Sugar Consumption Research Articles

A Rapid Growth Rate Underpins the Dominance of Hanseniaspora uvarum in Spontaneous Grape Juice Fermentations.

Hanseniaspora uvarum is consistently observed as the dominant non-Saccharomyces species in spontaneous grape juice fermentations. However, the physiological mechanisms and physicochemical variables influencing the prevalence of H. uvarum over other non-Saccharomyces species remain unclear. We tested the factors contributing to H. uvarum dominance by inoculating a chemically diverse set of grape juices with a mock community whose composition was based on a previously published comprehensive microbial survey of commercial spontaneous fermentations. The diverse composition of these grape juices appeared to have minimal impact on the overall microbial dynamics of fermentation, with H. uvarum consistently emerging as the dominant non-Saccharomyces species in nearly all conditions tested. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that H. uvarum has a faster growth rate than Saccharomyces cerevisiae and several other Hanseniaspora species. Moreover, its growth was not affected by the presence of S. cerevisiae. H. uvarum negatively affected the growth of S. cerevisiae, with significant implications for fermentation performance and sugar consumption. Our study suggests that the fast growth rate of H. uvarum enables it to dominate the grape juice environment quickly during early fermentation stages. This physiological advantage may be critical to the outcome of spontaneous fermentations, as evidenced by its direct impact on S. cerevisiae and fermentation performance.

Do sugar substitutes affect quality characteristics and HMF levels of cakes?

Sugar substitutes have become a topic of interest with the revelation of the strong link between excessive sugar consumption and many chronic diseases. One of the components known to be harmful to human health as a result of mutagenic, carcinogenic and cytotoxic effects in bakery products is 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of using some sugar substitutes (liquid stevia, agave syrup, date syrup, apple juice concentrate) on the quality and HMF levels of cakes. The total colour changes of the crumb and crust colour of all cakes with substitutes compared to the control group (sucrose) were visually noticeable (ΔE > 3). Mean values of hardness, baking loss, water activity were significantly higher and mean values of volume and symmetry index were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in all substituted cakes compared to the control group. A 100% substitution of sucrose with conventional sweeteners significantly decreased the energy (between 6.9% and 10.1%) and carbohydrate content (between 18.1% and 47.9%) of the cakes (P < 0.05). The HMF content of the cake sweetened only with liquid stevia was lower than the control group and this decrease was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Stevia sweetened cake seems to be the best alternative with the lowest HMF content and the highest sensory analysis scores compared to other substitutes. Further studies are needed to determine the sweetness ratios of sugar substitutes, as well as to investigate the possibilities of their use in bakery products and develop new formulations to improve quality and sensory properties. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Association between adjustable dietary factors and periodontitis: NHANES 2009–2014 and Mendelian randomization

BackgroundPeriodontitis is the major cause of tooth loss in adults and one of the most common non-communicable diseases. Clinically, periodontitis impairs oral health and associated with various systemic diseases. Maintaining a healthy diet is considered risk reduction of periodontitis. To explore the causal effect between dietary data and periodontitis by Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.MethodsA total of 11,704 participants and 21 dietary variables from the NHANES were in random forest to rank the importance in predicting periodontitis. Data were from the genome wide association studies (GWASs) database to estimate causal relationships between diet data and periodontitis. Two-sample MR analyses were conducted by using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method.ResultsThe MR showed alcohol consumption and sugars intake increased the risk of chronic periodontitis with odds ratio (OR) 2.768 (95% CI: 1.03e + 00–7.42e + 00) and 2.123 (95% CI: 1.06e + 00–4.26e + 00) respectively. Vitamins and minerals, including folic acid and folate, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, calcium, vitamin D and zinc, were not causally associated with chronic periodontitis. Alcohol consumption greater than 2.5 drinks per day and sugar intake more than 4.88 g increased the risk of periodontitis, with a calculated relative risk of 1.33 and 1.61, respectively.ConclusionIt is suggested to drink alcohol less than 2.5 drinks/day and consume sugar less than 4.88 g/day to avoid alcohol and sugar consumption promoting the development of periodontitis. Establishing a dietary pattern conducive to periodontal health may be the focus of further clinical research.

Exploring the multifaceted roles of histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat in the cell growth, mycelial morphology, pigments, and citrinin biosynthesis of Monascus purpureus.

