Consumption Of Liquids Research Articles

Respectful and evidence-based birth care in Mexico (or lack thereof): An observational study

ProblemIn Mexico, women are often disrespected and abused during birth, evidence-based practices are seldom used, while outdated and dangerous procedures linger. BackgroundDisrespectful and abusive practices in Mexico have been reported but are not necessarily well-documented; none of the reports so far have relied on direct observation of births. AimTo describe birth practices and factors associated with respectful and evidence-based care at 15 referral hospitals in Mexico. MethodsWe observed 401 births from 2010–2016. We analysed woman, provider, and hospital characteristics and their association with the performance of 14 evidence-based and 15 respectful birth practices via descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression models. FindingsOnly in four births were all the analysed evidence-based and respectful-birth practices performed. Essential interventions like uterine massage was only given to 46.1% of women and the administration of a uterotonic soon after birth only occurred in 58.3% of births. Professionals who were trained in respectful birth care were more likely to address women by their name (Odds Ratio=3.34, p<0.05), allow consumption of liquids during labour (Odds Ratio=31.6, p<0.05), encourage skin-to-skin contact (Odds Ratio=31.82, p<0.05), and examine the placenta after birth (Odds Ratio=16.55, p<0.01); they were less likely to perform episiotomies (Odds Ratio=0.27, p<0.05). DiscussionThis study reveals low rates of evidence-based practices and respectful maternity care but shows training in the topic can have a considerable positive impact. Our results call for further efforts to improve the quality of maternal healthcare, a universal right.

Simplified ionothermal synthesis of extra-large-pore aluminophosphate molecular sieve with -CLO topology

An extra-large-pore aluminophosphate molecular sieve with -CLO topology was successfully synthesized in low-dosage ionic liquids (ILs) via a simplified ionothermal route, for which all raw materials were firstly mixed together, and then ground into homogeneous gels followed by high-temperature crystallization. A representative -CLO-type sample was characterized by XRD, SEM, N2 physisorption, TG-DSC, CHN elemental analysis and liquid 13C NMR. The results indicate that the synthesis of -CLO topology is through the co-structure directing effect of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and diisopropylamine. Moreover, the optimum synthetic conditions of this material were refined. It was found that the appropriate crystallization temperature and time are 190 °C and 2 h, respectively. Owing to the facile preparation procedure and low consumption of ionic liquids, the newly synthesized extra-large-pore -CLO molecular sieve may find potential application in related areas.

Evaluation of deterioration of engine oil properties in the function of mileage

The paper involve testing of various engine oils – synthetic and semi – synthetic – in terms of viscosity change at different temperatures and the degree of wear. New and used oils were compared. This is an important issue for determining the reliability of motor vehicles, anticipated repairs and maintenance. As a result of the process of exploitation, engine oils are subjected to physicochemical changes. The impact on the deterioration in the condition of the lubricating liquid have, among others high pressure, temperature, pollution or oil oxidation. Therefore, it is necessary to change the engine oil after the mileage recommended by the producer . However, these recommendations may not be adequate for the actual consumption of liquids, which is determined by the technical condition of the engine and the course of the operation process. Determining the optimal replacement time is an important issue due to the reduction of operating costs and reduction of emissions of environmentally harmful exhaust. For this purpose, the viscosity depending on the temperature of different oils with various degrees of wear, tear, and obsolescence were measured. Characteristic points were determined and a mathematical model describing these changes was created. It was noticed that the greatest changes in viscosity occur at a temperature of 0 °C to 40 °C, whereas from 40 °C the viscosity changes appear in a smaller range for all oils and the viscosity was below 100 mPa·s. Results of comparing the new and used oil was evaluation of the change of their lubricating properties. The aim of this paper was to conduct viscosity tests of selected engine oils using a rotational viscometer in order to check the degree of engine oil consumption due to the degree of exploitation.

