Consumption In Russia Research Articles

Forecasts of Rare-earth Elements Consumption in Russia: Basic and Emerging Industries

Forecasts of Rare-earth Elements Consumption in Russia: Basic and Emerging Industries

Coal Energy in Energy Consumption: An Empirical Analysis in the Case of Russia and Türkiye

Coal, the fundamental element of the industrial revolution, is widely used for energy production in many countries. The use of coal in energy production continues in countries that have coal reserves, as well as in countries that are rapidly transitioning to renewable energy production. The aim of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between coal production and general energy consumption in Russia and Türkiye, which are among the countries that consume heavy coal. In the article, the relationship between the variables in these countries was tested with Granger causality analysis. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that there was a one-sided causality relationship from coal production to energy consumption in Russia. When the findings of the study were examined from the perspective of Türkiye, no causality relationship was found between the variables.

Trends in global sugar beet production and sugar consumption levels

Relevance. Sugar beet is one of the raw materials from which granulated sugar is produced, and it, in turn, is one of the indicators by which the food security of any country is assessed. In 2020, European countries produced 47.6% of the total global volume of sugar beet, Asian countries — 18.6%, America — 13.3%, the Russian Federation — 13.7%, African countries — 6.7%. At the same time, the share of sugar beet production in global production increased in Asian countries (from 15.9% in 2010 up to 18.6% in 2020), in the Russian Federation (from 10.1 to 13.7%), in African countries (from 4.6 to 6.7%). A decrease in sugar beet production was noted in European countries — from 55.4% in 2010 to 47.6% in 2020, in American countries — from 14 to 13.3%. In the Russian Federation, sugar production per capita generally meets not only rational consumption standards, but also all criteria for food self-sufficiency. The excess of actual consumption over rational consumption in Russia is 62.5%. The lowest sugar beet production volumes are observed in countries such as Greece, Portugal, North Macedonia, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, and some others.Results. The results of the study showed that in order to increase the economic indicators of sugar beet production, Russian commodity producers need to implement a policy of intensification of agricultural production along with updating the material and technical base using modern agricultural technologies and the development of their own breeding and genetic centers.

ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ РОССИИ: АНАЛИЗ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ

The article analyzes the current state of Russian food security. During the study, methods of comparison, statistical analysis and grouping, and the method of differential calculus were used. The article analyzes the indicators of food independence for basic food products to determine their compliance with the Food Security Doctrine. Evaluation of the current situation in the field of food consumption in Russia is given. Indicators of economic accessibility are calculated, and the dynamics of consumption levels for the main types of products are presented. An assessment was made of the compliance of actual food consumption with established rational consumption standards, what made it possible to identify high differentiation in consumption by decile groups of the population and a worse situation among its low-income part.

Non-beverage alcohol consumption in Russia: new evidence from Jewish Autonomous Oblast.

Previous studies in Izhevsk, Novosibirsk, and Kazan have found that non-beverage alcohol is a large part of alcohol consumption in Russia. Whereas those places are relatively high-income cities, there are no studies about such a problem in low-income regions of Russia. The aim of this study is to investigate correlates and factors associated with non-beverage alcohol consumption in eastern regions of Russia, e.g. the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and to assess effectiveness of implementing Russian policies to restrict consumption of non-beverage alcohol. A survey of adults in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast of Russia was performed on workdays to assess non-beverage drinking patterns in summer 2022. The questionnaire included questions about socio-demographic status and alcohol use, including non-beverage alcohol consumption and drinking patterns. We use logistic regression to identify risk factors of consuming non-beverages. First, ~30% of individuals suffering from alcohol problems drink non-beverage alcohol. Second, those who regularly consume non-beverage alcohol compared with those who chronically drink legal strong alcohol are on average more likely to experience the negative effects of alcohol consumption. Third, income and marriage are the main factors negatively associated with surrogate alcohol consumption. Besides, age shows a curvilinear relationship with that. We suggest that a modified anti-surrogate policy to increase the minimum price of pharmacy alcohol and to enforce restrictions on the sale of non-beverage alcohol is needed in Russia. Such measures could prevent an increase in non-beverage alcohol consumption in Russia against the backdrop of declining real incomes of the population.