Acetylation is an important modification type of histones, which is dynamically regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). In this study, the histone acetylation level of Monascus was enhanced through the exogenous addition of the HDACs inhibitor vorinostat, and the regulation effects of histone acetylation on cell growth and secondary metabolism were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the augmentation of histone acetylation level could slightly facilitate sugar consumption, increase biomass weight, and significantly induce noticeable morphological alterations. Furthermore, in the presence of 80μmol/L vorinostat concentration, there was a significant reduction observed in both extracellular and intracellular Monascus pigments, citrinin productions, with decreases of 35.46%, 63.90%, and 98.33% respectively. RT-qPCR results showed that adding vorinostat resulted in the up-regulation of HAT genes and down-regulation of HDAC genes. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed that glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, cell membrane anchor-protein related genes, and biosynthetic pathways involved in ergosterol and chitin synthesis were upregulated. Conversely, the electron transport chain and genetic clusters associated with Monascus pigments and citrinin synthesis were down-regulated. These findings underscore the pivotal role of histone acetylation in regulating the cell growth and secondary metabolism of M. purpureus and extend novelperspectives on the potential applications of clinical compounds derived from this process.

Consumption of Sugar Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) and Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review

Sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) have become a cause of concern because of their growing consumption levels across age groups and associated chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The aim of this review was to provide a detailed profile of the SSBs trends and associated health risk, with special focus on its role in breast cancer development. A review of current literature has depicted increased intakes of SSBs across the globe with servings ranging from 3 to 11 per day in different countries, while children, adolescents and young adults report the highest intake levels. These increased intakes further contribute to different metabolic diseases via increased body adiposity, blood glucose and insulin levels, and increased post-menopausal estrogen levels, all of which contribute to chronic diseases, including cancers. Nutrition interventions including ones that target SSBs reduction seem to have a positive impact on reducing the development of these non-communicable diseases and are also associated with better prognosis and survival chances in cancer patients. However, the implementation of SSBs taxation and mass awareness campaign interventions remains poor due to lack of policy development and regulation for these beverages. The control of SSBs intake across the world requires rigorous research to construct efficient and practical policies to reduce the accessibility and marketing of SSBs while simultaneously increasing awareness in the public regarding the health risks of these beverages. To achieve this, a coordinated approach involving different public and private sectors is needed.

Optimization of Low-Temperature Plasma Inhibition of Potato Germination Using Response Surface Methodology

In order to solve the problems of tuber infection and nutrient loss caused by potato germination during storage, this paper conducted a systematic study using low-temperature plasma jet technology to inhibit potato germination and determine its optimal treatment conditions. This study focused on optimizing the plasma treatment parameters, including voltage, gas flow rate, and treatment time, to effectively control potato germination, reduce weight loss during storage, and determine the quality indexes such as hardness, crispness, and antioxidant enzyme activity of potatoes in storage. The study showed that the optimal conditions for plasma treatment of potatoes were voltage 18.05 kV, treatment time 20.21 s, and gas flow rate 12.79 L/min. Under these conditions, the germination rate of potatoes was significantly reduced to 31.42%, and the weight loss rate was reduced to 2.15%. For the convenience of operation, the parameters of the validation experiment were determined as a treatment voltage of 18 kV, treatment time of 20 s, and gas flow rate of 13 L/min. The resultant potato germination rate was 31.26%, and the weight loss rate was 2.29%. Compared with the blank control group, the plasma-treated group significantly increased the activities of potato antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, etc.). After 16 days of storage, SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity and CAT (catalase) activity of the plasma-treated group increased by 52.63% and 29.27%, respectively, compared with the control; POD (peroxidase) and PPO (polyphenol oxidase) activities of the treated group increased by 8.69% and 18.58%, respectively, compared with the control. Compared with the blank control, the plasma treatment group increased the hardness and brittleness of potatoes. Specifically, the hardness of the treated group increased by 6.06% compared with the control, and the brittleness of the treated group decreased by only 24% within 16 days, compared with a 37.19% decrease in the control. In addition, plasma treatment also reduced the accumulation of reduced sugar and dry matter consumption, thus maintaining the storage quality of potatoes, in which reducing sugar in the treated group was reduced by 32.56% compared with the control group, and dry matter in the treated group was increased by 7.66% compared with the control group. Therefore, the reasonable use of plasma treatment can effectively inhibit and slow down the sprouting process of potatoes, which lays a foundation for revealing the mechanism of plasma technology in inhibiting potato sprouting and improving its quality.