State-level drivers of future fine particulate matter mortality in the United States

Future fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and resulting health impacts will be largely determined by factors such as energy use, fuel choices, emission controls, state and national policies, and demographics. In this study, a human-earth system model is used to estimate PM2.5 mortality costs (PMMC) due to air pollutant emissions from each US state over the period 2015 to 2050, considering current major air quality and energy regulations. Contributions of various socioeconomic and energy factors to PMMC are quantified using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index. National PMMC are estimated to decrease 25% from 2015 to 2050, driven by decreases in energy intensity and PMMC per unit consumption of electric sector coal and transportation liquids. These factors together contribute 68% of the decrease, primarily from technology improvements and air quality regulations. States with greater population and economic growth, but with fewer clean energy resources, are more likely to face significant challenges in reducing future PMMC from their emissions. In contrast, states with larger projected decreases in PMMC have smaller increases in population and per capita GDP, and greater decreases in electric sector coal share and PMMC per unit fuel consumption.

Research of Modified Atomizers and Their Application for Moistening of Air-Cleaning Device Charges

The size of sprayed droplets is a very important parameter that influences the operational efficiency of air-cleaning device charges. It is desirable for atomizers to spray droplets that are dispersed as much as technically and economically reasonable and possible. Fine dispersion spraying ensures effective moistening of the air-cleaning device charges, as well as an optimal consumption of water or other liquids. Three modifications of special atomizers were used for experimental analysis. The atomization of liquid and spraying in the special atomizer occurs when two frontal streams confront each other. Frontal streams are formed by an inner shield located in the special atomizer. The experiment was conducted using different spraying pressures, namely: 6 bar, 4 bar, 2 bar. The evaluation (performed using a microscope) of the size of sprayed droplets shows that the best (finest) spraying was by the special atomizer of modification 3. The depth of the channel of the inner shield is the parameter that has the biggest influence on the size of sprayed droplets. The special atomizer of modification 3 produces droplets with the following size distribution and rates: ≤0.05 mm—63.2 vol%; 0.2–0.6 mm—28.3 vol%; 0.6–1.0 mm—8.1 vol%; ≥1.0 mm—0.4 vol%.

A mobile device application (app) to improve adherence to an enhanced recovery program for colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

Increased adherence with enhanced recovery pathways (ERP) is associated with improved outcomes. However, adherence to postoperative elements that rely on patient participation remains suboptimal. Mobile device apps may improve delivery of health education material and have the potential to foster behavior change and improve patient compliance. The objective of this study was to estimate the extent to which a novel mobile device app affects adherence to an ERP for colorectal surgery in comparison to standard written education. This was a superiority, parallel-group, assessor-blind, sham-controlled randomized trial involving 97 patients undergoing colorectal resection. Participants were randomly assigned with a 1:1 ratio into one of two groups: (1) iPad including a novel mobile device app for postoperative education and self-assessment of recovery, or (2) iPad without the app. The primary outcome measure was mean adherence (%) to a bundle of five postoperative ERP elements requiring patient participation: mobilization, gastrointestinal motility stimulation, breathing exercises, and consumption of oral liquids and nutritional drinks. In the intervention group, app usage was high (94% completed surveys on POD0, 82% on POD1, 72% on POD2). Mean overall adherence to the bundle on the two first postoperative days was similar between groups: 59% (95% CI 52-66%) in the intervention group and 62% (95% CI 56-68%) in the control group [Adjusted mean difference 2.4% (95% CI - 5 to 10%) p = 0.53]. In this randomized trial, access to a mobile health application did not improve adherence to a well-established enhanced recovery pathway in colorectal surgery patients, when compared to standard written patient education. Future research should evaluate the impact of applications integrating novel behavioral change techniques, particularly in contexts where adherence is low.

Coffee, Cigarettes, Chewing Gum - Myths and Facts About Preoperative Fasting

Consumption of clear liquids (including coffee and orange juice without pulp) up to 2 hours before the start of anaesthesia is unproblematic. Contrary to the recommendations of the professional societies, the intake of beverages containing milk (up to 50% of the total volume) in small quantities seems to be harmless. Drinks containing alcohol can considerably delay emptying of the stomach. Immediate preoperative nicotine consumption has no influence on the risk of aspiration, but short-term nicotine abstinence in patients with CHD can reduce the risk of intraoperative myocardial ischaemia. Chewing gum has no effect on the pH of gastric juice, but the gastric fluid volume is slightly increased. Cancelling surgery because of preoperative chewing of gum by a patient is not justified despite increased gastric fluid volume.