Pork production in the world and the Russian Federation

The purpose of this work is to analyze recent data in the field of pork production and consumption in Russia and in the world. Pork is producing in an increasing amount in the world and, particularly, in Russia during the last years. The total world pork production in 2022 is about 108.813 million tons (FAOSTAT, ROSSTAT) or 114.646 million tons (US Department of Agriculture) depending on evaluation methods and statistical agencies. Today Russia is in 3rd place in the world in pork production, but in 4th place in total meat production according to FAOSTAT and ROSSTAT. According to the MinAgraRF: over the past 5 years, the production of “pigs for slaughter (in live weight) has increased by 26.4% (+1.3 million tons).” The main increase is provided by the “industrial sector”, whose share in the total volume last year was 92%. In 2023, “...production in agricultural organizations, according to preliminary estimates, increased by 6.1%, to 5.6 million tons” (MinAgraRF). An increase in pork production is one of the main indicators that determines the positive dynamics in the entire domestic livestock industry in terms of the volume and quality of meat produced in Russia.

Justification of technological indicators of machines for the production of bulb onion in an annual crop

Onion is one of the main vegetable crops. Its consumption in Russia reaches 2.0 million tons. The gross harvest amounted to 1601.5 thousand tons in 2022 with a yield of 31.3 t/ha. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the technological performance of machines for the mechanized cultivation of onions in an annual crop, providing a yield of 70 - 80 t/ha, on alluvial meadow soils of the Non-Chernozem Zone of Russia. The research method is field experience. Issues considered: application of fertilizers, spring tillage, weed control in the previous field and during the growing season, pre-sowing treatment and sowing of seeds in the field, pest and disease control through foliar spraying, drip irrigation, harvesting work

Factors Influencing Alcohol Consumption in Russia

The main purpose of the study is to determine the differences in factors influencing alcohol consumption in Russia (among urban and rural residents).The first part of the article provides the author's assessment of studies in which place of residence is considered as a specific factor influencing alcohol consumption. Attention is paid to works that focus on differences in factors affecting alcohol consumption depending on the place of residence.The main section of the article contains a description of the empirical testing of the hypotheses based on statistical data for 2012–2021 from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) NRU HSE. The author used panel logistic regression with random individual effects for the probability of alcohol consumption and a panel Tobin model for the volume of alcohol consumption. The study revealed differences in the degree of influence of the level of education and religiosity, marital status and the presence of children on the level of alcohol consumption among urban and rural residents. Thus, a higher level of religiosity reduces the likelihood of alcohol consumption by rural residents; the volume of alcohol consumption decreases with a rise in the level of religiosity in the city. It is also shown that the presence of children in families reduces per capita alcohol consumption only in villages.According to the author, the findings help make more effective and targeted recommendations for implementing state alcohol policy.

Оценка гетерогенных параметров динамики дохода и межвременных потребительских предпочтений

In modern economic literature, much attention is paid to estimates of the structural parameters of consumer choice and the process of income generation. Such estimations play an important role in determining the optimal insurance system, optimal monetary and fiscal policies, as well as in assessing the welfare of the population. In this paper, we estimate a set of parameters that determine the dynamics of household income and consumption in Russia. These parameters are heterogeneous at the household level; the paper uses the estimation method proposed in [Alan et al., 2018]. To estimate the parameters we use RLMS panel data for the period 2005–2019. The results indicate the presence of significant co-dependent heterogeneity of the parameters determining the dynamics of income and consumption. These results reflect the specifics of the consumer behavior of households in Russia. In particular, significant heterogeneity in the sensitivity of consumption to income shocks indicates a large variability of consumption insurance mechanisms available to households. In addition, there is significant heterogeneity in the dispersion of income shocks, which is critical in the context of the discussion of heterogeneous insurance instruments against income shocks (e.g., access to financial assets), as households with higher variation in unanticipated income change value these instruments more. This study is the first to estimate the full distribution of heterogeneous parameters of consumption and income dynamics using Russian data. Estimates of heterogeneous parameters are important for constructing theoretical models of consumer choice and analyzing optimal social policy. In particular, high values of the level of parameter heterogeneity indicate that standard models with a representative agent are not suitable for optimal policy choices.

On the Revision of Russian Harvest Statistics of the Late 19<sup>th</sup> Century

The article scrutinizes the reliability of harvest statistics of the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The author shows that a crop accounting reform conducted in 1893 led to a formal increase in crop yields in 50 provinces of European Russia by at least 19 %. In some chernozem and Volga provinces, the jump in productivity in 1893–1896 compared to 1887–1890 exceeded 40 %. In the Ekaterinoslav province, the jump was 42 %, in Kherson – 43 %, Kazan – 51 %, Ufa – 54 %, Vyatka – 55 %, Samara – 78 %. Climatic fluctuations cannot explain such a sharp increase in the average yield. Thus, the comparison of data on grain production in the 1880s with data from the beginning of the 20th century, carried out in the works of some historians, turns out to be incorrect. As is known, two trends in historiography assess the dynamics of the level of consumption in Russia in the late 19th – early 20th century in different ways. “Pessimists” talk about the growth of agrarian overpopulation and peasant shortage of land, which led to a decrease in per capita consumption and an increase in discontent among the masses. “Optimists” take the opposite position and argue that the production growth outpaced the population growth. Accounting for the proposed adjustment of 19 % leads to the opposite conclusion. Grain production per capita was declining, and the population’s standard of living was falling. From this perspective, the ideas about Russia’s economic development in the second half of the 19th century that existed until now require revision, considering new circumstances. In this case, the “pessimistic” point of view receives an additional argument.

ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ ФОРМЫ МОЛОЧНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НЕОБХОДИМО СОХРАНЯТЬ И РАЗВИВАТЬ

The developed market of milk and dairy products is one of the indicators of the economic well-being of the region. It is designed to provide the population of the region with dairy products of its own production in volume and assortment, regardless of imports. Despite the fact that the largest producer of milk and dairy products in Russia are megafarms, traditional forms of dairy production have a number of undeniable advantages over them. In this regard, such forms of dairy production should be preserved and developed.
 The methodological basis of the study was the scientific works of researchers in the field of milk production and the dairy market. During the research, methods and techniques were used: abstract-logical, economic-statistical, monographic.
 The study made it possible to determine the dynamics of the number of cattle in agricultural organizations, households of the population, peasant (farmer) farms and individual entrepreneurs for 2010-2022. The study presents trends in milk production and consumption in Russia.
 According to the results of the scientific research, the basic principles of the organization of milk and dairy production, the advantages and disadvantages of milk production in megafarms and with traditional forms of dairy production are determined. The ways of applying cognitive and marketing approaches to the development of traditional forms of dairy production are proposed.

Fast-food consumption and individual time preferences in Russia: evidence for the social policy

PurposeThis article aims to investigate the role of socioeconomic factors and individual time preferences in the demand for fast-food in Russia. An individual discount rate shows the ability of a person to postpone utility from consumption to future periods.Design/methodology/approachAn individual discount rate is measured through a hypothetical money experiment. The database is the special survey of the Levada analytical center conducted in 2017. Multivariate probit model enables the authors to consider the possible endogeneity of individual discount rate and reveal the relationship between socioeconomic factors and frequent fast-food consumption.FindingsResults show that a higher individual discount rate is related to frequent consumption of fast-food. At the same time, there are factors that provoke both a higher individual discount rate and the refusal of frequent consumption of fast-food. Findings advise the prioritization of measures highlighting the short-term benefits of healthy eating and the short-term costs of avoiding it.Originality/valueTo the authors' knowledge, this article is the first one which presents comprehensive investigation of microeconomic factors of fast-food consumption in Russia including individual time preferences of consumers.

Parallel import in Russia’s software industry: Expected consequences

Amid the withdrawal of foreign software developers from the Russian market, policymakers continue to discuss the option of legalising software parallel import. The purpose of the article is to assess the expected effects of the software parallel import introduction. The methodological basis of the study is industrial organization theory and new institutional economics theory. Among the research methods are theoretical and mathematical modelling and comparative analysis. The empirical evidence includes publicly available data on the pirated content consumption retrieved from the web source I Know (iknowwhatyoudownload.com) and financial statements of Russian software developers (SPARK-Interfax database). The article presents a theoretical model describing the consumer’s choice between original and pirated versions of programs and analyses the situation, where the most popular software product gets inaccessible. Our analysis shows that when costs of piracy are low, users of ‘out-of-the-box’ programs will not switch to another software and prefer the pirated version of the previously used program. The results of the model are compared with data on the pirated software consumption in Russia. We have found that consumers prefer foreign software to Russian counterparts, which means that if parallel import is legalised, Russian software developers will fail to occupy the niche of home-use software, which remains an important reserve for the industry’s further development. Free access to foreign software distorts consumer incentives. The institution of parallel imports should be modified so that the consumer keeps paying the price of the original’s, the state guarantees such software is secure, and intellectual property violations are strictly controlled.