Assessing food vendor receptiveness to healthier options: a study of knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers regarding salt, sugar, and oil reduction in cafeteria food vendors

BackgroundPrioritizing policies that address major non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors, such as poor diet, is a cost-effective way to improve health outcomes. While education can enhance knowledge and practices in the short term, recent trends show that structural and policy-based initiatives, such as setting mandatory salt, sugar, and oil (SOS) targets are effective means of changing dietary behaviours and reducing NCD risk factors. However, few studies have surveyed the KAP of food vendors in workplaces and educational institutions and assessed their receptiveness to serving low-SOS dishes. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding salt, oil, and sugar (SOS) consumption and use, as well as the barriers, and enablers of these practices amongst food operators within Malaysia’s out-of-home sector.MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional, descriptive survey design to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to the consumption of salt, oil, and sugar and their use in food preparation amongst campus canteen staff at two Malaysian higher education institutions. Data were collected anonymously from 38 participants, which included representatives from all independent canteen operators on the premises. The study also explored the barriers and enablers vendors encounter in reducing salt and sugar usage.ResultsThe study found that most participants were aware of the health risks associated with high salt, oil, and sugar (SOS) consumption and had positive attitudes towards reducing dietary SOS intake in general, though these attitudes did not extend to their own food preparations. However, their knowledge of recommended dietary guidelines was poor, and actual practices related to SOS reduction were inadequate. Barriers to reducing SOS included concerns about taste and customer acceptance, as well as the lack of standardized guidelines and tools for measuring SOS in food preparation.ConclusionsThis study identifies gaps in knowledge and practices related to SOS reduction among the surveyed food vendors. While vendors acknowledge the health risks of high SOS consumption, there is a lack of awareness of dietary guidelines and practical low-SOS cooking methods, highlighting the need for regular monitoring, vendor education, and support in promoting healthier food options.

Longitudinal associations of diet quality with serum biomarkers of lipid and amino acid metabolism from childhood to adolescence: the PANIC study.

Studies on longitudinal associations between diet quality and lipid and amino acid metabolism in children and adolescents are limited. We studied associations between diet quality and serum markers of lipid and amino acid metabolism in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study. These analyses included 403 children aged 6-9 years at baseline, 360 re-examined two years later at age 9-11 years, and 219 eight years later at age 15-17 years. Food intake was recorded over four days, and diet quality assessed using the Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI). Fasting serum fatty acids, amino acids, apolipoproteins, and lipoprotein particle sizes were analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Linear mixed-effects models, adjusted for sex, age, body fat percentage, pubertal stage, and physical activity, were used to analyze the associations. Better diet quality was linked to increased serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, alanine and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size. Consuming more vegetables, fruits, berries, vegetable oils and margarine with at least 60% fat, fish, and whole grains associated with higher serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower saturated fatty acids and smaller VLDL particles. Conversely, consuming higher-fat dairy products and sugary products associated with higher saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, and larger VLDL particles. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, unsaturated fats, and fiber, with reduced processed meat and sugar consumption, promotes favorable metabolic changes relevant to cardiometabolic health.

Nutrition and rare diseases: a case study of patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP)

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a rare metabolic disorder characterized by acute attacks often triggered by porphyrinogenic drugs and a low-glucose diet. According to recent findings, chronic symptoms persist in AIP patients. To avoid the symptoms, patients often adopt preventive strategies such as increasing glucose intake, suggesting that nutrition is a crucial aspect of disease management. Given the strong connection between AIP and glucose, we assessed anthropometric data, biochemical data and nutritional evaluation, in 16 AIP females and hypothesized that an increase in glucose consumption may lead to an imbalance in nutrition and metabolism. The results indicated that 14 out of 16 patients consumed high levels of simple sugars and saturated fatty acids (SFA), leading to overweight conditions (BMI > 25) in 50% of patients. The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) showed excess fat mass in 64% of patients aged 30–49 years and 40% of patients aged 51–70 years; these results were more accurate than those obtained using BMI alone. Excessive intake of simple sugars and SFA resulted in elevated blood LDL levels in 36% of younger patients and 80% of older patients. Although the dietary intake of HDL was low, its levels were above normal and positively correlated with age (r = 0.56, p = 0.02). Overhydration, indicated by an elevated ECW/TBW ratio, was positively correlated with cortisol levels (r = 0.67, p = 0.008), suggesting metabolic stress.To summarize, excessive consumption of simple sugars and SFA affects the body composition and biochemical markers of AIP patients, emphasizing the need for nutritional support to prevent metabolic syndrome and manage chronic symptoms.

