Consumption Of Sports Drinks Research Articles

Decoding the Effect of Running on Flavor Perception Changes during Consumption of Sports Drinks.

An online survey was conducted to show that most respondents preferred sports drinks with sweet and fruity characteristics. Eleven sports drinks with higher consumers' preferences were further selected for aroma and taste evaluation. Temporal dominance of sensations analysis showed that fruity and fresh attributes were dominant, while sour and fruity sweet were dominant tastes during consumption. β-Damascenone, β-ionone, and linalool contributing to floral perception, γ-decalactone, ethyl cinnamate, and isoamyl acetate contributing to fruity perception, and menthol contributing to fresh perception were confirmed by odor activity value analysis. Running affected the nasal air flow and the saliva secretion, resulting in the flavor perception changing from fruity sweet, sweet, and fruity to sour because the recognition threshold decreased for sweet, fruity, floral, and fresh flavors and increased for saltiness, astringency, and sour tastes.

Sports drinks do not increase acute kidney injury risk in males during industrial work in the heat when euhydration is maintained, a randomized crossover trial.

Industrial workers regularly perform physical labor under high heat stress, which may place them at risk for dehydration and acute kidney injury. Current guidelines recommend that workers should consume sports drinks to maintain euhydration during work shifts. However, the impact of fructose sweetened sports drinks on acute kidney injury risk is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sports drink consumption on markers of acute kidney injury following simulated industrial work in the heat. Twenty males completed two matched 2 h simulated industrial work trial visits in a warm and humid environment (30°C and 55% relative humidity). During and following the bout of simulated work, participants consumed either a commercially available sports drink or a noncaloric placebo. Urine and blood samples, collected pre-, post-, and 16 h post-work were assayed for markers of hydration (plasma/urine osmolality, and urine specific gravity) and acute kidney injury (KIM-1 and NGAL). There were no differences in physiological or perceptual responses to the bout of work (interaction p>0.05 for all indices), and markers of hydration were similar between trials (interaction p>0.05 for all indices). KIM-1 (Placebo: Δ Ln 1.18±1.64; Sports drink: Δ Ln 1.49±1.10 pg/mL; groupwide d=0.89, p<0.001) and NGAL (Placebo: Δ Ln 0.44±1.11; Sports drink: Δ Ln 0.67±1.22 pg/mL; groupwide d=0.39, p=0.03) were elevated pre- to post-work, but there were no differences between trials (interaction p>0.05). These data provide no evidence that consumption of fructose sweetened sports drinks increases the risk of acute kidney injury during physical work in the heat.

Is There a Link Between the Increased Consumption of Sports Drinks and Dental Decay?

Background: The role of oral health in influencing athletic performance has been well documented. The use of sports drinks has been linked with an increase in poor oral health including dental decay. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between sports drinks and dental decay/pain amongst elite athletes and the incidence of dental decay/pain. Hypothesis: This study is looking at the hypothesis that the consumption of sports drinks leads to dental disease, particularly dental decay. Level of evidence: Local and current random sample; randomized trial; cohort study or control arm of randomized trial; inception cohort study. Methods: An opportunistic volunteer survey of elite athletes attending a varied international sporting competition. Analysis of the data was undertaken using descriptive statistics, mean values and standard deviations. Associations between demographic information and results were presented. A p value of &lt;0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: 458 completed questionnaires were distributed and received. The link between the frequency of sports drinks consumption and dental decay/pain was marginally statistically significant, (X2 , p=0.077). Isotonic sports drinks and sensitivity was statistically significant (X2 , p=&lt;0.001). 197(43%) athletes reported drinking sports drinks at least once a week; 33 athletes (7%) reported consuming sports drinks a minimum of three times a day. n=175 (35%) athletes reported that they saw their nutritionist for advice about sports drinks, only n=21 (4%) sought advice from the dentist. One in four athletes reported seeing their dentist due to pain (n=116; 25.3%). Conclusion: This study covered a diverse group of elite athletes. It is unclear whether the use of sports drinks does result in more tooth decay, but dentists should educate athletes and their supporting teams about the potential risks from these drinks thus mitigating those potential risks. Clinical relevance: By understanding the magnitude of the challenge of dental decay facilitated by sports drinks, it is hoped that adequate preventative measures can be put in place. Thus, supporting the athletes towards better oral health and performance.

Sports drinks effect on salivary volume and pH in children after exercise: a randomized clinical study.

