettability of the materials. Materials with a surface roughness of several tens of nanometers (Ra 60–70 nm), i.e., the BR and AND samples, supported a satisfactory level of cell proliferation. At the same time, they achieved the highest level of osteogenic cell differentiation. These surface modifications therefore seem to be most suitable for pre-colonization of Ti6Al4V implants with stem cells pre-differentiated toward osteoblasts, and then for implanting them into the bone tissue.

Influence of Gravity on the Sliding Angle of Water Drops on Nanopillared Superhydrophobic Surfaces.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to study the effects of gravity, solid surface energy, and the fraction of water-solid interface area on the water droplet sliding angles on nanopillared surfaces. To effectively simulate the influence of gravity on drop sliding, we developed a protocol in which we scale the value of gravitational acceleration used in our simulations according to the Bond number (Bo). In this way, we approximate the behavior of drops larger than we can effectively simulate using MD. The sliding angle decreased with an increase in Bo, while it increased with an increase in the liquid-solid surface interaction. The sliding angles exhibit a minimum with an increase in the fraction of water-solid interface area, due to meniscus formation at high fractions. Trends predicted by our model are in agreement with experiment. Using our model, we investigated the mechanisms of droplet movement along nanopillared surfaces. Depending on the pinning state of the droplets at equilibrium, either the advancing or the receding contact angle initiates motion. Moreover, the minimum dynamic advancing and receding contact angles of drops with gravity are close to the static contact angle and the intrinsic contact angle, respectively, while the maxima of both angles are as large as 180°. We find that the drops move through a combination of sliding and rolling, in agreement with experiment. Our studies offer clarity to conflicting experimental reports and present new results awaiting experimental confirmation.

Estimation of the Surface Free Energy of Hydrophobic Monolithic Silica Aerogels

AbstractAerogels are prepared by quantifying the sol–gel process of the organo‐metallic precursors. The objective of the present article is to synthesize ultralow density, low index of refraction, and monolithic silica aerogels. The quantification of hydrophobicity of the silica aerogels using water drop contact angle is not only crucial but also the estimation of the surface free energy is an important parameter to understand the interfacial behavior of the aerogel surface and liquid. To provide insight on this behavior, calculation of the surface free energy is done by using Neumann's equation of state. These synthesized aerogels emerged with ultralow density 24 kg m−3 and low thermal conductivity ∼0.091 W m−1 K−1.

Quantitative Characterization of Surface Polarity Dependence of Wetting Properties of V-Doped SiC Using a Novel Image Analysis Technique

Vanadium doped semi-insulating (SI) 6H-SiC {0001} substrates and their wetting properties were characterized using precisely dispensed de-ionized (DI) water drops. Radius, contact angle, width (chord), height and cap volume of a DI water drop on the SiC surface were quantitatively determined by analyzing sideview images of DI water drop in contact with SI 6H-SiC {0001} substrates using image processing software. The average of ten (10) contact angle measurements showed approximately 4 ° difference between the Si-face (48.48°) and the C-face (44.33º). Contact angle on the Si-face (0001) measured after native oxide removal showed significant decrease of contact angle, from 55° to 25° and recovered over time by room temperature oxidation in air. In contrast, contact angle on the C-face (000-1), measured after native oxide removal, showed significant increase of contact angle, from 40° to 54°, and continue to increase contact angle up to 71° after room temperature oxidation for 24 hours in air. Contact angle is found to be very sensitive to SiC surface polarity and specific surface conditions. Contact angle measurement, using image analysis techniques, can be applied as an in-line identification and surface condition characterization technique for SiC polytypes of specific surface polarities.

Fabrication of Al zigzag thin films and evaluation of mechanical and hydrophobic properties

In this study, aluminum thin films with zigzag morphology on glass and steel substrates were fabricated by thermal evaporation method. Nanoindentation tests were performed on the films and their mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus, hardness, and stiffness of the films were investigated. The results show that the hardness of aluminum zigzag thin films is increased compared to the homogeneous thin films, while their Young’s modulus did not increase significantly. In the present study, the wettability properties of aluminum zigzag thin films were investigated without chemical methods. The surface roughness, grain size, and morphology of the zigzag thin films caused hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity of these films. The static contact angle of the distilled water drop on these surfaces is measured as 93° and 152° for glass and steel substrates, respectively.