How Aware Are the Interns in Nutrition About Their Role in the Palliative Care Team?

To measure the knowledge that interns of nutrition (IN) have about feeding and hydration at the end of life (EOL) and the role of nutritionist in the palliative care team. This is a descriptive/quantitative study in which a survey was prepared for this purpose and applied to 150 IN. Later they were given a lecture in relation to feeding / hydration at EOL. 1.93% referred as the only nutritional therapy for patients in EOL the ‘pleasure diet’.2.100% did not know the metabolic changes of nutrients that occur at this stage.3.93% were unaware of hypodermoclysis as an alternative route for hydration.4.95% did not know the benefits that a decrease in the consumption of food and liquids may have on patients at EOL.5.90% had not idea nor clue about the importance of nutrition on the patient at EOL.6.93% was unaware of the goals of palliative cares and the role of nutritionist in them. After lectured:1.100% of the IN reported that they would be interested in learning more about it and receiving more training in the treatment of these patients.2.7% who had knowledge of nutrition at EOL referred that they had performed their social service in areas of palliative cares. 1.During the nutrition course neither in the theoretic nor in the clinical lessons the students are taught about feeding and hydration at EOL.2.Since food and hydration are a vital part of the care of these patients, it's important that these topics be thought through the nutrition students professional formation so they be aware of the metabolic changes, the benefits and the nutrition's role at EOL.3.It's important that nutritionists know their role within the multidisciplinary palliative care team.

Prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in an educational institution in Chiclayo, Perú

Objective: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and its association with risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 years. Materials and Methods: This study design was not experimental, prospective and cross conducted during the months of April and May 2016 in a population of 109 students. The sample consisted of the students who attended regularly, accepted the oral examination and had the informed consent signed by their parents. The criteria for dental caries rates according to WHO recommended was used. To identify risk factors questionnaire caries risk assessment proposed by the American Society of Pediatric Dentistry was used. Chi-square test and Fisher exact test was used, a multivariate logistic regression model was formed, the odds ratio (OR). Results: This research showed that the only factors significantly associated with dental caries were the loss of teeth in parents and siblings (p = 0.0354), (OR = 4.72 (95% CI: 1, 11- 20, 03)) and consumption of sugary liquids or

Constipation Frequency and Factors Influencing Constipation in First-year Nursing Students

The aim of this study was to determine constipation frequency and the factors that influence constipation among first-year nursing students. Data collection form and the constipation severity instrument were used for data collection. A total of 149 students, with mean average age of 19.11 ± 1.55 participated in the study; 62.4% was female and 24.2% of the students were constipated. Straining (16.1%) and difficulty (15.4%) during defecation was stressed by some of the students. The constipation complaints were pain (41.7%) and abdominal distention (25%). The mean score of the constipation severity instrument was 27.24 ± 8.38 (obstructive defecation 13.83 ± 3.90, colonic inertia 11.00 ± 4.11 and pain 2.40 ± 2.08).Gender, exercising, lifestyle, number of meals and the consumption of liquids influenced the constipation severity. Implementing programmes to prevent constipation may help in reducing the severity of the problem. Keywords: Constipation, influencing factors, nursing students

Maternal breastfeeding and associated factors in children under two years: the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013

The objective was to assess the prevalence of maternal breastfeeding and associated factors in Brazilian children under two years of age. This was a cross-sectional nationwide study in 2013. The outcomes were breastfeeding in children under 24 months and exclusive breastfeeding under six months of age. A hierarchical analysis was performed for associated factors. The analyses were stratified by age (0-5 months and 29 days; 6-11 months and 29 days; 12-23 months and 29 days of age). Prevalence of maternal breastfeeding was 56% for the total sample, and as follows according to age: 80% (0-5 months and 29 days), 62.3% (6-11 months and 29 days), and 40.1% (12-23 months and 29 days). In the adjusted analyses, in all the age brackets, higher prevalence of breastfeeding was associated with consumption of fewer milk products. In children from 6 months to 11 months and 29 days, living in the North of Brazil, black skin color, and the lowest quintile of household assets were associated with higher breastfeeding prevalence. In children from 12 months to 23 months and 29 days of age, higher breastfeeding prevalence was associated with black skin color, consumption of healthy liquids and foods, living in urban areas, head-of-household's higher educational level, and more household assets. Overall prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 20.6% and was higher in the South, in families with head-of-household's higher educational level, and more household assets. The prevalence rates for breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding of Brazilian children under two years can be considered low. Existing policies to increase the prevalence rates of maternal breastfeeding at any age should be reinforced.

EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF MALNUTRITION RISK AMONG FREE-LIVING ELDERLY PERSONS IN ATHENS, GREECE

Background: Malnutrition is a serious problem, which cannot be easily detected among free-living elderly people, and may lead to various health and social problems and deteriorate their quality of life. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition and malnutrition risk among free-living elderly in the community of an urban municipality of Attica and to identify socio-economic, health and dietary factors that may increase malnutrition risk. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Elderly people attending the Open Care Community Centers at N. Philadelphia (an urban municipality of Attica). Participants: 151 free-living people aged over 65 years (78 women and 73 men). Measurements: Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire was completed, as well as socio-demographic, medical history, physical activity and alcohol consumption data was collected through a personal interview with the participants. Results: None of the individuals was found to be malnourished, but 25,8% of the sample was at risk of malnutrition. After performing backward regression analysis recent appetite (p&lt;0,009) and weight loss (p&lt;0,003), latest development of psychological stress or acute disease (p&lt;0,0001), number of full-course meals (p&lt;0,0001), protein intake index (p&lt;0,002), minimum daily consumption of 2 portions of fruits or vegetables (p&lt;0,0001), daily consumption of liquids (p&lt;0,004), individual's self-evaluation of health (p&lt;0,0001) and nutritional status (p&lt;0,0001) all correlated significantly with MNA Screening Score. Conclusions: A significant number of free-living elderly persons were found at risk of malnutrition. Several dietary variables were found to correlate significantly with malnutrition risk. Early identification of nutritional risk of malnutrition in the community could ameliorate the nutritional status of seniors and consequently their health and quality of life.

Composición fitoquímica de extractos de Salvia hispánica L. Y su efecto de saciedad

A phytochemical study of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds was conducted. The effect of chia seeds aqueous extract on the weight gain of Wistar rats was also analyzed. The methanolic extract of the aerial part of the plant showed 268 fold more total flavonoids (268 ± 6 mEQ) compared to the chia seeds extract (1 pm 0.2 mEQ). However, the antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extract of the aerial part of the plant was low (2.0 ± 0.1 TEAC) compared to those reported for other plant extracts. Also, no toxicity was observed in A. Salina larvae for all the analyzed extracts. On the other hand, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) of weight between rats that consumed the aqueous extract of chia seeds and the control group that consumed water. There were also no changes in the consumption of food and liquids indicating that chia seeds aqueous extract did not produce the satiety effect that has been attributed to the seeds in other studies.

Development of fiber optic sensor for fluid flow of astronauts’ life-support system

This paper proposes a fiber optic sensor consumption (volume, speed) of liquids in life-support systems of astronauts, as well as offers a simple method and apparatus for reproducing the parameters of fluid flow needed in research, yustiovke and adjusting the optical sensor system.

Predictors of healthy ageing: public health policy targets.