TAS1R2/TAS1R3 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Affect Sweet Taste Receptor Activation by Sweeteners: The SWEET Project

Background/Objectives: Studies have hypothesised that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 genes may alter sweet compound detection and eating habits, thereby increasing the risk of obesity. This in vitro study aims to measure the impact of human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 polymorphisms, some of which are thought to be involved in obesity, on the response of the sweet taste receptor to various sweeteners. It also aims to identify new SNPs in an obese population associated with a decrease in or loss of TAS1R2/TAS1R3 function. Methods: First, the effects of 12 human TAS1R2-SNPs and 16 human TAS1R3-SNPs, previously identified in the literature, on the response of the sweet taste receptor stimulated by 12 sweeteners were investigated using functional cellular assays. Second, a total of 162 blood samples were collected from an obese population (BMI between 25 and 35 kg/m2) involved in the SWEET project. The TaqMan method for SNP genotyping was carried out using DNA extracted from blood samples to identify new SNPs and predict possible/probable TAS1R2/TAS1R3 loss of function. Results: Although certain human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 SNPs showed reduced receptor response, they were not associated with particular phenotypes. Seven SNPs were predicted to severely impair the human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 response to sweeteners. Conclusions: Although some TAS1R2- and TAS1R3-SNPs have previously been associated with obesity, our cellular results do not confirm this association and reinforce the hypothesis, put forward by other researchers, that sweet taste perception and sugar consumption are governed by factors other than the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 genes.

Influence of Inhibitors Generated in Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates from Group of Acids on the Growth of Strains TG1 and Tuner of Escherichia coli

Concerns over fossil fuels are of increasing interest in biorefineries that utilize lignocellulosic residues. Besides sugars, inhibitors are formed during biomass pretreatment, including acetic acid (AI) and formic acid (FI), which can hinder microbial fermentation. The TG1 and Tuner strains of Escherichia coli were subjected to various acid concentrations. Samples were taken during fermentation to monitor growth, sugar consumption, biomass yield, and product yield. With increasing AI, the TG1 strain maintained stable growth (0.102 1/h), while xylose consumption decreased, and product formation improved, making it better suited for high-acetic-acid industrial applications. In contrast, the Tuner strain performed better under low-inhibitor conditions but suffered metabolic inhibition at high AI levels, compensating by increasing lactic acid production—an adaptation absent in TG1. However, Tuner showed greater resistance to formic acid stress, sustaining higher growth and ethanol production, whereas TG1 experienced a greater metabolic decline but maintained stable acetic acid output. Both strains experienced inhibition in formic acid metabolism, but TG1 had a higher yield despite its lower overall robustness in formic acid conditions. The use of TG1 for value-added compounds such as ethanol or formic acid may help to avoid the use of chemicals that eliminate acetic acid. Tuner could be used for lactic acid production, especially in hydrolysates with under moderate concentration.

Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Reproductive Health: Evidence and Debates

The reduction in sugar consumption has led to increased use of low-calorie artificial sweeteners. This coincides with an increase in infertility rates, suggesting that low-calorie artificial sweeteners may negatively affect reproductive health. Low-calorie sweeteners may affect oxidative stress, glucose regulation, and the microbiota, which are associated with reproductive health. Therefore, a review was conducted to examine the effects of commonly used low-calorie sweeteners on reproductive health through potential biological mechanisms. This review addresses the effects of low-calorie sweeteners in a wide range of areas, such as infertility, pregnancy and neonatal health, and early menarche. Recent studies have indicated potential adverse effects of artificial sweeteners on reproductive health. Research has examined the potential impacts of artificial sweeteners on various parameters, such as hormone levels, sperm quality, sperm motility, ovarian function, and pregnancy outcomes. However, the findings of current studies are inconsistent, and these disparate results may stem from metabolic differences among different types of artificial sweeteners, variations in research methodologies, diversity in sample sizes, and fluctuations in study populations. Therefore, further research is needed to comprehensively understand the effects of artificial sweeteners on reproductive health.