The aim of this study was to examine the sports' related oral health behavior and the effect of sports drinks on the salivary volume and acidity of 6 to 14 years old children. Sixty-eight children with a median age of 8 years old from Waterford Tennis Association camp participated in the study. Each child was randomly assigned to either the control group that consumed water or the experimental group that consumed a sports drink. Salivary volume and acidity were measured for all groups before exercise, right after exercise and after consuming the rehydrating agent. Salivary volume was measured by dripping into a pre-measured (mL) plastic medicine cup while salivary acidity was measured using an electric pH meter with 0.01 sensitivity. Oral health behavior did not differ between the two groups. No statistically significant difference was detected in the salivary volume before and after exercise. A statistically significant increase (P=0.005) was found in the salivary volume before (1.73ml) and after re-hydration (2.92ml) regardless of the drink consumed (P=0.813). Salivary pH increased significantly (P=0.012) before (7.06) and after exercise (7.73), and dropped significantly (P=0.001) after the consumption of the rehydration drink (6.63) among the same group. The pH decrease was greater in the sports drink group (P=0.013). No difference in the children's salivary volume was found between the two groups. However, consumption of sports drinks reduces significantly salivary pH and thus, water should be the drink of choice for rehydration in children.

Comparison of Natural Mineral Water From Agrı Province With Sports Drinks

Dehydration emerges due to lack of fluid balance in the body. In addition, minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are lost because of dehydration. Athletes lose fluids and electrolytes through sweating during exercise, and replacing the lost fluid and electrolytes is crucial for the continuity of their sports performance. Sports drinks can be consumed by athletes to replace fluid and electrolytes lost during exercise and to improve performance. During this period, consumption of sports drinks minimizes dehydration by restoring the lost mineral and fluid balance. However, the composition of these products, their active ingredients, their effects on sports performance, and their risk factors are matters of debate. This study was carried out in order to compare sports drinks with the local mineral water that comes out naturally in the province of Agri. The mineral determinations of the local mineral water were made using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP- MS) instruments. As a result of the analyses, the average sodium (Na) value in the local mineral water was 26.6 ppm, and the magnesium (Mg) average was 7.782 ppm. No potassium (K) mineral was detected in Agri local mineral water. Calcium (Ca) mineral average was found to be 65.04 ppm, iron (Fe) mineral average 0.0068 ppm, and zinc (Zn) mineral average 0.02457 ppm. Agri natural mineral water contains minerals in similar amounts to sports drinks. Considering these values, it can be a natural alternative to sports drinks if potassium mineral and glucose is added to its content, so it can be an alternative to sports drinks.

Urban Youth Perceptions of Sports and Energy Drinks: Insights for Health Promotion Messaging.

This study aimed to examine urban adolescents' beliefs about sports and energy drinks to identify factors for health messaging to discourage youth consumption. Focus group study involving thirty-four adolescents in urban areas (12 female, 12 male, and 10 unreported sex; 19 Hispanic, 11 Non-Hispanic Black, 2 Asian, and 1 unknown race or ethnicity). Four focus groups were conducted with adolescents in urban areas. Each on-time moderated group discussion was structured to generate an inventory of attitudinal, normative and efficacy beliefs associated with sports and energy drink consumption and reduction. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Attitudinal and normative beliefs were more positive towards sports drink consumption and energy drink reduction. Misperceptions about the need for sports drinks to avoid dehydration during physical activity were evident. Product accessibility and advertising pervasiveness were facilitators influencing consumption and barriers to reduction for both products. Results highlight important differences in perceptions about sports and energy drinks that indicate the need for different approaches and messages for interventions designed to curb consumption of these products. Recommendations for message design are provided.

Sports and Energy Drink Consumption, Oral Health Problems and Performance Impact among Elite Athletes

Frequent consumption of sports and energy drinks among athletes is of concern due to its detrimental impact on oral health. The present study aimed to assess sports and energy drink consumption, oral health status and impacts on daily activities and sports performance among elite athletes from Pakistan. Data regarding socio-demographic characteristics, sports and energy drink consumption, oral health and hygiene practices, self-reported oral health and psychosocial and performance impact was assessed using a self-administered, structured questionnaire followed by clinical oral examination by a single, experienced dentist. A total of 104 athletes, a majority of whom were male (80.8%), participated in the study. Around two third of the participants reported consumption of sports and energy drinks, energy gels or bars at least once a week, the commonest being Sting. Despite good oral hygiene practices, the athletes generally had poor oral health with high prevalence of dental caries (63.5%), gingivitis (46.1%), irreversible periodontitis (26.9%) and erosive tooth wear (21.2%). More than a quarter (28.8%) of the athletes rated their oral health as fair-very poor. Four in five athletes (80%) also experienced at least one oral problem with negative impacts on daily activities (64.4%) and participation training and sports performance (36.5%). Regression analyses revealed a significant association between periodontal disease and impact on both daily activities and sports performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that high-prevalence sports and energy drink consumption and oral problems among elite athletes from Pakistan has a negative impact on daily activities and sports performance. These findings may have important implications for oral health education programs, and the need to create awareness among the athletes regarding the use of sports and energy drinks, as well as regular oral health screening of athletes to minimize the impact on performance.