The impact of the heat supply industry on the level of energy efficiency of industrial territories and regions of Russia

One of the most important areas for improving Russian economy under the influence of sanctions pressure is to increase the level of energy efficiency in the consumption of fuel and energy resources. The aim of the study is to study the place and role of the Russian economy in the process of forming the world fuel and energy balance. An analysis of the data on the production and consumption of fuel and energy resources by Russia emphasized that the country occupies a leading position in terms of reserves, production volumes, consumption and exports of global fuel and energy resources, while the efficiency of energy consumption in the country is significantly behind the world average, which negatively affects the internal economic processes taking place in the country and requires the search for solutions to increase the level of energy efficiency. Research analyzes analyzes the volume of thermal energy consumption in Russia in comparison with the global scale, as a result it was revealed that the annual volume of thermal energy consumption in Russia is 11 times more than, for example, in Germany, 12.5 times more than in the USA, 12.7 times more than in Kazakhstan, which underlines the significant contribution of the heat supply industry to the lag in the level of energy efficiency of the Russian economy from the indicators of most countries. Analysis of the statistical data of average temperatures in various countries of the world, as well as the federal districts of the country, revealed the influence of the climatic factor on the volume of thermal energy consumption in Russia, which determines the impossibility of excluding the consumption of thermal energy to maintain the functioning of the Russian economy. The main result of the study is the revealed high role of the Russian economy in shaping the global fuel and energy balance, as well as the need to increase the level of energy efficiency of fuel and energy consumption. The materials suggest the improvement of alternative replacement models for consumed primary and secondary fuel and energy resources. As an energy replacement resource, it is proposed to use electric energy in the system of combined district heating of industrial areas. The use of electric boilers makes it possible to increase the energy efficiency of integrated energy supply, enhance the environmental friendliness of heat supply, and reduce the cost of the economy for centralized heat supply of individual territories.

Macroeconomic indicators relations with electricity consumption in the Russian regions over the past 30 years

The paper examines data on electricity consumption in the Russian regions for the period from 1990 to 2020. The main attention is paid to the dynamics of this indicator, including its calculation per capita. As a result of the analysis, parallels between the change in the socio-economic situation in the country, as well as the migration of the population in the regions and electricity consumption are established. One of the main findings of the study is that over the past decades, regional differentiation in electricity consumption has increased significantly, especially if we consider this indicator per capita. This indicates the growing socio-economic stratification of regions in Russia. To achieve the goals set, the work used such methods of processing statistical data as tabular and graphical analysis, as well as methods of general scientific knowledge, including analysis and synthesis. The results of the study can be used to assess the socio-economic development of the regions, as well as to draw up plans for the creation of a generating and electric grid infrastructure in the country. The results obtained are an important and relevant contribution to the study of the problems of electricity consumption in Russia and can be used for further research in this area.

Assessment and Forecast of Domestic Tourism Consumption in Russia.

The article proposes an approach to determining the volume of domestic tourism in Russia and evaluates its dynamics from 2009 to 2020. Based on the use of intersectoral modeling, the economic effects of a twofold increase in the number of trips across the country planned by 2035 are determined. To achieve this indicator, a number of measures are required to increase tourist consumption within the country. In conclusion, directions are formulated that contribute to the activation of demand for domestic tourism.

Energy Consumption in Russia: Current State and Forecast

Energy Consumption in Russia: Current State and Forecast

Development of the economy of joint consumption in Russia (advantages of joint consumption)

Development of the economy of joint consumption in Russia (advantages of joint consumption)

Impact of COVID‑19 on household consumption in Russia

This paper investigates the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on household consumption patterns in Russia. We use household budget survey data, modelling the impact of household socioeconomic characteristics on consumption patterns. Additionally, we account for the regional heterogeneity of the severity of the quarantine measures. The results indicate a quantitative change in household consumption structure, but consumers’ behaviour patterns remain unchanged.

Социально-экономические детерминанты потребления табачной продукции в регионах России

Nowadays, it is necessary to analyse the influence of various socio-economic factors on the regional heterogeneity of tobacco consumption in Russia, since there is a lack of econometric studies based on regional data. The present study aims to assess the impact of financial, economic and educational factors on tobacco consumption in Russian regions. To this end, a simultaneous quantile regression approach, resistant to outliers, was applied to separately estimate the influence of the above factors on regions classified as light and heavy smokers. Panel data on 82 Russian regions for the period 2005-2019 was examined. The dependent variable is the percentage of household expenditures on tobacco obtained from a sample survey of household budgets. The main independent variables are education, income, unemployment, loan debt. Control variables include alcohol consumption, male-to-female ratio, divorce rate, proportion of the rural population, binary variables. The invariance of the impact of factors relative to the percentiles of regions was revealed. The greatest differences are observed between light and heavy smokers regions (q10 and q90 groups). Individual loan debts, average per capita income, alcohol consumption, increase in excise tax, divorces and emergence of e-cigarettes are significant for regions with low tobacco consumption and insignificant for regions with high consumption. High consumption regions are greatly influenced by the male-to-female ratio, number of graduates of secondary vocational institutions and proportion of the rural population. Such factors as higher education, crises and anti-tobacco laws are significant for each quintile. The results can be used to improve state policy measures to reduce the consumption of nicotine products. The study is limited by the lack of regional data in terms of age and gender.