BackgroundThe public health policy agenda oriented towards healthy ageing becomes the highest priority for the European countries. The article discusses the healthy ageing concept and its possible determinants with an aim to identify behavioral patterns related to healthy ageing in selected European countries.MethodsThe healthy ageing is assessed based on a composite indicator of self-assessed health, functional capabilities and life meaningfulness. The logistic regression models are used to assess the impact of the healthy lifestyle index, psycho-social index and socio-economic status on the probability of healthy ageing (i.e. being healthy at older age). The lifestyle and psychosocial indexes are created as a sum of behaviors that might be important for healthy ageing. Models are analyzed for three age groups of older people: 60–67, 68–79 and 80+ as well as for three groups of countries representing Western, Southern and Central-Eastern Europe.ResultsThe lifestyle index covering vigorous and moderate physical activity, consumption of vegetables and fruits, regular consumption of meals and adequate consumption of liquids is positively related to healthy ageing, increasing the likelihood of being healthy at older age with each of the items specified in the index. The score of the index is found to be significantly higher (on average by 1 point for men and 1.1 for women) for individuals ageing healthily. The psychosocial index covering employment, outdoor social participation, indoor activities and life satisfaction is also found to be significantly related to health increasing the likelihood of healthy ageing with each point of the index score. There is an educational gradient in healthy ageing in the population below the age of 68 and in Southern and Central-Eastern European countries. In Western European countries, income is positively related to healthy ageing for females.ConclusionsStimulation physical activity and adequate nutrition are crucial domains for a well-defined public health policy oriented towards healthy ageing. The psychosocial elements related to social participation, engagement, networking and life satisfaction are also found to be health beneficial.

The Final Days of Paracas in Cerro del Gentil, Chincha Valley, Peru.

This article describes and analyzes a highly significant archaeological context discovered in a late Paracas (400–200 BCE) sunken patio in the monumental platform mound of Cerro Gentil, located in the Chincha Valley, Peru. This patio area was used for several centuries for ritual activities, including large-scale feasting and other public gatherings. At one point late in this historical sequence people deposited a great deal of objects in what is demonstrably a single historical event. This was quickly followed by a series of minor events stratigraphically immediately above this larger event. This entire ritual process included the consumption of liquids and food, and involved the offering of whole pottery, pottery fragments, botanical remains, bone, lithics, baskets, pyro-engraved gourds, mummies, and other objects. We interpret these events as an “abandonment ceremony” or “termination ritual” during the late Paracas period, one that may have lasted for weeks or even months. The subsequent Topará occupation at the site (ca. 200 BCE- AD 100) involved the architectural enhancement of the mound area, but the pattern of use of the patio itself ended. Such a termination ritual signals a reorganization in the regional political structure of Paracas society.

Early consumption of liquids different to breast milk in Mexican infants under 1 year: results of the probabilistic National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012

Introduction: Studies on infant dietary intake do not generally focus on the types of liquids consumed. Objective: To document by age and breastfeeding status, the types of liquids present in the diet of Mexican children under 1 year of age (< 1 y) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (ENSANUT-2012). Methods: Analysis of the infant < 1 y feeding practices from the ENSANUT-2012 survey in non-breastfed (non-BF) and breastfed (BF) infants by status quo for the consumption of liquids grouped in: water, formula, fortified LICONSA milk, nutritive liquids (NL; thin cereal-based gruel with water or milk and coffee with milk) and non-nutritive liquids (non-NL) as sugared water, water-based drinks, tea, beans or chicken broth, aguamieland coffee. In this infants < 1 y we analyzed the not grouped consumption of liquids in the first three days of life (newborns) from the mother’s recall. Percentage and confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated adjusting for survey design. Statistical differences were analyzed by Z test. Results: We observed a high consumption of human milk followed by formula (56.7%) and water (51.1%) in infants under 6 months of age (< 6 mo). The proportion of non-BF infants consuming non-NL was higher than for BF infants (p < 0.05). More than 60% of older infants (6 mo and < 1 y) consumed formula and were non-BF. In newborns formula consumption was predominant, followed by tea or infusion and water. Conclusions: Non-breast milk liquids are present undesirably in Mexican infants’ diet and non-NL are consumed earlier than NL, revealing inadequate early dietary practices.