In-vivo study of ultrafine-grained CP-Ti dental implants surface modified by SLActive with excellent wettability

This study investigates the simultaneous effect of substrate nanostructuring by severe plastic deformation and surface modification by SLActive on surface characteristics of CP-Ti grade 2 and evaluates the biocompatibility of it for use as implant material by in-vivo test. SLActive surface modification method is a modified SLA process that includes sandblasting, acid-etching, and cleaning by N2 in a vacuum chamber. To this end, the structure CP-Ti grade 2 was refined by applying the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method. Surface morphology, roughness, and wettability of coarse-grained (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V were determined after SLActive. It was seen that after surface modification of the samples by SLActive, the excellent wettability with a drop contact angle of about 0° was achieved for SLActived specimens. For the in-vivo test, the implants of each three groups were embedded in the femur of white New Zealand rabbits. In order to assess the osseointegration of implants, histological analysis, and pull-out tests were conducted. Results showed suitable osseointegration between implant and bone for every three groups, but the value of removal torque was higher for UFG-Ti. As is realized UFG-Ti sample surface modified by SLActive could be a suitable choice among the candidates to be used as a material in the manufacturing of dental implants.

Application of polymeric nanofluid in enhancing oil recovery at reservoir condition

In this study, ascorbic acid was used to synthesize Cissus populnea nanoparticles (CPNP). The synthesized CPNP was isolated and the influence of the process variables on the physical properties were studied. The rheology of the formulated Cissus populnea nanofluid (CPNF) was measured and compared with Cissus populnea (CP) solution and commercial polymer xanthan. Moreover, the interfacial properties of CPNF were studied at various concentrations and temperatures, and the influence of salinity and their interaction with ultrasound was investigated. Sessile drop contact angle method was used to determine the wettability alteration efficiency of CPNF on an initially oil-wet sandstone core surface. Finally, CPNF and CP solutions were evaluated for EOR purposes at typical reservoir condition. The displacement process was scaled to reduce the number of parameters investigated using dimensionless parameters. The synthesis methods were efficient in generating sphere-shaped and elongated nanoparticles (50 nm mean diameter). Experimental results show that an increase in temperature of CP and CPNP yielded increased viscosity of the solutions in stark contrast to xanthan whose solution viscosity declines as the temperature increases. Besides, the CPNF was effective in lowering IFT at oil-water (O/W) interface and altered the wettability of the sandstone cores to water-wetting condition. The novel CPNF increased the oil recovery by 26% and was effective at high-temperature high-pressure (HTHP) reservoir condition. The result shows a transition from capillary dominated flow to gravity dominated flow as decrease in IFT decreased residual oil saturation and increased capillary and Bond number. The energy consumption and cost estimation of the proposed novel polymeric nanofluid shows it is cost-effective than conventional EOR chemicals.

Preparation and Properties of Nano-ZnO/ Organic Fluorine Modified Polyacrylate Finishing Agent

A nano-ZnO/organic fluorine-modified polyacrylate leather finishing agent was prepared using a mixture of a Silyl-modified nano-ZnO, dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) as raw materials. A semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization followed. The overall research objective was to improve the bacteriostatic, hydrophobicity and anti-aging properties of leather articles. The structure of the composite emulsion and its film were characterized and analyzed by FT-IR, TEM and XPS. The results showed that the latex particles had an obvious core-shell structure, a smooth surface and were monodisperse. The particle size of the emulsion ranged between 30 and 50 nm. The average value of Zeta potential was -40.1 mV which signified a good emulsion stability. The composite emulsion and its film had good UV resistance and water resistance. When the content of organic fluorine in the film was a maximum 20 %, the contact angle of a water drop on the finished leather, tensile strength and tear strength were 133.48°, 620 N and 61 N, respectively. When the content of nano-ZnO in the film was 1.0%, the average width of antibacterial band of finished leather was 2.1 mm. The finished leather also demonstrated a good anti-aging property.

Preparation and Characterization of Silk Fibroin-Based Hybrid Vascular Tissue Engineering Film

Patients suffering from cardiovascular disease lack suitable stent. In this study, a new polymeric composite material was prepared by incorporating various concentrations of gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) into silk fibroin (SF), aiming at achieving a novel composite film with superior mechanical and biological properties, in order to match the requirement of cardiovascular tissue engineering stents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that GPTM could promote SF to transform from the original alpha helix and random coil/extension chain conformation to the beta-folded conformation. Tensile experiment indicated tensile strength and breaking elongation of SF/GPTMS hybrid film reach the maximum with 20% GPTMS content. Within a certain range, the water drop contact angle of SF/GPTMS hybrid film is positively correlated with the content of GPTMS. Endothelial cells (ECs) are best grown on hybrid SF/GPTMS hybrid film with 20% GPTMS content.