Targeted metabolomics of phenolic and volatile compounds during the fermentation of a potential probiotic tofu whey beverage

Targeted metabolomics of phenolic and volatile compounds during the fermentation of a potential probiotic tofu whey beverage

The Association of Nativity and Time in the United States on Added Sugar Consumption.

The Association of Nativity and Time in the United States on Added Sugar Consumption.

Can we rely on delaying the uptake of sugar consumption in the prevention of early childhood caries?

Feldens C A, de Barros Coelho E M R, Vítolo M R, Rogrigues P H, Kramer P F, Peres K G Effectiveness of a sugar consumption prevention programme in the first year of life on the occurrence of early childhood caries: a multicentric randomized trial in Brazil. Caries Res 2024; https://doi.org/10.1159/000541028 . A multi-centre randomised controlled trial was carried out in Brazil. The intervention group received nutritional counselling based on dietary guidelines produced by UNICEF. The control group received standard dietary and maternal counselling provided by the hospital provider. Randomisation of participants was completed through a computer-based system with an investigator blinded to the recruitment process. Patients were followed up monthly using a combination of phone calls and home visits. Pregnant women were recruited from four hospitals, across three state capitals, participating in the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. Mothers were to be at least 18 years of age, testing negative for HIV/HTLV1, and had an uncomplicated pregnancy. Their newborns had to have a gestational age of more than 37 weeks and weigh more than 2.5 kg. A newborn with increased hospital stays due to infection or neonatal conditions which affected breastfeeding were not included. Sample size calculation was undertaken. Baseline data was collected. At 6- and 12-month intervals, a combination of validated questionnaires, including 24-hour recalls, and interviews were used to assess the diet. Oral health assessments were carried out by a blinded, trained and calibrated paediatric dentist. The primary outcome was a reduction in ECC. Effect measures (relative risk [RR]) were calculated to determine the effect of the intervention on not consuming sugar at 6 months and on the mean number of sugary items consumed at 12 months. Baseline demographic data were similar, with no significant differences noted, between the intervention and control groups. The probability of not consuming sugar in the first 6-months was 2.4 times less in the intervention group relative to the control group (p = 0.016). ECC was diagnosed in 17.4% of the whole sample; however, no significant difference was noted between groups at any time point (p = 0.281). Increased intervention to the mother in the first 6-months of life was effective at reducing the amount of sugar intake. However, this did not lead to a statistically significant reduction in ECC.

Evaluation of Ireland's Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax (SSBT).

Ireland is experiencing high levels of overweight and obesity. The adverse health impacts ofexcess weight include cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dental decay, as well as ahost of other conditions. In response, the Irish Government introduced a Sugar-SweetenedBeverage Tax (SSBT) in 2018. This research sought to explore the impact of Ireland's Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax. Euromonitor International Ltd data for the years 2010 - 2022 detailing carbonated drinkrelated sugar consumption in Ireland was examined. A gradual decline in sugar consumption via carbonated soft drinks was evident before the introduction of the SSBT in Ireland. However, in the first full year since the introduction of the SSBT, there was a marked 30.2% reduction in sugar intake via carbonates through retailers and a 19.8% reduction in sugar intake via carbonates via food service venues. The reduction in sugar intake via carbonates in the aftermath of the introduction of the SSBT was dramatic. However, it is unclear how much of this reduction was caused by industry reformulation of soft drinks and how much by consumers choosing lower-sugar or sugar-free soft beverages. Whatever the precise contribution of either factor, these results suggest that the SSBT has effectively reset national sugar consumption via soft drinks at a lower level.

Dietary Guidance, Sensory, Health and Safety Considerations When Choosing Low and No-Calorie Sweeteners.