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Introduction: Studies on infant dietary intake do not generally focus on the types of liquids consumed. Objective: To document by age and breastfeeding status, the types of liquids present in the diet of Mexican children under 1 year of age (< 1 y) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (ENSANUT-2012). Methods: Analysis of the infant < 1 y feeding practices from the ENSANUT-2012 survey in non-breastfed (non-BF) and breastfed (BF) infants by status quo for the consumption of liquids grouped in: water, formula, fortified LICONSA milk, nutritive liquids (NL; thin cereal-based gruel with water or milk and coffee with milk) and non-nutritive liquids (non-NL) as sugared water, water-based drinks, tea, beans or chicken broth, aguamieland coffee. In this infants < 1 y we analyzed the not grouped consumption of liquids in the first three days of life (newborns) from the mother’s recall. Percentage and confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated adjusting for survey design. Statistical differences were analyzed by Z test. Results: We observed a high consumption of human milk followed by formula (56.7%) and water (51.1%) in infants under 6 months of age (< 6 mo). The proportion of non-BF infants consuming non-NL was higher than for BF infants (p < 0.05). More than 60% of older infants (6 mo and < 1 y) consumed formula and were non-BF. In newborns formula consumption was predominant, followed by tea or infusion and water. Conclusions: Non-breast milk liquids are present undesirably in Mexican infants’ diet and non-NL are consumed earlier than NL, revealing inadequate early dietary practices.

Predicting Disease Severity and Viral Spread of H5N1 Influenza Virus in Ferrets in the Context of Natural Exposure Routes

Although avian H5N1 influenza virus has yet to develop the capacity for human-to-human spread, the severity of the rare cases of human infection has warranted intensive follow-up of potentially exposed individuals that may require antiviral prophylaxis. For countries where antiviral drugs are limited, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a risk categorization for different levels of exposure to environmental, poultry, or human sources of infection. While these take into account the infection source, they do not account for the likely mode of virus entry that the individual may have experienced from that source and how this could affect the disease outcome. Knowledge of the kinetics and spread of virus after natural routes of exposure may further inform the risk of infection, as well as the likely disease severity. Using the ferret model of H5N1 infection, we compared the commonly used but artificial inoculation method that saturates the total respiratory tract (TRT) with virus to upper respiratory tract (URT) and oral routes of delivery, those likely to be encountered by humans in nature. We show that there was no statistically significant difference in survival rate with the different routes of infection, but the disease characteristics were somewhat different. Following URT infection, viral spread to systemic organs was comparatively delayed and more focal than after TRT infection. By both routes, severe disease was associated with early viremia and central nervous system infection. After oral exposure to the virus, mild infections were common suggesting consumption of virus-contaminated liquids may be associated with seroconversion in the absence of severe disease. Risks for human H5N1 infection include direct contact with infected birds and frequenting contaminated environments. We used H5N1 ferret infection models to show that breathing in the virus was more likely to produce clinical infection than swallowing contaminated liquid. We also showed that virus could spread from the respiratory tract to the brain, which was associated with end-stage disease, and very early viremia provided a marker for this. With upper respiratory tract exposure, infection of the brain was common but hard to detect, suggesting that human neurological infections might be typically undetected at autopsy. However, viral spread to systemic sites was slower after exposure to virus by this route than when virus was additionally delivered to the lungs, providing a better therapeutic window. In addition to exposure history, early parameters of infection, such as viremia, could help prioritize antiviral treatments for patients most at risk of succumbing to infection.

Hydration status in patients diagnosed of chronic idiopathic constipation by rome III criteria.

Introduction: chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) is a common condition which affects the gastrointestinal tract and reports an important degree of impairment in health-related quality of life. Inadequate fluid and poor fiber diet consumption is common in this condition. However, studies reporting the data are limited. Objectives: to evaluate the hydration status (HS) of a CIC population using the Water Balance Questionnaire (WBQ) and other hydration markers recommended by the EFSA. The data will permit to study the relationship between the HS and the characteristic symptoms of this disorder. Methods: participants will be recruited from La Paz University Hospital. Firstly, participants will complete the WBQ, 3-day food record, frequency food intake, Bristol scale, SF-36-questionnaire, usually drugs consumption and urinary color questionnaires. Secondly, a nutritionist will measure anthropometric parameters including total body water by tetrapolar-bioimpendance method and they will recommend an adequate consumption of liquids and fiber in their diet. Thirdly, the diet adherence will be assessed. Ultimately, participants will complete again the same studies at first. Results: statistical analysis and preliminary results will be presented once the estimated sample size is achieved (95% confidence interval, mean difference 0.610, SD 2.2). Conclusion: contribution of knowledge of the HS and nutritional profile of this population and the results could to help to take appropriate support in this condition.