Athletes Drink Gatorade: DMA Advertising Expenditures, Ad Recall, and Athletic Identity Influence Energy and Sports Drink Consumption

ABSTRACT Understanding why sports and energy drinks remain increasingly popular among adolescents despite declines in other sugar sweetened beverages is critical. This study points to memory for advertising exposure and adolescent athletic identity as two aspects that together help to explain consumption. An online survey of U.S. adolescents aged 14–18 (n = 503) was combined with Nielsen data for television and social media advertising expenditures by sports and energy drink brands in participants’ designated market areas (DMAs). Advertisement recall mediates the relationship between social media DMA expenditures and sports and energy drink consumption. Recall for television advertisements is related to consumption but is unrelated to television DMA expenditures. Athletic identity moderated the relationship between recall and consumption such that consumption increased as both recall and athletic identity increased, suggesting a role for motivated memory and motivated processing of ad messages based on athletic identity consistent with the limited capacity model of motivated media message processing. Based on these results, we conclude that effectiveness of expenditures in influencing behavior is dependent upon both ad recall and ad relevance, and that athletic identity is an important factor in ad effectiveness in the context of sports and energy drinks advertising.

Regular Physical Activity and Dental Erosion: A Systematic Review

Dental erosion is the irreversible pathological loss of hard tissues, which are chemically dissolved by acids, especially through external means, such as diet (e.g., fruit juices, isotonic or energy drinks). This systematic review was designed to answer the question “Is there a relationship between dental erosion and regular physical activity with or without sports drink consumption?” Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, sixteen studies were included in this systematic review (according to PRISMA statement guidelines). Based on the meta-analysis, physically active individuals who declared regular consumption of sports drinks had a more than 2.5-fold increase in the odds of erosive lesions. In general, nearly half of the people who practiced sports experienced tooth erosion, and more than half frequently consumed sports beverages. Despite the heterogeneity of the included studies (different age groups, various sports disciplines), regular physical activity was associated with an increased risk of dental erosion, especially under the influence of frequent consumption of sports drinks.

Mineral Supplements, Multivitamins, and Energy Drinks are Commonly Consumed

In India, there has been an increase in the use of energy drinks and dietary supplements. However, the benefit of taking multivitamins and nutritional mineral supplements on a regular basis is still debatable. The purpose of this study was to collect information on the types of nutritional mineral supplements and energy drinks consumed by school adolescents, with a focus on the impact of consumption on BMI (BMI). The study involved 120 high school adolescent students between the ages of 14 and 19. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Diet-related questions were asked using a 24-hour dietary recall method, and the questionnaire also determined their physical activity. The subjects' height and weight were measured, and their BMI was calculated. In this study, 55 percent of respondents said they had consumed energy and sports drinks in the previous two weeks, and 43 percent said they had consumed one or more types of multivitamin and nutritional mineral supplements without analysing their need or visiting a physician. Vitamin C (5%) and D (5%) were the most commonly consumed vitamins without a prescription, while iron (6%) and calcium (5%) were the most commonly consumed minerals without a prescription among the study participants. Curiosity was cited as a reason for using energy and sports drinks, followed by peer pressure, while students who consumed them cited perceived short-term health benefits and parental supply as common causes. The consumption of energy and sports drinks was also found to be statistically significant when measured by the body mass index (BMI). Thus, in order to be most relevant and effective, health education programmes should incorporate young people's perceptions, aspirations, and motivations into the planning of interventions and activities.

Consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. The BEENIS study

IntroductionThe wide range of non-alcoholic drinks are currently grouped as soft (carbonated), sports, and energy drinks, and all of them have a high sugar content, along with their known risk of obesity. Their consumption is increasing and in inadvisable circumstances also an elevated health risk. The real consumption of sports and energy drinks is not well known. ObjectiveTo determine the habits and consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. Material and methodsA descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in which questionnaires were obtained from 4769 schoolchildren from 13–18 years-old from Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. ResultsThe prevalence of consuming soft drinks was observed in 92.9% of the adolescents, and was predominantly done during leisure time, during meals, or any time during the day. In sports it was 61.7%, mainly on practising the sport and in leisure time. In energy drinks, it was 49.2%, mainly in leisure time (they were mixed with alcohol in 49%) and on practising sport. The simultaneous consumption of the three types was 38%, and soft drinks were the most common. DiscussionA description is presented on the consumption of sports drinks, normally included as soft drinks, as well as the simultaneous consumption of the three types of drinks, and the time in which they are consumed. We have a diagnostic tool of consumption of these drinks by adolescents in our setting that will enable us to design and evaluate educational interventions in order to make the adolescent population and their families aware.

0940 Adolescent Sleep Quantity, Parenting Permissiveness, and Sugary Beverage Consumption

Abstract Introduction Research suggests that poor sleep is associated with sugary beverage consumption (SBC), however, little is known about contextual factors that may play a role in this association. This study examined the association between sleep quantity and SBC while accounting for parenting permissiveness among a national sample of adolescents. Methods Participants included 1542 adolescents (Mean age = 14.47, SD=1.60) participating in the National Cancer Institute’s Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating survey, a web-based survey administered in 2014. Multivariable regression models were used to examine associations between sleep quantity (&amp;lt;8 hrs, 8-10hrs, &amp;gt;10hrs) and frequency of sugary beverage consumption in the past week (soda, energy drinks, sports drinks; not at all to 3+ times/day) while controlling for parenting permissiveness and sociodemographic factors (age, sex, parent education level, race). Results Approximately 58% (n = 1075) of participants reported receiving the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep, while 35% (n = 646) reported receiving less than this recommended amount and 7% (n = 138) reported sleeping more than the recommended amount of time. Findings from multiple regression models indicated that, when accounting for parenting permissiveness and sociodemographic factors, adolescents who slept the recommended number of hours (8-10) reported less frequent consumption of soda (β = -.18, p = .02) and energy drinks (β = -.12, p = .003) compared to those who slept less than 8 hours. Sleep quantity was not associated with frequency of sports drink consumption in unadjusted and adjusted models (p &amp;gt; .05). Conclusion While effect sizes are small, findings suggest that sleep quantity is associated with caffeinated sugary beverage consumption above and beyond parental permissiveness. Given the public health concerns of SBC, examining the influence of developmentally appropriate sleep interventions on SBCs in adolescents is essential. Support n/a

Consumption of Sports and Energy Drinks in Different Sports Branches and Their Effects on Performance

Sporcularda sıvı dengesinin sağlanamaması ve glikojen depolarının tükenmesi, yorgunluğa neden olarak performansı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Yorgunluğun azaltılarak optimal spor performansının sağlanabilmesi için çeşitli beslenme stratejileri geliştirilmiştir. Spor içecekleri hem sıvı dengesinin korunmasına yardımcı olarak dehidrasyonu önlediği, hem de egzersiz anında substrat ve elektrolit desteği sağladığı için egzersiz yapan bireyler tarafından yaygın olarak kullanılan beslenme destekleridir. Spor içecekleri temel olarak içerisinde az miktarda karbonhidrat (6-8 g/100 ml) ve elektrolit (sodyum, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum) içeren ürünlerdir. Kullanım amacına göre farklı içeriklere sahiptirler. Spor içeceklerine alternatif olarak sunulan enerji içecekleri ise yüksek miktarda karbonhidratla birlikte kafein gibi bir takım ergojenik destekler içeren ürünlerdir. Bu içecekler, dikkat algısını ve mental uyanıklığı geliştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu derlemede, spor ve enerji içeceklerinin türleri ve bunların farklı spor dallarında kullanım amaçları ve performansa etkileri incelenmiştir. Branşa ve/veya amaca özgü olarak spor içeceklerinin tüketimi; hidrasyonu ve elektrolit dengesinin sağlanmasını, karbonhidrat depolarının yenilenmesini, protein alımı ile kas hasarının önlenmesini ve kas protein sentezinin arttırılmasını sağlayarak spor performansını ve toparlanmayı olumlu etkilemektedir. Ancak enerji içeceklerinin, yüksek karbonhidrat konsantrasyonuna sahip olmaları nedeniyle, egzersiz sırasında substrat kaynağı olmaya ve rehidrasyon sağlamaya uygun olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca kuvvet sporlarında güç/kuvvet kazanımına olası olumlu etkisinin dışında diğer spor branşlarında performansa etkisinin net ortaya konulamadığı ve daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç olduğu görülmüştür.

Consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. The BEENIS study

The wide range of non-alcoholic drinks are currently grouped as soft (carbonated), sports, and energy drinks, and all of them have a high sugar content, along with their known risk of obesity. Their consumption is increasing and in inadvisable circumstances, as well as an elevated health risk. The real consumption of sports and energy drinks is not well known. To determine the habits and consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in which questionnaires were obtained from 4,769 schoolchildren from 13 to 18years-old from de Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. The prevalence of consuming soft drinks was observed in 92.9% of the adolescents, and was predominantly done during leisure time, during meals, or any time during the day. In sports it was 61.7%, mainly on practising the sport and in leisure time. In energy drinks, it was 49.2%, mainly in leisure time (they were mixed with alcohol in 49%) and on practising sport. The simultaneous consumption of the three types was 38%, and soft drinks were the most common. A description is presented on the consumption of sports drinks, normally included as soft drinks, as well as the simultaneous consumption of the three types of drinks, and the time in which they are consumed. We have a diagnostic tool of consumption of these drinks by adolescents in our setting that will enable us to design and evaluate educational interventions in order to make the adolescent population and their families aware.

Simultaneous quantification of food colorants and preservatives in sports drinks by the high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods evaluated using the red-green-blue model

Consumption of sports drinks is generally associated with a healthy lifestyle, despites a common addition of colorants and preservatives to these products. This work presents the novel methods based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), aimed at the simultaneous quantification of both these groups of additives within a single separation. The results obtained show that colorants are generally added in low and rather safe amounts, whereas preservatives (benzoate and sorbate) are much more abundant, and likely pose a potential risk, especially for children. The overall potential of the HPLC and CE methods was critically assessed and compared using the RGB additive color model, a user-friendly tool that allows one to point out and encode particular capabilities and general potential of a method using colors, and to express its holistic effectiveness with one integrated quantitative parameter from 0 to 100%. As a result, the potential predispositions of both methods were delineated.

Socio-economic characteristics, acid drinking patterns and gastric alterations associated with erosive tooth wear in children: a cross-sectional study.

Assessing the influence of socio-economic characteristics, acid drinking patterns and gastric alterations considering erosive tooth experience in children. Cross-sectional study to assess 08-10-year-old children enrolled in the primary education in public schools in Florianopolis, Brazil (n = 1085). Caregivers have answered questionnaires comprising independent variables (head of the household education frequency consumption of sports drinks, acid juice/soda, chewing gum, recurrent vomiting, gastric disorders and vomiting after overeating). Four trained dental surgeons have examined the children for the erosive tooth wear-dependent variable (O'Sullivan index), as well as collected dental caries (DMFT) and dental crowding (DAI index) information. A two-stage cluster-sampling plan was conducted. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were applied (Odds ratio, OR; 95% Confidence interval, CI and 5% significance level). The prevalence of erosive tooth wear was 15.67%. Erosive tooth wear was positively associated with high consumption of sports drinks (OR 3.42; 95% CI: 1.18-9.23). Children whose caregivers' educational level was equal or less than four years of study were less likely to have erosive tooth wear (OR 0.39; 95% CI: 0.17-0.88). High consumption of sports drinks is positively associated with erosive tooth wear. Children whose caregivers' educational level is low are less likely to present erosive tooth wear.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Perceived as Healthier Than Soda Among Young Adults and Groups at Risk for Misperceptions (P04-186-19)