The growing global focus on the adverse health conditions associated with excessive sugar consumption has prompted health and policy organizations as well as the public to take a more mindful approach to health and wellness. In response, food and beverage companies have proactively innovated and reformulated their product portfolios to incorporate low and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCSs) as viable alternatives to sugar. LNCSs offer an effective and safe approach to delivering sweetness to foods and beverages and reducing calories and sugar intake while contributing to the enjoyment of eating. The objective of this paper is to enhance the understanding of LNCSs segmentation and definitions, dietary consumption and reduction guidance, front-of-package labeling, taste and sensory perception and physiology, metabolic efficacy and impact, as well as the overall safety of LNCSs and sugar.

Assessment of Oral Health Status, Care Seeking Behaviours, and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Indian Adults Using the World Dental Federation's Digital Application.

A survey was conducted in line with the World Dental Federation's (FDI) vision for comprehensive, evidence-based oral healthcare by 2030. The study aims to collect standardised national data on the population's oral health needs, care-seeking behaviours, and oral health-related quality of life. This analytical cross-sectional survey included dentists from urban and rural India and the patients visiting their facilities. The data were collected using the digital application developed by the FDI as a part of the Oral Health Observatory (OHO) project between December 2018 and April 2020 among patients seeking care at private oral healthcare practices. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to analyse the study data using SPSS software. Data of 1049 patients (61.01% males, 38.98% females, mean age 38.6 ± 12.1 years) were collected using the OHO app on their oral health-seeking behaviour and habits. Over 80% of the patients had periodontal disease. About 51.5% visited a dentist in the past year, with common barriers being the belief that there was nothing wrong with their teeth and the time constraints. High rates of daily sugar consumption (67%) and tobacco use (35%) were noted. Most dentists focused on curative over preventive care. This survey provides essential data on India's oral health and forms an important first step in the quest of achieving universal health coverage for oral health by facilitating advocacy and aligning with FDI Vision 2030.

Substance use during pregnancy and childhood dental caries: a Brazilian cohort study

This study aimed to evaluate the association between substance use during pregnancy (SUDP) and dental caries considering the Tooth Development Hypothesis and the Behavioral Hypothesis. This is a Brazilian cohort study conducted on 865 children (12–36 months). Exposure to SUDP was the latent variable and consisted of the use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. The dependent variable was the number of dental caries lesions according to the Nyvad criteria. Structural equation modeling was used for analysis, estimating the standardized coefficient (SC) in two models: traditional (1) and with bias-corrected bootstrap estimates (2). The models were adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES), child’s age, maternal age, symptoms of minor psychiatric disorders, sugar consumption, feeding, developmental defects of enamel, and gingival bleeding on brushing (GBoB) (α = 5%). SUDP did not affect dental caries. SES (SCmodel1=0.168, p = 0.037; SCmodel2=0.134, p = 0.056), GBoB (SCmodel1=0.407, p < 0.001; SCmodel2=0.297, p < 0.001), child’s age (SCmodel1=0.087, p = 0.003; SCmodel2=0.087, p = 0.005), and sugar consumption (SCmodel1=0.167, p = 0.021; SCmodel2=0.167, p = 0.048) had a direct effect on the outcome. Child’s age exerted a specific indirect effect mediated by GBoB (SCmodel1=0.048, p = 0.017; SCmodel2=0.048, p = 0.034). SUDP did not increase the risk of dental caries considering the Tooth Development Hypothesis and the Behavioral Hypothesis, suggesting that child-directed oral health care and tooth development may be similar between mothers exposed and not exposed to SUDP.

Implementasi Metode Pictorial Representation untuk Mengurangi Konsumsi Gula, Garam dan Lemak sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Generasi Sehat Indonesia Unggul

This community service aims to help elementary school children to know and measure the amount of sugar, salt, and fat (GGL) consumption through the implementation of the Pictorial Representation method as an effort to create a healthy generation and a superior Indonesia. Community service activities were carried out at the elementary school level because elementary school-aged children are in a period of growth that requires sufficient nutritional intake. The method of implementing this service used counseling and demonstration. Participants involved in this activity amounted to 50 people from grades 3, 4, and 5 of SDN 61 Talang Babat, Jambi Province. Evaluation of activities was carried out using a questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. The results of this community service showed that there was an increase in knowledge in students and they were able to measure GGL and healthy food consumption every day. In addition, students could understand well about the types of food and food groups. The implications of this activity are expected to be continued by teachers, especially those on duty in the UKS.