Simulation of fatty acid adsorption at the magnesia surface

In this study, wet surface modification converted the hydrophilic magnesia (MgO) surface to a hydrophobic surface, which is crucial for magnesia additives in polymer fire retardants, inks, cosmetics and paint and paper materials and in the flotation of magnesia. For this reason, the adsorption of fatty acids at the magnesia surface in the wet surface modification process was examined by molecular dynamics simulations. The sessile drop contact angles at the magnesia surface with monolayer adsorption of lauric acid (C12H24O2), oleic acid (C18H34O2) and stearic acid (C18H36O2) and the interfacial water structures at the magnesia surface with sub-monolayer, monolayer and bilayer fatty acid adsorption were analyzed and compared with the experimental results. The sessile drop contact angle at the magnesia surface increased as a function of the carbon (C) chain length with fatty acid adsorption and agreed with the experimental results. All the fatty acids were adsorbed at the magnesia surface, and the interaction energy results agreed with the adsorption phenomenon. A hydrophobic surface was established in monolayer stearic acid adsorption and was transformed into a hydrophilic surface in stearic acid bilayer adsorption.

An experimental investigation on the use of saponin as a non-ionic surfactant for chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in sandstone and carbonate oil reservoirs: IFT, wettability alteration, and oil recovery

Surfactant flooding, a chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique, boosts oil production mainly through lowering oil–water interfacial tension (IFT) and altering reservoir rock wettability. In the current study, the performance of pure saponin, a non-ionic surfactant, was evaluated for EOR in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. The performance evaluation experiments were IFT by pendant drop method, wettability through the use of sessile drop technique, and core flood to discover the oil recovery improvement. According to IFT experiments, the surfactant had a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 5g/L, and which it decreased the oil–water IFT by 66.98% at CMC, for the system free from salt. Moreover, after increasing the salinity by sodium chloride up to 100g/L, it not only was salt-tolerant but also lowered oil–water IFT up to 77.31%. Depending on salt concentration, the surfactant decreased the sessile drop contact angle by 4.49–27.84° and 5.62–16.98° for the sandstone and carbonate slices, respectively. From the core flood experiments, the oil recovery was improved by 8.4% and 6.23% for the surfactant flooding in the sandstone and carbonate cores, respectively. All in all, the non-ionic surfactant saponin performed best in improving oil recovery from both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.

Biological and microbiological performance of new polymer-based chitosan and synthesized amino-cyclodextrin finished polypropylene abdominal wall prosthesis biomaterial

This study deals with the development of a polypropylene (PP) artificial abdominal wall prosthesis textile with improved biological and antibiotic delivery properties. This added functionality was obtained by finishing of PP prosthesis textile with chitosan (CS), synthesized per-amino-cyclodextrin (CD-NH2) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). The finishing process involved polymerization between the three last mentioned reactants, which generated a cross-linked polymer that coated the PP surface meshes. Then different characterizations were performed on our wash-resistant functionalization to evaluate its efficiency. Firstly, wettability performance, for various grafting rates of the PP biomaterials, was assessed via the drop contact angle technique. Then, a mechanical characterization through an evaluation of the tensile strength revealed no influence of our grafting procedure on these properties. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to evaluate the grafting mode and its effectiveness. Inclusion complex formation between the ciprofloxacin and both CD-NH2 and its polymer were studied via isothermal titration calorimetry measurements. Antibiotic sorption capacities of treated and untreated textile samples were then studied by batch assessments coupled with spectrophotometric analysis. The biological and microbiological properties of the PP mesh functionalized with the CS-CD-NH2 polymer and charged by selected antibiotic were assessed by cell culture analysis. After 3 and 6 days of cell contact, the results revealed an improved proliferation and adhesion of NIH3T3 fibroblastic cells and no obvious cytotoxicity on the chemical functionalized substrate. Finally, in vitro antimicrobial activity of the CS-CD-NH2-grafted PP biomaterial previously loaded with antibiotic was evaluated against the different bacteria strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. Results revealed a greatly superior activity with the functionalized PP meshes compared to that of the untreated PP within a 24 h batch experiment in human blood plasma medium. In summary, the different results from the present study provide an insight into the efficient performance of CS/CD-NH2 polymer as drug delivery system for various applications in the field of medical biomaterials.