ObjectivesTo reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, public health campaigns have focused on soda. However, intake of other SSBs has increased, perhaps due to perceptions that they are healthier. Thus, we sought to examine differences in health perceptions between soda and four types of SSBs among young adults and determine if socioeconomic characteristics were associated with perceptions. MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 1339 undergraduate students from three universities participated in an online survey in August-November of 2018. Items used 7-point Likert scales to assess 1) perceived healthfulness of daily consumption of soda, sweetened tea, Vitamin Water, fruit-flavored drinks and sports drinks and 2) agreement or disagreement that these beverages increase risk of diabetes. Surveys also assessed demographic characteristics and food insecurity as a proxy for socioeconomic status. Analyses used Chi-square tests with dichotomized outcomes and linear regression models adjusting for race/ethnicity, university, gender and age. ResultsStudents were more likely to perceive daily consumption of fruit-flavored drinks, sweetened tea, sports drinks, and Vitamin Water as healthy compared to soda (9%, 5%, 6%, and 14% vs. 2%, respectively, all P-values < 0.05) and were less likely to agree that these SSBs increase risk of diabetes compared to soda (67%, 67%, 61%, and 46% vs. 95%, respectively, all P-values < 0.001). Food insecure students rated all SSBs (except Vitamin Water) as healthier than did food secure students (P-values < 0.05). Food insecure students were also less likely than food secure students to agree that soda and Vitamin Water increase risk for diabetes (P-values < 0.05). ConclusionsTo reduce SSB consumption, public health policies and programs should focus on all types of SSBs, not just soda. Policies like SSB warning labels, which apply to all SSBs, may help correct misperceptions of SSB healthfulness and potentially reduce health disparities. Funding SourcesResearch reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute Of Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health and the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or USDA.

The Effects of Cold Water and Cold Sports Drink Consumption on Resting Lung Function

The Effects of Cold Water and Cold Sports Drink Consumption on Resting Lung Function

Marketing the healthiness of sports drinks: From physiological to cognitive based benefits

By the year 2020, the sports drinks segment in the global beverage industry is expected to reach US$6B. In an alternate segment, bottled water is the main competitor. Sports drinks marketing continues to focus on unproven benefits such as attention, increased performance during sport, increased energy and stamina. Both categories claim their product is the healthier alternative to the other. Yet there has been limited, if any, research on the effects of the perceived taste of sports drinks, familiarity with the brand, nutrition involvement and colour cue perceptions on sports drink consumption. Study 1 explored the perceived healthiness of sports drinks based on colour cues. The results showed that based on colour alone, clear coloured sports drinks are considered the healthiest. Study 2 explored dual-stage moderated mediation effects of familiarity with the brand, nutrition involvement and clear colour on the perceived taste and sports drink consumption relationship. The results showed that if sports drinks are perceived to be flavourful, delicious and good tasting; then consumers’ are more likely to consume greater quantities of it. Furthermore, familiarity with the brand mediates the relationship between perceived taste and sports drink consumption. Moreover, interaction effects of nutrition involvement and clear colour, results in a dual stage moderated mediation which has positive, direct and indirect effects on sports drink consumption. This study will assist marketers to shift their marketing tactics in terms of the way they promote the healthiness of sports drinks, from the physiological benefits to more cognitive based benefits.

Hyperhydration Effect on Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Detection Sensitivity of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Urine and Serum Doping Control Analysis of Males

Excessive fluid intake, that is, hyperhydration, may be adopted by athletes as a masking method during antidoping sample collection to influence the excretion patterns of doping agents and, therefore, manipulate their detection. The aim of this exploratory study was to assess the hyperhydration effect on the detection sensitivity of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate (“sarkosyl”) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The influence of hyperhydration on the serum and urinary pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of rHuEPO was also investigated. Seven healthy physically active nonsmoking Caucasian males participated in a 31-day clinical study comprising a baseline (days 0, 1-3, and 8-10) and a drug phase (days 15-17, 22-24, and 29-31). Epoetin beta was administered subcutaneously at a single dose of 3000 IU on days 15, 22, and 29. Hyperhydration was applied in the morning on 3 consecutive days (days 1-3, 8-10, 22-24, and 29-31), that is, 0, 24, and 48 h after first fluid ingestion. Water and a commercial sports drink were used as hyperhydration agents (20 mL/kg body weight). Serum and urinary concentration-time profiles were best described by a one-compartment PK model with zero-order absorption. Delayed absorption was observed after hyperhydration and, therefore, lag time was introduced in the PK model. Results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) on serum or urinary erythropoietin concentrations under hyperhydration conditions. A trend for decreasing volume of distribution and increasing clearance after hyperhydration was observed, mainly after sports drink consumption. However, no significant differences (p > 0.05) due to hyperhydration for any of the serum PK parameters calculated by noncompartmental PK analysis were observed. Renal excretion of endogenous erythropoietin and rHuEPO, as reflected on the urinary cumulative amount, was increased approximately twice after hyperhydration and this supports the nonsignificant difference on the urinary concentrations. Analysis of serum and urine samples was able to detect rHuEPO up to 72 h after drug administration. The detection window of rHuEPO remained unaffected after water or sports drink ingestion. Hyperhydration had no effect on the detection sensitivity of EPO either in serum or urine samples.